DOCSLIB.ORG

Market Survey on Copper Is the 33Rd Publication in the Series of Market Survey Reports Brought out by the Mineral Economics Division of the Bureau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Market Survey on Copper Is the 33Rd Publication in the Series of Market Survey Reports Brought out by the Mineral Economics Division of the Bureau GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES MINERAL ECONOMICS DIVISION COPPER A MARKET SURVEY ISSUED BY CONTROLLER GENERAL INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES NAGPUR May, 2011 Price: (Inland) Rs. (Foreign) $ Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur C. S. Gundewar Controller General R. N. Meshram Chief Mineral Economist Dr. P.A. Verghese Supdtg. Mineral Economist (Intelligence) (Retd.) Dr. S.S. Bhake Supdtg. Mineral Economist (Intelligence) Mujib U. Siddiqui Deputy Mineral Economist (Intelligence) S. K. Shami Deputy Mineral Economist (Intelligence) (As A.M.E. (Int.) from June 2007 to June 2008) S. G. Indurkar Mineral Officer (Intelligence) A. K. Singh Chief Editor Typing Credit Smt. S. Y. Rayalu Stenographer Grade-II Prepared by MINERAL ECONOMICS DIVISION PREFACE The present report on Market Survey on Copper is the 33rd publication in the series of Market Survey Reports brought out by the Mineral Economics Division of the Bureau. Copper, one of the base metals has gained significant importance in the recent years both globally and in the domestic context. Country’s demand of copper metal is met largely through imported concentrates. The last five years witnessed wide fluctuations in the prices of copper metal. Copper being a versatile metal finds uses in many sectors right from households, infrastructure to telecommunication. Hence, from the raw material security point of view it was considered necessary to take up a Market Survey on Copper to analyse its domestic availability / demand, import dependence, the global scenario and the future outlook. In this survey, domestic demand has been forecast. The supply position analysing the resources and production in the country has been dealt with in detail. The scrap processing industry to augment the supply position for meeting both the domestic demand and export market is also discussed. An attempt has also been made to analyse the foreign markets. The co-operation extended by various Central and State Government Departments, producers, processors and consumers of copper and the agencies concerned with trade, National laboratories and different manufacturers’ associations who responded to our questionnaires is thankfully acknowledged. We are also thankful to Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Boards, Bombay Non Ferrous Metal Association Ltd., and India Lead- Zinc Development Association (ILZDA), New Delhi for their co-operation. Our thanks are also due to the Indian Embassies and Foreign Embassies in India who responded to our request for information. It is hoped that this Market Survey Report on Copper will be helpful to the producers, exporters, processors, consumers and planners in the development of copper based industries and also to formulate export strategies. NAGPUR (C. S. GUNDEWAR) Dated: 30 /05/2011 Controller General Indian Bureau of Mines CONTENTS Page No. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2 USES & SPECIFICATIONS 2 Chapter 3 SUPPLY 17 Chapter 4 FOREIGN MARKET 63 Chapter 5 PRICES 87 Chapter 6 DEMAND & SUPPLY 95 Chapter 7 SUMMARY 107 LIST OF ANNEXURES 110 LIST OF FIGURES List of Annexures Page No. Annexure:3- I List of the Units Registered With MOEF/CPCB As 110 Recyclers/Re-processors having Environmentally Sound Management Facilities, Copper Metal Waste Re-Processors (As on 13.5.2010) Annexure:3- II List of The Units Registered With MOEF/CPCB As 114 Recyclers/Re-processors having Environmentally Sound Management Facilities, Other Non-Ferrous Metal Waste re-processors (As on 13.5.2010) Annexure:3-III Guide lines for Nonferrous Scrap, 2009, 131 Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries Inc. (ISRI) Annexure: 3- IV (A) Imports of Copper & Other Items as per H S Codes 133 Annexure: 3- IV (B) Exports of Copper & Other Items as per H S Codes 134 Annexure:4- I World Reserves of Copper (By Principal Countries) 135 Annexure:4- II World Mine Production of Copper by Principal 136 Countries, 2003-2009 Annexure: 4- III World Smelter Production of Copper by Principal 137 Countries, 2003-2009 Annexure:4- IV World Production of Refined Copper by Principal 138 Countries, 2003-2009 Annexure:4- IV(A) World Production of Secondary Refined Copper, 139 2001-2010 Annexure:4- IV(B) Country-wise Usage of Direct Scrap by Manufactures, 140 2001-2010 Annexure:4-V World Exports of Refined Copper by Principal 141 Countries, 2003-2009 Annexure:4-VI World