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TESE FINAL Frente E Verso UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA GUERRA E NAVEGAÇÃO A REMOS NO MAR OCEANO. AS GALÉS NA POLÍTICA NAVAL HISPÂNICA (1550-1604) LUÍS JOSÉ TORRES FALCÃO DA FONSECA DOUTORAMENTO EM HISTÓRIA, NA ESPECIALIDADE DE HISTÓRIA DOS DESCOBRIMENTOS E DA EXPANSÃO 2012 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA GUERRA E NAVEGAÇÃO A REMOS NO MAR OCEANO. AS GALÉS NA POLÍTICA NAVAL HISPÂNICA (1550-1604) LUÍS JOSÉ TORRES FALCÃO DA FONSECA TESE ORIENTADA PELO PROFESSOR DOUTOR FRANCISCO CONTENTE DOMINGUES, ESPECIALMENTE ELABORADA PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE DOUTOR EM HISTÓRIA, NA ESPECIALIDADE DE HISTÓRIA DOS DESCOBRIMENTOS E DA EXPANSÃO 2012 3 4 “La vida de la galera, dela Dios a quien la quiera [...] palabras de vn antiguo refran, el qual es entre la gente comun muy usado, y de los que escapan de la galera muy lamentado”. Guevara, Antonio de, Arte del Marear y de los inventores della [...] . “Dezir todas las vanidades y liviandades, que en este caso de galeras se escriven y se dizen, seria muy largo de contar y enojoso de leer: solamente quisimos contar estas pocas, para que sepan los que leen, que los hemos tambien leydo, y muy poco dello creydo”. Idem. 5 6 Agradecimentos Ao Professor Doutor Francisco Contente Domingues, pela orientação científica e o apoio indispensáveis à realização do presente trabalho. Aos meus amores: Cristina, Inês e André. 7 8 INDICE Siglas e abreviaturas mais utilizadas Introdução I - O contexto geográfico I.1 - O Mediterrâneo fora da grande guerra I.2 - O Atlântico Ibérico e o comércio ultramarino II – As embarcações II.1 - Preâmbulo terminológico II.2 – O desenvolvimento da galé como unidade de combate II.3 - Veleiros e galés no Atlântico na segunda metade do século XVI II.4 - Galeaças: em busca do híbrido perfeito II.5 - Outras embarcações de remo do século XVI III - A contribuição dos estaleiros mediterrânicos para as armadas da Monarquia Católica III.1 - Os estaleiros da Monarquia Católica III.2 – Os ragusanos ao serviço da Monarquia Católica III.3 - A construção de galés em Portugal IV - Galés e galeaças em Portugal IV.1 - As defesas da cidade de Lisboa e da barra do Tejo (1580-1598) IV.2 - A esquadra de galés da Coroa de Portugal IV.3 - O papel das galeaças na defesa da barra do Tejo V - Galés e galeaças na era das grandes armadas atlânticas V.1 - As galeaças napolitanas na campanha da Terceira (1582-1583) V.2 – As galés e galeaças da “Felicíssima Armada” (1588) V.3 - A esquadra de galés da Bretanha (1590-1597) 9 V.4 - O papel das galés na estratégia ofensiva de D. Martín de Padilla (1596 e1597) V.5 - Federico Spínola e a esquadra de galés da Flandres (1599-1603) VI - O papel das galés na defesa do Mar del Norte (Cartagena e Tierra Firme; Hispaniola e Islas de Barlovento ) VI.1 – Antecedentes VI.2 – A esquadra de galés de Cartagena VI.3 – A esquadra de galés de Santo Domingo VII - Mais além do mundo Atlântico: o Mar del Sur VII.1 - O Estreito de Magalhães e a navegação do Mar del Sur VII.2 - As galés da Armada del Mar del Sur em 1585 VII.3 - A Armada del Mar del Sur e a expedição de Richard Hawkins (1593-1594) Conclusão Bibliografia e fontes Apêndice iconográfico e cartográfico Anexos Glossário 10 Siglas e abreviaturas mais utilizadas Siglas ACL - Academia das Ciências de Lisboa. ADB - Arquivo Distrital de Braga. AGI - Archivo General de Indias. AGS, GA - Archivo General de Simancas, sección “Guerra Antigua”. AMO - Armada del Mar Oceano. ANTT - Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. ANTT, CC, P., M. - Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Corpo Cronológico, Parte, Maço. ASV - Archivio di Stato di Venezia. BA - Biblioteca da Ajuda. BCM – Biblioteca Central de Marinha. BCUG – Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. BNE - Biblioteca Nacional de España. BNP - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (Lisboa). BNP, FG - Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (Lisboa), “Fundo Geral”. BMO - La Batalla del Mar Oceano. CDP – Corpo Diplomático Portuguez. CODOIN - Colección de Documentos Inéditos. CSP - Calendar of State Papers. MN – Museo Naval (Madrid). M P y D – Mapas, Planos y Dibujos (secção iconográfica do AGS). RAV – Relazione degli Ambasciatori Veneti. VP – Vargas Ponce (colecção do MN) 11 Abreviaturas c. – circa . cap. – capítulo. cx. – caixa. cfr. – confrontar. cod. – códice. col. – colecção. doc. – documento. ed. – edição. et. al. – e outros. fol. – fólio. Kg. – quilograma. leg. – legajo. liv. – livro. ms. – manuscrito. mss. – manuscritos. Nro Sñr. – Nuestro Señor. op. cit. – obra citada. pág(s). – página(s). r. – recto. Res. – reservado. s.d. – sem data. segs. – seguintes. s.l. – sem local. s. M. – Sua Majestade. t. – tomo. v. – verso. V. Mag. – Vossa Majestade / Vuestra Magestad. V.M. – Vossa Mercê / Vuestra Merced. vol. – volume. V.S. – Vossa Senhoria / Vuestra Señoria. 