S3.5 Results of Geophysical Survey
Geophysical surveys were carried out during the first fiscal year field survey and the second fiscal year field survey for different survey objectives and by changing survey methods. During the first fiscal year field survey, with objectives of identifying the thicknesses and depths to basements of alluvium layers distributed along valleys having well developed groundwater, vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out. On the other hand, during the second fiscal year field survey, to select candidate sites for new borehole drillings in areas where piped water supply is difficult, electromagnetic prospecting and vertical sounding were conducted. Periods of conducting these surveys were from January to February 2009 for the first survey and from July to August 2009 for the second survey.
S3.5.1 First Fiscal Year Field Survey
(1) Survey Method In the study area of the Eastern Province, Rwamagana and Bugesera Districts, where water supply is covered by existing piped water schemes and in the future, extensions of these schemes and other piped schemes are expected, were excluded as target areas for the survey. At the remaining the 4 districts of Nyagatare, Gatsibo, Kayonza and Kirehe, geoelectrical surveys were carried out at 84 locations distributed over 18 secteurs along alluvium distributed valleys where groundwater pumping has high possibilities. For electrode configuration, survey depths were relatively shallow at 100m and the Wenner method was used in which interpretations of survey results can be made by the direct reading method.
Specifications for the geoelectrical surveys are as follows. 1) Survey equipment: ABEM SAS 300 Terrameter
2) Electrode configuration: Wenner 4 electrode method, survey depths of 100m
S3-32 Figure S3-23 Electrode Configuration
(2) Survey Results From geological maps and results of hydrogeological field reconnaissance, the following 4 geologies are presumed to be distributed in the survey area: 1) surface soils, 2) sedimentary layer (talus sediments along valleys, alluvial sediments), 3) weathered layer, and 4) basement rocks (granites, quartzites, schists, phyllites). From results of geoelectrical surveys, resistivity characteristics can be summarized as follows. 1) Depending on the dryness of the surface, surface soils usually show resistivities of less than 100Ωm. 2) Although the difference between alluvium layer and weathered layer does clearly appear, resistivities are between 50 and 200Ωm, and the lower resistivities are alluviums and higher values are weathered layers. 3) Results of geoelectrical surveys in quartzites and granites show trends of abrupt rising of resistivities in proportion to depths. In schist and phyllite layers, due to influence of clayey weathered material on the surface, low resistivities are seen in shallow depths and rise in lower depths, but resistivities become stable after a certain depth. Average depth to basement rocks is 45 m, depth to weathered layer is 24.7m, average weathered layer thickness is 21.9m, average thickness of alluvium layer is 22.8m and average surface soil cover is 1.8m. Weathered layers above basement rocks are anticipated to be the aquifers.
The resistivity ranges shown in Table S3-14 were used as standards for interpretation in determining the structure of each layer.
S3-33 Table S3-14 Resistivity Ranges used during Interpretation Rock Resistivity (Ω-m) Rock Resistivity (Ω-m) clays 5 - 100 quartzites 60 - 10000 dry sands 100 - 5000 limestones 300 - 50000 wet sands 40 - 100 phyllites / schists 10 - 500 gravels 90 - 5000 granites / gneisses 1000 - 10000 sandstones 35 - 4000 weathered granites 50 - 300 Source: Electric resistivities (Parasnis 1997, and others)
The locations of the geoelectrical surveys are plotted in Figure S3-24. The results of the surveys are shown as resistivity analysis cross-sections in Figure S3-25 and 26, and ρ-a curves are indicated in the Databook.
Furthermore, geoelectrical survey locations and existing borehole (handpump) locations are shown on the geological map (Figure S3-27), and assumed geological profiles in the north-west to south-east directions are shown in Figure S3-28. From interpretations of the cross sections and resistivity values, distribution depths of the alluvium and weathered zones are between 10m and 90m with an average depth of 45m.