Imports of Refined Copper by Principal 142 Countries, 2003-2009 Annexure:4-VII India’s Exports of Copper Ores & Concentrates, 143 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4-VIII India’s Exports of Copper & Alloys, 144 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4- IX India’s Exports of Copper (Scrap), 145 2003-04 to 2008-09 Page No. Annexure:4- X India’s Exports of Cement Copper (Precipitated), 146 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4-XI India’s Imports of Copper Ores & Concentrates, 146 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4- XII India’s Imports of Copper & Alloys, 147 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4- XIII India’s Imports of Copper (Scrap), 148 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4- XIV India’s Imports of Cement Copper (Precipitated), 149 2003-04 to 2008-09 Annexure:4- XV Worldwide List of Companies Producing Copper 150 Annexure:4- XVI Worldwide List of Countries Producing Copper 156 Annexure:4- XVII Worldwide List of Mines Producing Copper 160 Annexure:4- XVIII Worldwide Copper Smelter & Refineries 166 Annexure:4- XIX Details of Important Copper Mines in the World 171 Annexure:5- I Average Monthly Prices of Copper Wire Bars 190 (Bombay Metal Exchange) Annexure:5- II Average Monthly Prices of Copper Heavy & Utensil 190 Scrap (Mumbai Metal Market) Annexure:5-III Average Monthly Settlement Prices of Copper, 191 London Metal Exchange Annexure:5-IV Copper Prices Forecast by Various Analysts, 192 2011 to 2014 Annexure:6-I Compounded annual Growth Rate of Different 193 Copper Consuming Equipments and Machines List of Figures Page No. Figure 2.1 Properties of Copper 3 Figure 2.2 Uses of Copper 3 Figure 2.3 Copper Consumption by End -Use 5 Figure 2.4 Uses of Copper World Wide 5 Figure 2.5 Uses of Copper in Asia 6 Figure 2.6 Uses of Copper in United States 6 Figure 3.1 State wise Resources of Copper Ores 24 Figure 3.2 Production of Copper Ore 54 Figure 3.3 Production of Copper Concentrates 54 Figure 3.4 Installed Capacities of Copper Smelters 56 Figure 3.5 Production of Copper Cathodes 56 Figure 3.6 Apparent Production of Copper 62 Figure 4.1 World Reserves of Copper, 2011 65 (By Principal Countries) Figure 4.2 Country wise Mine Production of Copper 65 Figure 4.3 Country wise Smelter Production of Copper 66 Figure 4.4 Country wise Refined Production of Copper 66 Figure 4.5 Country wise Exports of Refined Copper 67 Figure 4.6 Country wise Imports of Refined Copper 67 Figure 5.1 Month Wise LME Prices of Copper, 2001 to 2010 91 Figure 5.2 Month Wise LME Prices of Copper, 2007 to 2010 92 List of Plates Plate 2.I Different Products of Copper Plate 3.I Geological Map of Singhbhum Copper Belt, Bihar Plate 3.II Geological Map of Khetri Copper Belt, Rajasthan Plate 3.III Geological Map of Malanjkhand Copper Deposit, Madhya Pradesh Plate 3.IV Principal Stages of the Copper Production Process Plate 3.V Preliminary ICSG Research on the Global Use of Recycled Copper Flows Plate 3.VI Copper Recycling Flows Chapter 1. Introduction The Market Survey on Copper is of topical interest in the sense that copper is important metal used in India from ancient times. In fact, one age of human civilization is named after copper. Copper is also used in the alloy form as brass and bronze because of the added advantages. Copper was a scarce metal with respect to India but recent setting up of copper smelters has entirely changed the scenario of copper production/availability in the country. However, these copper smelters, except that of HCL, are producing copper based on the imported concentrates. In the recent past the country’s status has changed from a net importer to a net exporter. Over the years the use of copper has witnessed growth in electrical, transport, Consumer durables, engineering, construction, telecommunication etc. sectors. In the present survey the demand has been projected up to 2024-25 in the above sectors keeping in view the economic growth in future. The domestic demand works out to be 2.3 million tonnes. To meet the demand in future the copper industry has already geared up. The supply projection of 2.8 million tonnes by 2024-25will satisfy the domestic demand in addition to exports demand. The world scenario vis-à-vis India is necessary to find out the country’s position. The world’s leading producers with their present and future projects are also discussed in the report. The global consumption of copper has been projected at 31 million tonnes by 2025. The prices are the dominating economic indicators to control the copper production activity. Enough weightage is given to this aspect by analysing the prices for present and future. With this background, Indian Bureau of Mines has taken up for the first time a Market Survey Study on metal namely