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Gether, Regardless Also Note That Rule Changes and Equipment Improve- of Type, Rather Than Having Three Or Four Separate AHP Ments Can Impact Records
Journal of Sports Analytics 2 (2016) 1–18 1 DOI 10.3233/JSA-150007 IOS Press Revisiting the ranking of outstanding professional sports records Matthew J. Liberatorea, Bret R. Myersa,∗, Robert L. Nydicka and Howard J. Weissb aVillanova University, Villanova, PA, USA bTemple University Abstract. Twenty-eight years ago Golden and Wasil (1987) presented the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for ranking outstanding sports records. Since then much has changed with respect to sports and sports records, the application and theory of the AHP, and the availability of the internet for accessing data. In this paper we revisit the ranking of outstanding sports records and build on past work, focusing on a comprehensive set of records from the four major American professional sports. We interviewed and corresponded with two sports experts and applied an AHP-based approach that features both the traditional pairwise comparison and the AHP rating method to elicit the necessary judgments from these experts. The most outstanding sports records are presented, discussed and compared to Golden and Wasil’s results from a quarter century earlier. Keywords: Sports, analytics, Analytic Hierarchy Process, evaluation and ranking, expert opinion 1. Introduction considered, create a single AHP analysis for differ- ent types of records (career, season, consecutive and In 1987, Golden and Wasil (GW) applied the Ana- game), and harness the opinions of sports experts to lytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to rank what they adjust the set of criteria and their weights and to drive considered to be “some of the greatest active sports the evaluation process. records” (Golden and Wasil, 1987). -
Fair Ball! Why Adjustments Are Needed
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER 1 Fair Ball! Why Adjustments Are Needed King Arthur’s quest for it in the Middle Ages became a large part of his legend. Monty Python and Indiana Jones launched their searches in popular 1974 and 1989 movies. The mythic quest for the Holy Grail, the name given in Western tradition to the chal- ice used by Jesus Christ at his Passover meal the night before his death, is now often a metaphor for a quintessential search. In the illustrious history of baseball, the “holy grail” is a ranking of each player’s overall value on the baseball diamond. Because player skills are multifaceted, it is not clear that such a ranking is possible. In comparing two players, you see that one hits home runs much better, whereas the other gets on base more often, is faster on the base paths, and is a better fielder. So which player should rank higher? In Baseball’s All-Time Best Hitters, I identified which players were best at getting a hit in a given at-bat, calling them the best hitters. Many reviewers either disapproved of or failed to note my definition of “best hitter.” Although frequently used in base- ball writings, the terms “good hitter” or best hitter are rarely defined. In a July 1997 Sports Illustrated article, Tom Verducci called Tony Gwynn “the best hitter since Ted Williams” while considering only batting average. -
An Offensive Earned-Run Average for Baseball
OPERATIONS RESEARCH, Vol. 25, No. 5, September-October 1077 An Offensive Earned-Run Average for Baseball THOMAS M. COVER Stanfortl University, Stanford, Californiu CARROLL W. KEILERS Probe fiystenzs, Sunnyvale, California (Received October 1976; accepted March 1977) This paper studies a baseball statistic that plays the role of an offen- sive earned-run average (OERA). The OERA of an individual is simply the number of earned runs per game that he would score if he batted in all nine positions in the line-up. Evaluation can be performed by hand by scoring the sequence of times at bat of a given batter. This statistic has the obvious natural interpretation and tends to evaluate strictly personal rather than team achievement. Some theoretical properties of this statistic are developed, and we give our answer to the question, "Who is the greatest hitter in baseball his- tory?" UPPOSE THAT we are following the history of a certain batter and want some index of his offensive effectiveness. We could, for example, keep track of a running average of the proportion of times he hit safely. This, of course, is the batting average. A more refined estimate ~vouldb e a running average of the total number of bases pcr official time at bat (the slugging average). We might then notice that both averages omit mention of ~valks.P erhaps what is needed is a spectrum of the running average of walks, singles, doublcs, triples, and homcruns per official time at bat. But how are we to convert this six-dimensional variable into a direct comparison of batters? Let us consider another statistic. -