S3-34 Figure S3-24 Location Map of Geoelectrical Survey (1st Year)
S3-35 Figure S3-25 Resistivity Analysis Cross Section , 1st Year (1/2) S3-36 Figure S3-26 Resistivity Analysis Cross Section , 1st Year (2/2) S3-37 Figure S3-27 Location Map of Geophysical Surveys and Existing Boreholes
S3-38 Figure S3-28 Predicted Geological Profiles
S3-39 S3.5.2 Second Fiscal Year Field Survey
(1) Survey Method For selection of the survey area, areas which will not be covered by piped water schemes in the future, areas which have high possibilities for being allocated as imidugudu, or areas for new development of imidugudu along with borehole siting were discussed with districts to determine the survey locations. Also, fault lines in the assumed survey areas were estimated from satellite images and geological maps. Furthermore, survey points were screened from areas most suitable for groundwater development in topographically low areas. Detailed topographies of the screened sites were reconfirmed from topographical maps and satellite images. Then, measurement directions for geomagnetic survey were determined and using the WADI-VLF equipment, changes in horizontal underground structure were measured along 300 to 600m lengths. As a result of measurements, 2 points from positive anomaly sections where the existence of fault structures can be assumed were selected and vertical geoelectrical surveys (VES) were carried out to measure changes in resistivities in the vertical direction. The survey was conducted at measurement depths of 100m using electrode intervals same as the first year survey, the Wenner configuration. The total length of the geomagnetic survey was 19,860m, and VES was carried out at 56 points.
Specifications of the survey are shown below. 1) Survey equipment For electromagnetic survey, ABEM WADI-Electromagnetic VLF
For geoelectric survey, ABEM SAS 300 Terrameter
2) Electromagnetic survey interval and length Survey interval: 10m Survey length: 300～600m Survey extent: 19,860m
3) Electrode configuration: Wenner 4 electrode method, survey depths of 100m Electrode intervals are the same as the first year survey
S3-40 (2) Survey Results From results of the VES survey, in Nyagatare District, the average depth to the basement is 39.94m, depth to the weathered layer is 23.94m, and thickness of the weathered layer is 16m. In Gatsibo District, depth is 55.0m with 35.81m thickness of the weathered layer, and for Kayonza District, depth of 49.83m while thickness of the weathered layer is 28.23m. At Nyagatare District, since the weathered layer thickness is thin and depth to the basement is shallow, the underground valley structure necessary for groundwater retention is undeveloped and hydrogeological conditions are poor.
Locations of geophysical surveys are shown in Figure S3-29 while resistivity cross sections from VES survey results are shown in Table S3-30 and 31. In the survey area, locations having positive anomalies and thick weathered layers were selected as candidate points for borehole drilling and these coordinates are shown in S3-32. These points become a criterion for future imidugudu allocation and locations for borehole drilling when a new umudugudu development is decided. Analyses of geophysical surveys will be summarized in the Databook, but an example of the VLF survey results is shown below..