copper. In this study an attempt has been made to study the present and future availability of metal from primary as well as secondary sources and their demand in present and future based on the role in overall development of end-user industry. In this study the methodology adopted basically consisted of desk survey comprising literature consultation, documentation of information from the reports/records and also collection of information from producers, processors, exporters, consumers of copper and other concerned organizations through questionnaires. Besides field surveys were undertaken to important producing and consuming centres of copper in the country like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Delhi etc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AMSC's STATCOM System: a Power Quality Gold Mine for Prominent Hill
    AMSC’s STATCOM System: A Power Quality Gold Mine for Prominent Hill Photo Courtesy of OZ Minerals A Case Study by AMSC • September 2013 The Background Classified as a Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) In 2001, a significant copper-gold deposit was discovered device, AMSC’s D-VAR® STATCOM approximately 650 kilometers northwest of Adelaide, the utilizes the company’s proprietary capital city of South Australia. In 2005, this site was acquired and advanced control and by OZ Minerals Limited, which launched the Prominent Hill monitoring algorithms that detect mining operation. To date, the company has invested over and instantaneously compensate $1.2 billion (AUS) to create a mine with a capacity of for voltage disturbances by 100,000 tons of copper and 115,000 ounces of gold in injecting leading or lagging concentrates a year. The mine has become an important reactive power (VARs) precisely supplier of precious metals, but it also has become a when and where it is needed. The reactive power is generated showcase for power quality solutions by virtue of its use by AMSC’s proprietary four- of AMSC’s STATCOM D-VAR® system. Courtesy of OZ Minerals quadrant IGBT inverters that are The Problem capable of fully injecting capacitive or inductive VARs in one line The OZ Minerals copper concentrator uses high-powered electrical crushing, grinding and flotation cycle. The system’s full dynamic equipment. The plant’s peak demand can be as high as 35 megawatt (MW), depending on shift capability of 3 times its rated production. As a consequence of the large individual motor loads at the plant and the output can be provided for up characteristics of the local grid, OZ Minerals early on sought electrical engineering studies to to two seconds.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
    PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern Mining Company a Modern Mining Company
    ANNUAL REPORT 2013 OZ MINERALS LIMITED ABN 40 005 482 824 A MODERN MINING COMPANY A MODERN MINING COMPANY 2 2013 Snapshot 3 Chairman and CEO’s Review 4 Prominent Hill 6 Carrapateena 7 Sustainability 8 Resources and Reserves 12 Corporate Governance Statement 19 Results for Announcement to the Market 20 Directors’ Report 28 Operating and Financial Review 47 Remuneration Overview and Report 68 Consolidated Financial Statements 123 Shareholder Information IBC Contact Details/Annual General Meeting OZ Minerals is an Australian based modern mining company with a focus on copper. OZ Minerals owns the Prominent Hill copper-gold mine and Carrapateena copper-gold project, both situated in South Australia. OZ Minerals’ strategy is based on delivering superior shareholder returns built upon a foundation of Governance and Zero Harm, with the following five key elements: a focus on copper, maximising current assets, building a project pipeline, investing in exploration and exercising disciplined capital management. With an experienced team, a strong balance sheet and quality assets, OZ Minerals is well positioned for the future. 1 2013 SNAPSHOT › Prominent Hill production of 73,362 tonnes of copper and 128,045 ounces of gold. › 2014 production guidance of 75,000 to 80,000 tonnes of copper and 130,000 to 140,000 ounces of gold. Production outlook guidance announced until 2018. › Successful first full year of production from the Ankata Underground mine, with 1.2 million tonnes of ore mined. › Strong cash balance of $364 million at 31 December 2013 with undrawn debt facilities of US$200 million. › Board approval to proceed with the development of the Malu Underground mine, with first ore expected in late 2014, extending Prominent Hill mine life.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Description of Mineral Processing Sectors And