Kit Young's Sale
KIT YOUNG’S SALE #92 VINTAGE HALL OF FAMERS ROOKIE CARDS SALE – TAKE 10% OFF 1954 Topps #128 Hank Aaron 1959 Topps #338 Sparky 1956 Topps #292 Luis Aparicio 1954 Topps #94 Ernie Banks EX- 1968 Topps #247 Johnny Bench EX o/c $550.00 Anderson EX $30.00 EX-MT $115.00; VG-EX $59.00; MT $1100.00; EX+ $585.00; PSA PSA 6 EX-MT $120.00; EX-MT GD-VG $35.00 5 EX $550.00; VG-EX $395.00; VG $115.00; EX o/c $49.00 $290.00 1909 E90-1 American Caramel 1909 E95 Philadelphia Caramel 1887 Tobin Lithographs Dan 1949 Bowman #84 Roy 1967 Topps #568 Rod Carew NR- Chief Bender PSA 2 GD $325.00 Chief Bender FR $99.00 Brouthers SGC Authentic $295.00 Campanella VG-EX/EX $375.00 MT $320.00; EX-MT $295.00 1958 Topps #343 Orlando Cepeda 1909 E92 Dockman & Sons Frank 1909 E90-1 American Caramel 1910 E93 Standard Caramel 1909 E90-1 American Caramel PSA 5 EX $55.00 Chance SGC 30 GD $395.00 Frank Chance FR-GD $95.00 Eddie Collins GD-VG Sam Crawford GD $150.00 (paper loss back) $175.00 1932 U.S. Caramel #7 Joe Cronin 1933 Goudey #23 Kiki Cuyler 1933 Goudey #19 Bill Dickey 1939 Play Ball #26 Joe DiMaggio 1957 Topps #18 Don Drysdale SGC 50 VG-EX $375.00 GD-VG $49.00 VG $150.00 EX $695.00; PSA 3.5 VG+ $495.00 NR-MT $220.00; PSA 6 EX-MT $210.00; EX-MT $195.00; EX $120.00; VG-EX $95.00 1910 T3 Turkey Red Cabinet #16 1910 E93 Standard Caramel 1909-11 T206 (Polar Bear) 1948 Bowman #5 Bob Feller EX 1972 Topps #79 Carlton Fisk EX Johnny Evers VG $575.00 Johnny Evers FR-GD $99.00 Johnny Evers SGC 45 VG+ $170.00; VG $75.00 $19.95; VG-EX $14.95 $240.00 KIT YOUNG CARDS • 4876 SANTA MONICA AVE, #137 • DEPT. -
Estimated Age Effects in Baseball
ESTIMATED AGE EFFECTS IN BASEBALL By Ray C. Fair October 2005 Revised March 2007 COWLES FOUNDATION DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 1536 COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS YALE UNIVERSITY Box 208281 New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8281 http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/ Estimated Age Effects in Baseball Ray C. Fair¤ Revised March 2007 Abstract Age effects in baseball are estimated in this paper using a nonlinear xed- effects regression. The sample consists of all players who have played 10 or more full-time years in the major leagues between 1921 and 2004. Quadratic improvement is assumed up to a peak-performance age, which is estimated, and then quadratic decline after that, where the two quadratics need not be the same. Each player has his own constant term. The results show that aging effects are larger for pitchers than for batters and larger for baseball than for track and eld, running, and swimming events and for chess. There is some evidence that decline rates in baseball have decreased slightly in the more recent period, but they are still generally larger than those for the other events. There are 18 batters out of the sample of 441 whose performances in the second half of their careers noticeably exceed what the model predicts they should have been. All but 3 of these players played from 1990 on. The estimates from the xed-effects regressions can also be used to rank players. This ranking differs from the ranking using lifetime averages because it adjusts for the different ages at which players played. It is in effect an age-adjusted ranking. -
Using Mathematics and Statistics to Analyze Who Are the Great Sluggers in Baseball
ICOTS-7, 2006: Taylor and Krevisky USING MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS TO ANALYZE WHO ARE THE GREAT SLUGGERS IN BASEBALL Randy Taylor Las Positas College, United States Steve Krevisky Middlesex Community College, United States [email protected] In this presentation, we share the results of statistical work that we have done over several years, in order to determine who are the best sluggers in the game of baseball in the US. Using z scores, we examined yearly home run and slugging average figures, so as to analyze which batters were the most SD’s above the mean. We used cutoffs of 200 at bats or 250 plate appearances before expansion, and increased this by about 5%, to account for the increased number of games played after the expansion in the early 1960s. Since real data are involved, we feel that this would be a very good application for students in a basic statistics class, and we will present various charts in the following discussion, and summarize our findings. This is a shortened version of what we have presented at numerous conferences in the US. Please let us know if you wish to see the full version of our paper! INDIVIDUAL YEAR HOME RUN RESULTS Gathering the statistics was much more time consuming than imagined. Data was obtained for all years 1920-2003 from The Sports Encyclopedia: Baseball 2004 by David S. Neft, Richard M. Cohen, and Michael L. Neft. This book contained all the information required, but the print was very small. It also used numbers to indicate players who were traded, which was important in counting players totals in both leagues if they played in both leagues. -