Table S3-15 Example of VLF Survey Results Location: 1-1 Date: 08/06/2009 Location: 1-2 Date: 08/06/2009 Village: Rukundo Profiles: Latitude Longitude Village: Rukundo Profiles: Latitude Longitude Sector: Rwimyaga Start profile: S01 16' 53,9" E30 26'39,9" Sector: Rwimyaga Start profile: S0116'59.0" E3026'24,9" District: Nyagatare End profile: S01 17' 05.8" E30 26'27.5" District: Nyagatare End profile: S0117'38.1" E3025'57.2" WADI Interpreted data WADI Interpreted data
60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 -20 -20 VES 1-2 -40 VES 1-1 -40 -60 -60 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Interpreted VLF data Interpreted VLF data Station Station
Station interval Interpreted WADI Value(kHz) Station interval Interpreted WADI Value(kHz) Station interval Interpreted WADI Value(kHz) Station interval Interpreted WADI Value(kHz) 10m Profile:50 Remarks 10m Profile:50 Remarks 10m Profile:51 Remarks 10m Profile:51 Remarks 0 2.9 26 0.0 0 1.5 26 10.3 1 -8.9 27 -5.8 1 8.2 27 0.5 2 -6.2 28 -27.9 2 12.5 28 -15.4 3 2.7 29 -27.9 3 13.9 29 -17.9 4 2.8 30 19.4 4 12.3 30 -14.7 5 -1.9 31 -28.9 5 10.1 31 -8.5 6 -1.1 32 6.9 6 8.8 32 -6.1 7 5.8 33 5.5 7 -11.0 33 -14.4 8 4.2 34 0.1 8 -49.3 34 -2.7 9 -0.4 35 0.0 9 -49.5 35 1.2 10 -4.4 36 -14.5 crosses at station 12 10 -9.8 36 -6.9 11 -4.1 37 -57.4 of profile43 11 -4.1 37 -1.5 12 -2.5 38 -32.4 12 -3.1 38 13 -3.0 39 17.8 13 -8.8 39 14 -3.3 40 -1.8 14 -0.7 40 15 6.5 41 -2.8 15 26.6 41 16 8.0 42 36.2 16 53.8 42 17 0.5 43 12.6 17 41.6 43 18 3.5 44 18 11.0 44 19 14.0 45 19 5.8 45 20 24.8 46 20 -1.2 46 21 26.4 47 21 -4.1 47 22 18.2 48 22 -0.5 48 23 5.0 49 23 -1.2 crosses at station 25 49 24 2.2 50 24 -14.1 of profile50 50 25 0.0 51 25 -5.5 51
S3-41 Figure S3-29 Location Map of Geoelectrical Survey (2nd Year)
S3-42 Figure S3-30 Resistivity Analysis Cross Section , 2nd Year (1/2) S3-43 Figure S3-31 Resistivity Analysis Cross Section , 2nd Year (2/2) S3-44 Figure S3-32 Recommended Borehole Locations and Coordinates
S3-45 S4. Socio-Economic Conditions
S4.1 Overview of Social and Economic Conditions in Rwanda
(1) Economic trend in Rwanda
Rwanda has made remarkable progress after the 1994 genocide and the following civil war. Peace and political stability have been re-established, reconciliation efforts are continuing, and democratic institutions and processes are being strengthened. Poverty and social indicators have also been improved. Rwanda has been able to maintain overall macroeconomic stability and implement extensive reforms which have contributed to a strong growth performance.
Rwanda’s US$4.2 billion economy grew 7.9 percent in 2007 and an estimated 8.5 percent in 2008. Increased productivity in the agricultural and service sectors, accompanied by strong public and private sector investment activity are key sources of growth, employment and poverty reduction in the short to medium term.
Strong implementation of macroeconomic policies enabled Rwanda to reach completion point for the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) in March 2005 and to qualify for the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in March 2006. Parallel efforts have been made to put in place a sound economic governance framework, including independent regulatory agencies, stronger public expenditure management systems with independent audit agencies, and a strong focus on anti-corruption. Until recently, inflation has been contained at less than ten percent most of the time since 1997, but has drastically increased to an estimated 15 percent in 2008 due to higher food and fuel prices. However, inflation is expected to decline in 2009 as import prices fall.
At present, the global economic slowdown has had a limited effect on Rwanda’s economy due to the country’s low level of integration with the global economy and the relatively high dependence on subsistence agriculture; however, a continued global slowdown may lead to a 2.5 percent decrease in GDP growth over the medium term due to lower tourism receipts, reduction in remittances and a slowdown in the construction sector. In September 2007, the Government completed and adopted its Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS). The EDPRS articulates the country’s priorities for 2008-2012 assigning the highest priority to accelerating growth to create employment and reduce poverty. Its key targets are: (i) growth of about eight percent per year; (ii) reduction in poverty to about 46 percent.
Following Table S4-1 and Table S4-2 show the summary of basic outline of Rwanda in terms
S4-1 of social and economic points of view.