12 Introdução É comummente aceite que no continente europeu dos séculos XV e XVI coexistiam duas áreas geograficamente distintas - uma mediterrânica e outra atlântica -, com condições de navegação, tradições e experiências navais diversas, que, não obstante um intenso contacto humano e um significativo intercâmbio tecnológico, se traduziram na concepção e utilização de diferentes tipos de embarcações para a actividade comercial e para a guerra naval. De acordo com esta concepção, a galé é vista como o resultado de uma tradição construtiva milenar, adaptada a um espaço geográfico bastante delimitado e a condições atmosféricas estáveis e previsíveis, e com funções quase exclusivamente militares, enquanto o veleiro de alto bordo, simultaneamente transportador e embarcação de combate, adaptado á navegação nos vastos espaços oceânicos, é apresentado como o instrumento através do qual as sociedades europeias do litoral atlântico iniciaram uma nova era de descobrimento, de exploração e domínio de novos e vastos espaços geográficos. Apesar de globalmente correcta, esta visão não tem em conta alguns aspectos menos conhecidos da tecnologia naval mediterrânica, nem da sua difusão, nem do conhecimento náutico que do Atlântico possuíam, desde o início do século XIII, os marinheiros mediterrânicos, especialmente os do Tirreno e do Adriático, nem tão pouco das reais condições de navegação no Mediterrâneo, tão difíceis como imprevisíveis. Por outro lado, uma corrente historiográfica ainda hoje dominante associa a perda de influência da galé, enquanto embarcação de combate por excelência, ao declínio político, comercial e tecnológico do mundo mediterrânico, e à emergência das potências marítimas atlânticas. Contudo, os mais recentes trabalhos nas áreas da história, arqueologia e arquitectura navais têm contribuído decisivamente para a refutação do conceito de superioridade tecnológica e naval do mundo novo atlântico em relação ao velho mundo mediterrânico, e dentro daquele, dos Estados setentrionais sobre os ibéricos. 13 É neste sentido que, algumas situações aparentemente anómalas, como a persistência da utilização de galés, ou a proliferação de esquadras mediterrânicas de navios de alto bordo, no espaço marítimo atlântico, durante a primeira metade do século XVII, não devem ser entendidas como sintomas de atraso tecnológico, de erradas ou ultrapassadas concepções tácticas e estratégicas, ou de mera sobrevivência de um símbolo de prestígio principesco, mas sim como elementos de uma realidade complexa ainda não inteiramente compreendida. A presumida incapacidade da galé para suportar navegações atlânticas, ou a sua limitação a espaços que reproduzam as condições geográficas e atmosféricas do Mediterrâneo - caso do Mediterrâneo americano, tal como foi definido por Chaunu -, e a sua pretensa inferioridade bélica face aos navios de alto bordo de construção atlântica (a partir do terceiro quartel do século XVI), são dois dos pressupostos (nunca demonstrados) em que assenta o princípio da decadência dos navios longos e de remo (nas suas múltiplas formas) enquanto embarcações de combate, e, por extensão, da prematura decadência do mundo mediterrânico face à emergência dos Estados do Atlântico setentrional. No entanto, a galé de tipo mediterrânico continuou a ser utilizada no Atlântico europeu, no Mar do Norte e no Báltico até meados do século XVIII. Os derradeiros anos do reinado de Isabel I ficaram, aliás, assinalados pela implementação de um programa construtivo de galés como não se assistia em Inglaterra desde o reinado de Henrique VIII, e a arrojada iniciativa de Federico Spínola voltou a ser retomada no final do século XVII, embora com objectivos mais modestos, quando a Coroa francesa decidiu instalar uma base permanente de galés na cidade portuária de Dunquerque. Não é de mais assinalar que, não obstante o sucesso (fundamentalmente comercial) obtido pelos veleiros ingleses e holandeses no Mediterrâneo durante a primeira metade do século XVII, a que não foi alheio o clima de paz que a Europa então viveu, a maioria das potências navais mediterrânicas, apesar da 14 introdução de alterações na composição das suas armadas, manteve a sua preferência pela utilização de galés. Datam deste período o desenvolvimento de embarcações compósitas, que procuravam reunir de forma eficaz as melhores características de cada um dos tipos, e de novas tácticas de combate naval, que procuraram combinar eficazmente as características dos navios de vela e as embarcações de remo. Estructura do trabalho No capítulo primeiro procuraremos definir o âmbito geográfico – bastante extenso e diversificado – em que se movimentam as esquadras de galés hispânicas, e as condicionantes políticas, militares e económicas que determinaram a sua utilização
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