Creating Tables in Word 2007
Creating Tables in Word 2007 A table is an arrangement of data (words and/or numbers) in rows and columns. Using tables to organize information makes the data much easier to read and interpret. It also presents an eye-appealing document. How quickly can you find the number of votes for Ernie Banks in the following paragraph: The following players received many votes: Johnny Bench 1,010,403; Yogi Berra 704,208; Nolan Ryan, 992,040; Sandy Koufax 970,434; Lou Gehrig 1,207,992; Mark McGwire 517,181; Jackie Robinson, 788,116; Rogers Hornsby, 630,761; Cal Ripken Jr., 669,033; Ernie Banks 598,168; Mike Schmidt 855,654; Brooks Robinson 761,700; Babe Ruth 1,158,044; Hank Aaron 1,156,782; Ted Williams 1,125,583; Willie Mays 1,115,896; Joe DiMaggio 1,054,423; and Mickey Mantle 988,168. Now find the same information in the following table. It’s much easier when data is organized into rows and columns! Main heading in ALL CAPS and centered MAJOR LEAGUE ALL-CENTURY TEAM in first row of table. Column headings Fan Balloting Secondary heading centered (vertically No. of (optional) in upper and horizontally Position Player and lower case over columns and Votes centered below the bold if desired. Catcher Johnny Bench 1,010,403 Yogi Berra 704,208 main heading. Nolan Ryan 992,040 Pitcher Sandy Koufax 970,434 Lou Gehrig 1,207,992 First Baseman Mark McGwire 517,181 Jackie Robinson 788,116 Second Baseman Rogers Hornsby 630,761 Table data aligned Cal Ripken Jr. -
Bill Veeck: Remembering the Good, the Bad and the In-Between on His 100Th Birthday
Bill Veeck: Remembering the good, the bad and the in-between on his 100th birthday By George Castle, CBM Historian Posted Friday, February 7th, 2014 A man with the ultimate positive image as a friend of the baseball fan, Bill Veeck might have been the first to say that, yeah, he had feet (in his case, one foot) of clay. A speed reader of books, Veeck knew all about protag- onists who had many sides, not every one of them he- roic. It made a balanced portrayal for the book con- sumer. In that case, Veeck, whose 100th birthday is being marked Feb. 9, was the ultimate balanced man. His baseball-owner opponents would have added “un” to the front of “balanced.” In the process of bearding the game’s establishment, in attempting to be in front of trends to make money, draw more fans and ad- vance a personal, liberal philosophy, star promoter Veeck both succeeded and failed. A typical Bill Veeck image from his In doing so, he became one of the most impactful prime. He was nicknamed "Sport men in Chicago baseball history. He was a true Re- Shirt Bill" for his refusal to wear ties naissance man, whose life impacted more than just in that button-down, dress-up era. events on the diamond. Veeck saved the White Sox for Chicago when there were no other local buyers in 1975. He gave Hall of Famer Tony La Russa his managerial start in 1979. Veeck prodded Har- ry Caray to start singing in the seventh inning, a tradition that has long outlasted Caray’s death. -
Greenberg and Interleague Play Tigers in Danger from Train Fire
Official Publication of Retrosheet, Inc. Volume 5, Number 4 December 1, 1998 Greenberg and Interleague Play As we come to the close of another year, it is conventional to summarize the big events of the last 12 months. We have done a lot this The last issue of TRS carried an article concerning interleague play year, for example, as discussed in the late 1950s. Hank Greenberg was the originator passing the 50,000 of the idea and our crack staff has tracked down the information. In View from mark in total May 1954, Greenberg, then GM of the Indians, offered a plan for games entered, games that count in the standings to be played between all NL and the Vault AL clubs. gathering David Smith, thousands more President Greenberg’s plan included four games between each AL and NL game accounts club, with two at home and two away. The intraleague contests from many sources would be cut from eleven to nine (home and away) to and increasing our visibility with the general accommodate these new games. However, that arrangement public as well as many Major League teams. would have to be modified each year since the eight game inter- league sets would add 32 games while the intraleague reductions However, this is also a good opportunity to would only account for 28 games. Greenberg said that the details think of ways to improve the organization in could be worked out later but the idea was to have a home and the coming year. To me there is one area away engagement with each club. -
1962 Minnesota Twins Media Guide