Table S4-1 Basic Indicators (2000, 2006 and 2007)
No. Social matter-related indicators 2000 2007 2008 Source 1 Surface area total (sq. km) 26,338 26,340 26,338 A land 24,948 water 1,390 2 Population, total 7,957,797 9,454,534 9,720,694 B 3 Age structure (%) (2009 est.) A 0-14 years 42.1 15-64 years 55.4 65 years and over 2.4 4 Population density (pers/km2) 302 359 369 - 5 Population growth (annual %) 6.7 2.9 3 B Source: A= The World Fact Book (CIA) B= World Development Indicators Rwanda (The World Bank)
Table S4-2 Main Economic Indicators (2000, 2007 and 2008)
No. Economy-related indicators 2000 2007 2008 Source 1 GNI, Atlas method (current US$ millions) 1,993 3,142 3,995 B 2 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) 250 330 410 B 3 GDP (current US$ millions) 1,734 3,412 4,457 B 4 GDP growth rate (annual %) 8 8 11 B 5 Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) -3 11 17 B 6 Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) 37 39 35 B 7 Industry, value added (% of GDP) 14 14.1 12 B, F 8 Services, etc., value added (% of GDP) 49 47 53 B 9 Current budget balance (% of GDP) 7.5 F 10 External debt, total (DOD, current 1,272 496 n.d. B US$ millions) 11 Official development assistance and official 321 713. n.d. B aid (current US$ millions) 12 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, 8.3 67 n.d. B current US$ millions) 13 Trade balance (US$ millions) -401 - 14 Total exports (fob) (US$ millions) 170 F 15 Total imports (cif) (US$ millions) -571 F Source: B= World Development Indicators Rwanda (The World Bank) F= Rwanda at a glance (The World Bank)
(2) Social and Political Trend in Rwanda
In the fields of governance and political environment, EDPRS 2008-2012 summarizes the governance reforms being advanced since the PRSP was validated in 2002; such as, governance reform, promotion of software infrastructure including privatization, transparency of finance, decentralization, participation of civil society in planning, social protection and gender equality, and so on. Promoting software infrastructure that has been promoted by the GoR is an enabling environment and an efficient regulatory framework for economic activities including privatization of more than 100 companies.
S4-2 The PRSP period saw progress on decentralization but EDPRS points out that fiscal decentralization moved more slowly than institutional framework. Although the process has become more rapid recently with the revision or endorsement of laws and policies as well as the establishment of the Community Development Fund (CDF), EDPRS also points out that the weakness of human resources of local governments and their capability in planning still need improvement.
Regarding citizen participation, empowerment, transparency and accountability, the new constitution (passed by referendum in May 2003) has provided a framework for representation and participation of civil society in the process of district planning. As a result, the actual District Development Plan of each district was elaborated based on the participatory method. Social protection was not a strategic area identified under the first PRSP, but it is estimated that between 7% and 10% of the national budget has been allocated to social protection related programmes. EDPRS appreciates the adoption of the Social Protection Policy of 2005 as an important step for social protection.
As for the social and human development issues, life expectancy at birth is 49.7 years, combined gross enrollment ratio in education is 52.2% and GDP per capita (PPP) is 866 US$ in 2007. As a result, the Human Development Index (HDI) 2007 in Rwanda is 0.460. This figure is weaker than the averages of Sub-Sahara African countries, 0.514, but higher than that of low human development countries, 0.427. Rwanda is ranked 167th among 182 countries whose data are available.
Rwanda is on track to achieve several of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): MDG 2 on universal primary education; MDG 3 on gender equality; and MDG 6 on HIV/AIDS and malaria. Net primary enrollment is currently 95 percent, with 97 percent enrollment of girls. However, low completion rates and poor quality of basic education show that there are still major challenges to meeting MDG 2.
Gender-related index (GDI) is 0.459 in 2007 and ranked at 139th among 155 countries whose gender-related data are available. Different from many other Sub-Sahara African countries, combined gross enrolment ratio in education is slightly higher for girls than boys in Rwanda. Also, Rwanda has the highest ratio of female seats in parliament in the world; that is, a half of the parliamentarians are female.
The following Table S4-3 summarizes main human development indices.