    V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS As shown in Exhibit 5-1, EPA determined that 48 commodity sectors generated a total of 527 waste streams that could be classified as either extraction/beneficiation or mineral processing wastes. After careful review, EPA determined that 41 com modity sectors generated a total of 354 waste streams that could be designated as mineral processing wastes. Exhibit 5-2 presents the 354 mineral processing wastes by commodity sector. Of these 354 waste streams, EPA has sufficient information (based on either analytical test data or engineering judgment) to determine that 148 waste streams are potentially RCRA hazardous wastes because they may exhibit one or more of the RCRA hazardous characteristics: toxicity, ignitability, corro sivity, or reactivity. Exhibit 5-3 presents the 148 RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that will be subject to the Land Disposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 identifies the mineral processing commodity sectors that generate RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that are likely to be subject to the Land D isposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 also summarizes the total number of hazardous waste streams by sector and the estimated total volume of hazardous wastes generated annually. At this time, however, EPA has insufficient information to determine whether the following nine sectors also generate wastes that could be classified as mineral processing wastes: Bromine, Gemstones, Iodine, Lithium, Lithium Carbonate, Soda Ash, Sodium Sulfate, and Strontium.
    [Show full text]
  • For Personal Use Only Use Personal for North, Central and South America
    7 July 2011 NEW EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS Perilya Limited (ASX: PEM) today announced the appointments of Mr Minzhi Han as the Company’s new General Manager, Metals Marketing and Ms Fran Burgess in the Company’s newly created role of General Manager, Projects & Group Metallurgy. General Manager, Metals Marketing Perilya is pleased to announce the appointment of Mr Minzhi Han as the Company’s new General Manager, Metals Marketing. Prior to the appointment today, Mr Han has served the Company as a Non-Executive Director having been appointed by shareholders at a general meeting held on 5 February 2009. As a consequence of his new appointment, Mr Han will now become an Executive Director of the Company and will relocate from Shenzhen, China to Perth, Western Australia. He will also relinquish his role on the Company’s Audit & Risk Management Committee in accordance with the Company’s Corporate Governance policies. Mr Han’s remuneration package has been set at a level commensurate with those of the Company’s other executive General Managers. He receives no additional remuneration for his services as a Director of the Company. Mr Han is a senior commercial executive in the base metal industry with over 23 years of experience in marketing and trading base metals and base metal concentrates, with particular focus in zinc and lead metals and concentrates. Prior to the appointment, Mr Han was the General Manager of the Commercial Department of Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Nonfemet Company Ltd. (Zhongjin Lingnan) with responsibility for marketing and trading primarily lead and zinc metals and concentrates. He was also responsible for hedging and derivative trading at Zhongjin Lingnan.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Reserve Estimate & Feasibility Study
    REPORT ON THE RESERVE ESTIMATE & FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ISABELLA PEARL PROJECT, NEVADA REPORT ON THE ESTIMATE OF RESERVES and the FEASIBILITY STUDY for the ISABELLA PEARL PROJECT MINERAL COUNTY, NEVADA for WALKER LANE MINERALS CORP. Signed by: FRED H. BROWN, PGeo Senior Resource Geologist, GRC Nevada Inc. J. RICARDO GARCIA, PEng Corporate Chief Engineer, Gold Resource Corp. BARRY D. DEVLIN, PGeo Vice President, Exploration, Gold Resource Corp. JOY L. LESTER, SME-RM Chief Geologist, Gold Resource Corp. and Gold Resource Corp. and GRC Nevada Inc. Technical Staff Effective Date: December 31, 2017 REPORT ON THE RESERVE ESTIMATE & FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ISABELLA PEARL PROJECT, NEVADA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 1.1 Introduction and Purpose ...…………………………………………………………………………………14 1.2 Property Description and Ownership .………………………………………………………………………14 1.3 Geology and Mineralization …………………………………………………………………………...........15 1.4 Exploration and Mining History .…………………………………………………………………………………..15 1.5 Metallurgical Testing and Process Design Criteria .…………………………………………..…16 1.6 Economic Mineralized Material .…………………………………………………………………………………..18 1.7 Mineral Reserve Estimate .…………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.8 Mining Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………..20 1.9 Mineral Processing and Recovery Methods …………………………………………………………..22 1.10 Project Infrastructure ………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 1.11 Environmental Studies and Permitting ……………………………………………………………………….25 1.12 Capital and Operating