MINNESOTA TWINS METROPOLITAN STADIUM - BLOOMINGTON, MINNESOTA /eepreieniin the AMERICAN LEAGUE __flfl I/ic Upper l?ic/we1 The Name... The name of this baseball club is Minnesota Twins. It is unique, as the only major league baseball team named after a state instead of a city. The reason unlike all other teams, this one represents more than one city. It, in fact, represents a state and a region, Minnesota and the Upper Midwest, in the American League. A survey last year drama- tized the vastness of the Minnesota Twins market with the revelation that up to 47 per cent of the fans at weekend games came from beyond the metropolitan area surrounding the stadium. The nickname, Twins, is in honor of the two largest cities in the Upper Midwest, the Twin Cities of Minne- apolis and St. Paul. The Place... The home stadium of the Twins is Metropolitan Stadium, located in Bloomington, the fourth largest city in the state of Minnesota. Bloomington's popu- lation is in excess of 50,000. Bloomington is in Hen- nepin County and the stadium is approximately 10 miles from the hearts of Minneapolis (Hennepin County) and St. Paul (Ramsey County). Bloomington has no common boundary with either of the Twin Cities. Club Records Because of the transfer of the old Washington Senators to Minnesota in October, 1960, and the creation of a completely new franchise in the Na- tion's Capital, there has been some confusion over the listing of All-Time Club records. In this booklet, All-Time Club records include those of the Wash- ington American League Baseball Club from 1901 through 1960, and those of the 1961 Minnesota Twins, a continuation of the Washington American League Baseball Club. -
One for the Books: on Rhetoric, Community, and Memory
One for the Books: On Rhetoric, Community, and Memory ________________ Todd F. McDorman _______________ The 34th LaFollette Lecture October 10, 2013 _____________ www.wabash.edu/lafollette The Charles D. LaFollette Lecture Series One for the Books: On Rhetoric, Community, and Memory1 Todd F. McDorman PREFERRED CITATION McDorman, Todd F., “One for the Books: On Rhetoric, Community, and Memory.” The Charles D. LaFollette Lectures Series (2009): < http://www.wabash.edu/lafollette/mcdorman2013/> EXCERPT Classical liberal arts teaching and learning at its best is potent in helping us engage and interrogate the economies and ecologies of life-with-the-dead precisely because it serves as one of those few educational refuges, or haunts if you will, from the insistent pressures to reduce prudential teaching and learning to myopic, present-day utility, which in my mind equates with living alone and with no past. From classics to chemistry, music to mathematics, English to economics, the liberal arts bear witness to the enormous landscape of human experience and the potential for those who have passed on to continue to address vital present-day questions and truths, and, oh yes, to call us to account. __________ The LaFollette Lecture Series was established by the Wabash College Board of Trustees to honor Charles D. LaFollette, their longtime colleague on the Board. The lecture is given each year by a Wabash College Faculty member who is charged to address the relation of his or her special discipline to the humanities broadly conceived. For more information, contact Dwight Watson, LaFollette Professor of Humanities, Professor of Theater, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN 47933. -
Estimated Age Effects in Baseball
Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Volume 4, Issue 1 2008 Article 1 Estimated Age Effects in Baseball Ray C. Fair, Yale University Recommended Citation: Fair, Ray C. (2008) "Estimated Age Effects in Baseball," Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports: Vol. 4: Iss. 1, Article 1. DOI: 10.2202/1559-0410.1074 ©2008 American Statistical Association. All rights reserved. Brought to you by | Yale University Library New Haven (Yale University Library New Haven) Authenticated | 172.16.1.226 Download Date | 3/28/12 11:34 PM Estimated Age Effects in Baseball Ray C. Fair Abstract Age effects in baseball are estimated in this paper using a nonlinear fixed-effects regression. The sample consists of all players who have played 10 or more "full-time" years in the major leagues between 1921 and 2004. Quadratic improvement is assumed up to a peak-performance age, which is estimated, and then quadratic decline after that, where the two quadratics need not be the same. Each player has his own constant term. The results show that aging effects are larger for pitchers than for batters and larger for baseball than for track and field, running, and swimming events and for chess. There is some evidence that decline rates in baseball have decreased slightly in the more recent period, but they are still generally larger than those for the other events. There are 18 batters out of the sample of 441 whose performances in the second half of their careers noticeably exceed what the model predicts they should have been. All but 3 of these players played from 1990 on.