S4-3 Table S4-3 Main Gender-related and Human Development Indicators No Indicators 2007 Source * 1 Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of 56.9 (2006) E population below the upper poverty line) 2 Life expectancy at birth, female (years) 47.3 C Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 44.2 C 3 Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) 180.6 C 1 4 Gross combined school enrolment ratio total (%) 52.2 D Gross combined school enrolment ratio female (%) 52.4 Gross combined school enrolment ratio male (%) 52.0 5 Literacy rate, total 1999-2006 (% of age 15+) 64.9 D Literacy rate, female 1999-2006 (% of age 15+) 59.8 Literacy rate, male 1999-2006 (% of age 15+) 71.4 6 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (%) 49 (2007) C 7 Human Development Index (HDI) 2007 0.460 D 8 Gender-related indicators (GDI) 2006 0.459 D Note: * The term Poverty defined by and applied to EDPRS 2008-2012 is as follows: The extreme poverty line represents the level of expenditure needed to provide minimum food requirements of 2,100 Kcal per adult per day. More than one-third of the population is unable to achieve this level. Households whose real expenditure per equivalent adult as being below the poverty line are defined as poor. People defined as poor at the upper poverty line consume less than FRW 250 per adult equivalent per day for the data of 2005/2006 and those living in extreme poverty under the lower poverty line consume less than FRW 150 while the upper poverty line was FRW 175 and extreme poverty line was RFW 123 per day (45,000 per annum) for the data of 2000/2001. However, it must be noted that the Director of Research and Development of INSR-NISR affirmed that the indicator of poverty line is 2,500 Kcal per day instead of abovementioned 2,100 Kcal. Source: C= GenderStats Rwanda (The World Bank) D= Human Development Indices 2009 (UNDP) E= EIDCV Poverty Analysis for Rwanda's Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (May 2007, NISR)
S4.2 Social and Economic Conditions in the Study Area
(1) Data Source
For the purpose of well understanding of the actual social and economic conditions of the study area, several data sources were collected, synthesized and analyzed. The most important sources are mentioned below.
Socio-economic survey of secteurs and households To understand the global condition of the study area at the secteur as well as household levels, the socio-economic survey was executed by being subcontracted with a Rwandan NGO, COFORWA. All ninety-five (95) secteurs of Eastern Province were surveyed by the COFORWA team using interview sheets while eighty-five (85) secteurs answered; that is, 89.4% of response. The reasons for no response were that the secteur staff members were too busy to fill in the questionnaire sheets or that the staff in charge was absent from the office at the time of the survey and restructure of the government organization is supposed to be the background reason. The survey team interviewed 950 households living in 190 selected cells (two from each secteur). Also, the survey at the level of cell was executed in collaboration with COFORWA and JICA study team on the conditions of the cell where the sample households live. As the cells and households were selected randomly in consideration of only geographical locations but without any available precedent information, the data of households
1 This is the number of students enrolled in primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of theoretical school age for the three levels.
S4-4 and cells do not represent the area with statistical accuracy but the result of the survey can be said to indicate the overall social and economic situation of the study area.
District Development Plan (DDP) “District Development Plan” was formulated in all districts in the country to establish a development plan at the district level in conformity with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS). DDP includes the actual conditions of the district and plans of almost all fields of intervention whose target year is 2012.
Interview to district offices JICA study team executed interview surveys to the district offices for the purpose of obtaining the latest demographic data as well as the district budget. Thanks to the collaboration of all districts in the study area, demographic data during the year of 2008 was provided to the study team
(2) Area and Demographic Information
Eastern Province, the study area, composes of seven districts. According to the demographic data from each district, the total population of the area is 2,021,419 and the number of households is 423,768 in 2008 2 . Population movement organized by the Imidugudu policy has been accomplished at the level of more than 85% in average in Kayonza, Kirehe and Ngoma districts while it has not been so much advanced (44% in average) in Bugesera. The number of administration units and demographic information are summarized in the Table S4-4.