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Recovery Using Leach/Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning Technology
    Copper recovery using leach/solvent extraction/electrowinning technology: Forty years of innovation, 2.2 million tonnes of copper annually by G.A. Kordosky* small scale in analytical chemistry3 and on a large scale for the recovery of uranium from Synopsis sulphuric acid leach solutions4. Generally Mills had already developed and commercialized The concept of selectively extracting copper from a low-grade dump Alamine® 336 as an SX reagent for the leach solution followed by stripping the copper into an acid recovery of uranium from sulphuric acid leach solution from which electrowon copper cathodes could be produced liquors5 and believed that a similar technology occurred to the Minerals Group of General Mills in the early 1960s. for copper recovery would be welcome. This simple, elegant idea has resulted in a technology by which However, an extensive market survey showed about 2.2 million tonnes of high quality copper cathode was produced in year 2000. The growth of this technology is traced over that the industry reception for copper recovery time with a discussion of the key plants, the key people and the by L/SX/EW technology was almost hostile. important advances in leaching, plant design, reagents and The R&D director of a large copper producer electrowinning that have contributed to the growth of this predicted at an AIME annual meeting that technology. Some thoughts on potential further advances in the there would never be a pound of copper technology are also given. recovered using solvent extraction and his comment prompted
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Positive Prominent Hill Deep Drilling Results
    16 NOVEMBER 2020 Positive Prominent Hill deep drilling results . Assays complete from seven underground diamond holes drilled below the existing Prominent Hill Mineral Resource testing deep extensions. Significant results from this program include (uncut and true widths): o PH20RD7538: . 11.1m @ 1.2 percent copper, 1.1 grams per tonne gold . 13.2m @ 0.9 percent copper, 1.1 grams per tonne gold o PH20RD7594: . 31.5m @ 1.1 percent copper, 1.3 grams per tonne gold o PH20RD7597: . 18m @ 0.9 percent copper, 1.3 grams per tonne gold o PH20RD7601: . 50.1m @ 1.2 percent copper, 0.8 grams per tonne gold o PH20RD7604: . 10.4m @ 1.1 percent copper, 0.8 grams per tonne gold . 35.5m @ 1.3 percent copper, 0.4 grams per tonne gold . 10.9m @ 0.7 percent copper, 0.1 grams per tonne gold . 20.1m @ 1.2 percent copper, 0.4 grams per tonne gold . 13.8m @ 1.5 percent copper, 0.3 grams per tonne gold OZ Minerals carried out a drilling program in 2020 targeting extensions of the existing Mineral Resource at vertical depths of >1100 metres below the surface. The purpose of the program was to establish the potential for deep mineralisation that may have an impact on the Prominent Hill Expansion decision. Drilling was carried out throughout the year from the 9531 Level Drill Platform. The completed assays for the latest diamond holes, designed to test the down dip extension of mineralisation below the Malu Resource area, have highlighted that mineralisation exists at depth OZ Minerals Limited | ABN: 40 005 482 824 | 2 Hamra Drive, Adelaide Airport, South Australia 5950 T: +61 8 8229 6600 | F: +61 8 8229 6601 | info@ozminerals.com | www.ozminerals.com below the current 2020 Prominent Hill Mineral Resources1 (see Figures 1, 2 and Appendix 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Extractive Metallurgy of Copper This Page Intentionally Left Blank Extractive Metallurgy of Copper
    Extractive Metallurgy of Copper This page intentionally left blank Extractive Metallurgy of Copper Mark E. Schlesinger Matthew J. King Kathryn C. Sole William G. Davenport AMSTERDAM l BOSTON l HEIDELBERG l LONDON NEW YORK l OXFORD l PARIS l SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO l SINGAPORE l SYDNEY l TOKYO Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 1976 Second edition 1980 Third edition 1994 Fourth edition 2002 Fifth Edition 2011 Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@ elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-096789-9 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 Photo credits: Secondary cover photograph shows anode casting furnace at Palabora Mining Company, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources
    Minerals 2015, 5, 1-60; doi:10.3390/min5010001 OPEN ACCESS minerals ISSN 2075-163X www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Review Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources Helen R. Watling CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship, PO Box 7229, Karawara, WA 6152, Australia; E-Mail: Helen.Watling@csiro.au; Tel.: +61-8-9334-8034; Fax: +61-8-9334-8001 Academic Editor: Karen Hudson-Edwards Received: 30 October 2014 / Accepted: 10 December 2014 / Published: 24 December 2014 Abstract: This review has as its underlying premise the need to become proficient in delivering a suite of element or metal products from polymetallic ores to avoid the predicted exhaustion of key metals in demand in technological societies. Many technologies, proven or still to be developed, will assist in meeting the demands of the next generation for trace and rare metals, potentially including the broader application of biohydrometallurgy for the extraction of multiple metals from low-grade and complex ores. Developed biotechnologies that could be applied are briefly reviewed and some of the difficulties to be overcome highlighted. Examples of the bioleaching of polymetallic mineral resources using different combinations of those technologies are described for polymetallic sulfide concentrates, low-grade sulfide and oxidised ores. Three areas for further research are: (i) the development of sophisticated continuous vat bioreactors with additional controls; (ii) in situ and in stope bioleaching and the need to solve problems associated with microbial activity in that scenario; and (iii) the exploitation of sulfur-oxidising microorganisms that, under specific anaerobic leaching conditions, reduce and solubilise refractory iron(III) or manganese(IV) compounds containing multiple elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Prominent Hill Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Statement As at 30
    OZ Minerals Limited Prominent Hill 2018 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Statement and Explanatory Notes As at 30 June 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROMINENT HILL MINERAL RESOURCE STATEMENT AS AT 30 June 2018 ................................................. 4 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Setting ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Changes in the June 2018 Mineral Resource Estimate ......................................................................... 7 JORC CODE, 2012 EDITION, TABLE 1 .................................................................................................. 10 Section 1 Sampling Techniques and Data ........................................................................................... 10 Section 2 Reporting of Exploration Results......................................................................................... 14 Section 3 Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources ................................................................. 15 Competent Person’s Statement ......................................................................................................... 20 Contributors ...................................................................................................................................... 20 PROMINENT HILL ORE RESERVE STATEMENT AS AT 30 June 2018
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergill Us Niger
    RECOVERY OF COPPER FROM LOW-GRADE ORES BE' ASPERGILL US NIGER PRESENTEDIIi PARTIALFC'LFILL~IENT OF THE REQLIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREEOF ~~XSTEROF APPLIEDSCIENCE CONCORDIAUNIVERSITY MONTRÉAL, QL'ÉBEC. CANADA Nationail Library 6iiiiothèque nationale 1+1 of^^ du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Seivices services bibiiographiques 395 WeUngton Street 395. rue WeUingdori OttawaON KlAW OibwaON KlAW canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to BMiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or seîi reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. La forme de microfiche/film, de reprodnction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retaios ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des exbaits substanEie1s may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract RECOVERY OF COPPER FRObf LOW-GRADE OmS BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER 31 ahtab Kamali The main concern of this study is to End a feasible and economicd technique to recover metals from oside low-grade ore microbially. Owing to the large quantities of met& that are embodied in low - grade ores and rnining residues. these are considered new sources of metais. On the other hand they potentially imperil the entironment. as the metals they contain may be released to the enlironment in a hazardous forrii.
    [Show full text]