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La Réception De La Culture Russe Par Les Français Et Les Espagnols

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La Réception De La Culture Russe Par Les Français Et Les Espagnols LA RÉCEPTION DE LA CULTURE RUSSE PAR LES FRANÇAIS ET LES ESPAGNOLS: ANALYSE SÉMIOTIQUE, LINGUISTIQUE ET SOCIOCULTURELLE Elena Sandakova DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍAS INTEGRADAS FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS LA RÉCEPTION DE LA CULTURE RUSSE PAR LES FRANÇAIS ET LES ESPAGNOLS : ANALYSE SÉMIOTIQUE, LINGUISTIQUE ET SOCIOCULTURELLE ELENA SANDAKOVA Memoria presentada para aspirar al grado de DOCTORA POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE LENGUAS, CULTURAS Y SUS TRADUCCIONES EN EL ÁMBITO MEDITERRÁNEO Dirigida por: Prof. Dra. MARINA ARAGÓN COBO À ma famille ; à mes amis russes en Russie ; à mes amis russes, espagnols et français en Espagne et en France SOMMAIRE Resumen del proyecto ………………………………………………………………xv Remerciements ……………………………………………………………………xxxiii Liste des remarques utilisées dans le présent travail …………………………..xxxv Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...1 Première partie : Cadre théorique Chapitre I : Les Mêmes et les Autres : aspects anthropolinguistiques 1.1. Des préalables sociolinguistiques ……………………………………………9 1.2. La langue face à la nation ……………………………………………………11 1.3. Les grilles conceptuelles d’Edward Hall ……………………………………17 1.4. Conclusion du chapitre ………………………………………………………20 Chapitre II : La place du culturel dans la compétence de communication 2.1. Préliminaires ………………………………………………………………….23 2.2. En suivant l’évolution de la notion « compétence » ……………………….24 2.3. Les représentations culturelles partagées …………………………………38 2.4. Le poids culturel du lexique …………………………………………………41 2.4.1. Le rapport langue / culture …………………………………………..41 2.4.2. Robert Galisson : la culture dans la langue ………………………..43 2.4.2.1. Mots à Charge Culturelle Partagée …………………….50 2.4.2.2. Mots-valises ……………………………………………...54 2.4.2.3. Mots occultants …………………………………………..56 2.4.2.4. Noms de marques ……………………………………….56 2.4.2.5. Palimpsestes verbo-culturels …………………………..58 v 2.4.2.6. Opérations comportementales verbales ………………60 2.5. Conclusion du chapitre ………………………………………………………62 Chapitre III : Le poids des stéréotypes dans l’interaction pluriculturelle 3.1. La nature des stéréotypes ……………………………………………………...63 3.2. Stéréotype vs. préjugé ………………………………………………………….72 3.3. Les causes de la formation des stéréotypes ………………………………….75 3.4. Les fonctions des stéréotypes …………………………………………………78 3.5. La classification des stéréotypes ………………………………………………80 3.6. Conclusion du chapitre …………………………………………………………86 Chapitre IV : Le tournant visuel 4.1. Préliminaires …………………………………………………………………….89 4.2. La triade de Charles Peirce …………………………………………………….90 4.3. Le signe linguistique de Ferdinand de Saussure …………………………….94 4.4. Roland Barthes et la sémiologie de la signification …………………………..96 4.5. Georges Mounin et la sémiologie de la communication ……………………..99 4.6. Umberto Eco et la sémiotique de l’architecture ……………………………100 4.7. Christian Metz et la sémiotique du cinéma ………………………………….104 4.8. La sémiotique de la photographie ……………………………………………105 4.8.1. La photographie amateur …………………………………………...107 4.8.2. Le selfie ………………………………………………………………111 4.8.3. La photo touristique …………………………………………………112 4.9. Conclusion du chapitre ……………………………………………………….114 vi Chapitre V : La sémiotique non verbale 5.1. Préliminaires …………………………………………………………………...117 5.2. La kinésique : Ray Birdwhistell ………………………………………………119 5.3. La classification sémiotique des gestes …………………………………….120 5.4. Les valeurs fonctionnelles des gestes ………………………………………125 5.5. L’universalité des gestes ……………………………………………………...126 5.6. La politesse non verbale ………………………………………………………129 5.7. Conclusion du chapitre ………………………………………………………..133 Seconde partie : Cadre pratique Chapitre VI : L’usage de l’outillage mental dans la culture russe 6.1. Préliminaires …………………………………………………………………...135 6.2. Particularités chronémiques ………………………………………………….135 6.2.1. Échanges votifs « bon + notion de temps » ……………………….137 6.2.2. Formules d’adieux …………………………………………………..141 6.3. Particularités proxémiques …………………………………………………...144 6.4. Continuum lexical russe ………………………………………………………148 6.4.1. Les empreintes du facteur géographique …………………………148 6.4.2. Les empreintes du facteur climatique ……………………………..154 6.4.2.1. Généralités ………………………………………………...154 6.4.2.2. Grille sémique des dénominations de vêtements de dessus d’hiver .......................................157 6.4.2.3. Grille sémique des dénominations de couvre-chefs d’hiver …………………………………….165 vii 6.4.2.4. Grille sémique des dénominations de chaussures d’hiver ………………………………………170 6.4.3. Les empreintes du facteur culturel …………………………………180 6.5. Conclusion du chapitre ……………………………………………………….184 Chapitre VII : Les écarts culturels 7.1. Les révélateurs de la culture russe