Table S4-4 Demographic Data of the Study Area
No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Habitants per District Secteurs Cellules Imidugudu Households Inhabitants Household Eastern 95 504 3,789 423,768 2,021,419 4.77 Province Nyagatare 14 106 628 65,642 329,057 5.01 Date of census: December 2008 Gatsibo 14 70 601 76,347 350,410 4.59 Date of census: June 2008 Kayonza 12 50 421 50,411 254,601 5.05 Date of census : January 2009 Rwamagana 14 82 474 49,386 225,613 4.57 Date of census: May 2008 Ngoma 14 64 473 59,731 277,144 4.64 Date of census : September-November 2008 Kirehe 12 60 611 57,688 292,215 5.07 Date of census : Population : May 2008 mais détenue depuis December 2007; Households: October 2008; Umdugudu: September 2008 Bugesera 15 72 581 64,563 292,379 4.53 Date of census : December 2008 Source: JICA study team based on the data provided from seven districts in the study area, 2009
2 As mentioned in the table, the time of the census varies during 2008.
S4-5
The total superficies of the study area is 9,269 km2 and population Pop 329,057 2 Densité 189 density is 218 inhabitants per km according to the above-mentioned population. This density is lower Pop 350,410, than the average of Rwanda being Densité 221 387 inhabitants per km2 (source: CIA World Fact Book, population is Pop 254,601 Densité 130 July 2008 estimate). The district
Pop 225,613 with the highest density is Ngoma Densité 326 while the district with the lowest density is Kayonza where Akagera Pop 292,215 Pop 292,379 Densité 238 National Park occupies a vast area. Densité 219 Pop 292,215 The area and population density of Densité 238 each district are shown in the Figure S4-1.
Source: NISR (base map) and JICA study team (data), 2009 Figure S4-1 Population and Population Density of the Study Area (Eastern Province)
(3) Social Facilities
Primary schools are located in every secteur: secteurs in Nyagatare have the most primary schools in average in the study area while those in Rwamagana have the least in average. Of all analyzed 82 secteurs, 75 secteurs have centre de santé (health center) or poste de santé (health post) as basic medical facilities. Weekly markets are found one in a secteur in average. Table S4-5 shows the number of these facilities in the 82 secteurs.
S4-6 Table S4-5 Social Facilities in the Study Area District Nyagatare Gatsibo Kayonza Rwamagana Ngoma Kirehe Bugsera Eastern Province No. of Secteurs 12 12 11 11 12 11 13 82 Ecole primaire 84 63 57 39 51 50 57 401 Primary school per secteur 7.0 5.3 5.2 3.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.9 Hôpital 1 2 2 0 2 1 0 8 Hospital per secteur 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 Centre de santé 16 14 12 9 10 12 9 82 Health centre per secteur 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.0 Poste de santé 21 1 2 5 4 3 12 48 Health post per secteur 1.8 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.6 Marché hebdomadaire 7 21 13 9 13 13 7 83 Weekly market per secteur 0.6 1.8 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.5 1.0 Source: Secteur survey, JICA Study Team 2009
(4) Income sources
The principal economic activity in the Eastern Province is agriculture and livestock raising. The result of the survey in 83 secteur offices indicates that the crops or activity that most secteurs rely on is raising livestock (77.1% of the respondent secteurs) and the second is maize production (65.1% of the respondent secteurs). However, if paying attention to the geographical tendency, there is a difference among secteurs. For example, rice is not so important in the entire province with the figure of 10.8%, but it is more important in Nyagatare where a quarter of respondent secteurs regards it as one of the important income sources while it has no importance in Kirehe and Rwamagana Districts. Table S4-6 shows the principal income sources of each district. Table S4-6 Principal Income Sources of Each District Unit: % Income sources Nyagatare Gatsibo Kayonza Rwamagana Ngoma Kirehe Bugsera Eastern Province Élevage 75.0% 83.3% 81.8% 100.0% 66.7% 66.7% 69.2% 77.1% Livestock Maïs 91.7% 100.0% 54.5% 27.3% 100.0% 66.7% 15.4% 65.1% Maize Banane 91.7% 8.3% 36.4% 72.7% 83.3% 50.0% 7.7% 49.4% Banana Commerce 0.0% 50.0% 27.3% 45.5% 75.0% 50.0% 23.1% 38.6%