pour le public étranger ………………..187 7.1.1. Lexique à charge culturelle partagée russe ……………………….188 7.1.1.1. Mots à une CCP d’une langue pour des équivalents différents nécessitant un éclaircissement dans les autres langues ……………………………………191 7.1.1.2. Cas d’emprunts …………………………………………….199 7.1.1.3. Mots à CCP sans équivalent dans la langue-culture d’accueil …………………………...201 7.1.1.4. Mots à CCP étrangers sans équivalent dans la langue-culture d’origine ……………………………203 7.1.2. Mots-valises russes …………………………………………………204 7.1.2.1. Apocope + aphérèse ………………………………………204 7.1.2.2. Apocope simple …………………………………………….205 7.1.2.3. Apocope + apocope ………………………………………..205 7.1.2.4. Aphérèse simple …………………………………………...206 7.1.3. Mots occultants russes ……………………………………………...207 7.1.4. Noms de marques russes …………………………………………..209 7.1.4.1. Noms d’appellation sous forme de produits (objets militaires) à CCP commune ……………………….209 7.1.4.2. Noms d’appellation sous forme de produits (automobiles) à CCP propre ……………………………….210 viii 7.1.4.3. Noms d’appellation sous forme de produits (souvenirs symboliques) à CCP commune ………………211 7.1.4.4. Noms d’appellation sous forme de produits (alimentation) à CCP commune …………………………...212 7.1.4.5. Noms d’appellation commerciale sous forme de services (magasins) à CCP propre …………………….214 7.1.4.6. Noms d’appellation à signifié et à CCP propres à une langue-culture d’accueil ……………………215 7.1.5. Palimpsestes verbo-culturels russes ………………………………218 7.1.5.1. Délexicalisation sans déstructuration syntaxique ………218 7.1.5.2. Délexicalisation avec filiation phonique ………………….220 7.1.6. Opérations comportementales et verbales ……………………….222 7.1.6.1. Opérations verbales au poids culturel propre ……………223 7.1.6.2. Opérations comportementales ……………………………228 7.2. Conclusion du chapitre ………………………………………………………..231 Chapitre VIII : Le comportement communicatif des porteurs de la culture russe 8.1. Préliminaires …………………………………………………………………...233 8.2. Le concept « fête » …………………………………………………………….234 8.2.1. L’aspect quantitatif de la notion « fête » …………………...237 8.2.2. Fêtes aux dates et aux signifiés communs ………………..241 8.2.3. Fêtes aux signifiés communs, mais aux dates différentes ...............................................241 8.2.4. Fêtes aux dates et aux signifiés propres …………………..245 8.2.4.1. Occasions nationales communes ………………..245 8.2.4.2. Occasions professionnelles ………………………246 ix 8.2.4.3. Occasions politiques ………………………………247 8.2.5. L’encadré culturel des fêtes russes ………………………..248 8.2.6. Le concept « célébration » ………………………………….258 8.2.7. Le concept « invitation » ……………………………………265 8.2.8. Le concept « toast » …………………………………………266 8.2.9. Le concept « fleurs » ………………………………………..271 8.3. Conclusion du chapitre ……………………………………………………….275 Chapitre IX : Les hétéro-stéréotypes des Français et des Espagnols sur les réalités russes 9.1. La perception synthétique de la Russie à travers les stéréotypes ethnoculturels ………………………………….277 9.2. Les stéréotypes ethnoculturels sur la Russie issus du schéma « NOM + ADJECTIF russe » …………………………..279 9.2.1. Lexies complexes stéréotypées portant sur les objets et les réalités culturels et gastronomiques ………………………..282 9.2.1.1. Lexies complexes stéréotypées portant sur les objets matériaux ……………………………283 a) Poupée russe / Muñeca rusa …………………………283 b) Balalaïka (russe) / Balalaica …………………………..286 c) Samovar (russe) / Samovar ruso ……………………..287 d) Lapin russe / --- …………………………………………289 e) Chapeau russe, chapka (russe) / Gorro ruso ……….290 f) Chaussettes russes / --- ……………………………….291 g) Costume russe / --- …………………………………….292 h) --- / Un ruso ……………………………………………..292 i) Cigarettes russes / Papirosa ………………………….293 9.2.1.2. Lexies complexes stéréotypées portant sur les réalités culturelles ………………………….294 a) Bain russe / Baño ruso …………………………………294 x b) Danse russe / Danza rusa ……………………………..298 c) Montagnes russes / Montaña rusa ……………………300 d) Roulette russe / Ruleta rusa …………………………...302 e) Billard russe / Carambola rusa ………………………...303 f) Prononciation russe …………………………………….304 g) Écriture russe …………………………………………...306 9.2.1.3. Lexies complexes stéréotypées portant sur les manifestations gastronomiques ………….307 a) Préliminaires: La gastique ………………………………307 b) Salade russe / Ensaladilla rusa, ensalada rusa ……….309 c) Vodka (russe) / Vodka (ruso) ……………………………312 d) Charlotte russe / Carlota rusa, charlotte rusa …………320 e) --- / Filete ruso …………………………………………....322 f) Caviar (russe) / Caviar (ruso) ……………………………323 g) Gâteau russe / Pastel ruso ……………………………...324 h) Autres ……………………………………………………..325 9.2.1.4. Lexie complexe stéréotypée portant sur les événements historiques …………………..326 a) Révolution russe / Revolución rusa …………………….326 9.2.1.5. Lexies complexes stéréotypées portant sur les notions philosophiques et les qualités humaines ……………………………………327 a) Préliminaires : Le caractère national russe ……………327 b) Âme russe / alma rusa …………………………………...330 c) Ours
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