Haricots 91.7% 0.0% 45.5% 54.5% 8.3% 25.0% 7.7% 32.5% Beans Manioc 33.3% 0.0% 18.2% 0.0% 8.3% 0.0% 84.6% 21.7% Cassava Sorgho 41.7% 0.0% 36.4% 45.5% 0.0% 8.3% 7.7% 19.3% Sorghum Café 0.0% 8.3% 9.1% 45.5% 25.0% 16.7% 23.1% 18.1% Coffee Riz 25.0% 8.3% 18.2% 0.0% 16.7% 0.0% 7.7% 10.8% Rice Pêche 0.0% 0.0% 9.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 23.1% 4.8% Fishery Nombre de/ number of 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 83 secteurs Source: Secteur survey, JICA Study Team 2009
S4-7
By analyzing these data with the multivariable method, districts and crops/activities were classified into similar groups. Bugesera is quite isolated from other districts being characterized by cassava and fishery3; Kayonza, Nyagatare and Rwamagana make up one group characterized by beans and sorghum production, and Gatsibo, Kirehe and Ngoma make up another characterized by the opposite condition of the first one. The distribution of districts and crops/activities are shown in Figure S4-2.
Nyagatare
haricot sorgho Rwamagana Kayonza
banane riz ELEVAGE - MAIS café Kirehe commerc Bugesera Ngoma Note: Items adjacent to each other in the figure have stronger statistical relations. Source: Secteur survey, JICA Gatsibo Study Team, 2009
Figure S4-1 Distribution of Districts and Crops/Activities according to Statistical Similarities
(5) Poverty Conditions
INSR-NISR calculated incidences of poverty of all secteurs in Rwanda based on the census and survey on well-being. Secteur Musenyi in Bugesera District, is omitted from the list but other ninety-four secteurs existing in the Eastern Province are found on the list. The average poverty incidence of the Province is 0.614 and the highest incidence is for Nyagatare while the lowest incidence is for Ngoma.
The percentage of the secteurs whose incidence is worse than the median of all ninety-four secteurs is at highest in Nyagatare, and Kayonza comes at second and it is at lowest in Ngoma with the figure of 0%4. Also, the incidence is not equally distributed within a district. From
3 Secteurs where fishery is important are: Mareba, Gashora and Rweri. vast area of marshland stretches in the latter two secteurs. 4 The figure should be 50% if the poverty is theoretically dispersed equally in the Province.
S4-8 the standard deviation of incidence distribution, this inequality occurs most often in Rwamagana and Ngoma which are two districts having the lowest poverty incidences and it occurs least often in Kayonza. Table S4-7 and Figure S4-3 show the figures concerning poverty incidence.
Table S4-7 Number of Secteurs by Grade of Poverty Incidence Etendue de Rwa- Eastern Nyagatare Gatsibo Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe Bugesera l’Incidence magana Province < 0.400 0 0 0110 0 2 < 0.500 1 1 0150 0 8 < 0.600 1 3 3453 4 23 < 0.700 6 9 8836 5 45 0.700=< 61 10035 16 n.a. 00 00001 1 Total 14 14 12 14 14 12 15 95 Source : NISR, 2008
1 100.0%
78.6% 80.0% 0.676 Déviation 0.651 0.643 0.643 0.641 0.634 66.7% standard 58.3% 0.531 60.0% 0.5 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% Incidence 40.0% en médiane
20.0% 0.123 % des 0.077 0.101 0.054 0.07 0.069 0.069 secteurs sous la mé 0.0% 0 0.0% diane Nyaga- Kayonza Kirehe Buge- Gatsibo Rwa- Ngoma tare sera magana
Source: JICA Study Team based on the data of INSR-NISR, 2009 Figure S4-2 Statistical Data for Poverty Incidence
S4.3 Actual condition of local administration
(1) Administration system
The local administration system composes of district – cellule – secteur hierarchy and district is the core of the system. However, these offices are under re-structuring and the number of personnel has been reduced; as a result, they hardly allocate their time to additional works other than their normal duty. The number of staff in a secteur office varies from 4 to 22 persons and the average as well as the median is 10 persons5. Table S4-8 shows the number of staff of secteur office.
5 Vacancy was not surveyed in the interview survey.
S4-9 Table S4-8 Number of Personnel in Secteur Offices Kayonz Rwa- Buge- Eastern Item Nyagatare Gatsibo Ngoma Kirehe a magana sera Province Total 213 140 81 58 108 112 122 834 Personnel Maximum 22 17 10 9 14 13 13 22 Minimum 13 9 4 4 8 5 8 4 Average 18 12 7 6 10 9 9 10 Source: Secteur survey, JICA Study Team 2009
Bugesera 1 3 6 0 1 Mobilisation sur Gatsibo 7 0 4 0 1 la gestion d'eau Mise en place Kayonza 1 3 2 0 4 0 1 des comites d'eau Suivi
Kirehe 1 0 3 3 2 0 2 Encadrement des régies Ngoma 6 2 0 1 0 Sécurité
Nyagatare 2 4 0 1 0 4 1 Sensibilisation Autres Rwamagana 5 0 1 1 4 0
0 5 10 15
Source: Secteur survey, JICA Study Team 2009 Figure S4- 3 Task or roles of sector administration office for water supply
Person in charge of the water sector in the secteur administration is the agronome; the person holding this post works by himself or with other staff like the executive secretary or the person in charge of social affairs. Only in three secteurs among 79 replied that another staff is in charge of the water sector. The main task of the secteur office for water service varies from secteur to secteur: mobilization (of people) to water management is the task most often executed by all secteurs and at second is the establishment of the water committee and monitoring, then supervision of régies (organization in charge of water management) and security. Staffs in Nyagatare work for sensitization to people but this is not done in other districts.
(2) Budget of local administration
At the district level, budget is among 1.5 and 3.9 billion Frw for the first half of 2009 (called as ‘mini-budget) and budget allocated to the water sector varies from 0.03% to 5.4% in three districts whose budget was available.
S4-10 Table S4-10 District Mini-Budget (Jan. to Jun. 2009) Unit: Frw
Total Mini for Water % of Budget Budget Type Mini-Function Mini-Investment Mini-Budget and Sanitation for Water Nyagatare n.a. - - - - Gatsibo 3,932,066,410 - - - Kayonza 2,186,576,351 359,684,649 1,826,891,702 27,345,500 1.3% Rwamagana 2,997,521,028 1,797,616,094 1,199,904,934 163,317,488 5.4% Ngoma 2,732,192,592 - - - - Kirehe 1,570,346,675 - - 411,676 0.03% Bugesera 3,003,997,356 - - - - Source: JICA study team based on data provided from seven districts in the study area, 2009
As for financial capacity, four secteurs in four districts replied their annual budget. The amount is around three million Frw in 2007 and 3.3 million Frw in 2008. Also, three secteurs replied that they have the budget for water: it is 6.1 million Frw in Musaza Secteur of Kirehe, 3 million in Kiyombe Secteur of Nyagatare and 9.6 thousand in Mwogo Secteur of Bugesera. in 2008.
Table S4-9 Annual Budget of Secteurs Unit: Frw
Function Total Function Investment Total District Secteur Investment 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 Kirehe Musaza 3,326,000 524,000 3,850,000 4,332,000 581,000 4,913,000 Ngoma Kazo 3,515,333 0 3,515,333 3,234,280 0 3,234,280 Rwamagana Gahengeri 2,100,000 0 2,100,000 2,850,000 0 2,850,000 Bugesera Gashora 2,400,000 0 2,400,000 2,400,000 0 2,400,000 Average 2,835,333 - 2,966,333 3,204,070 - 3,349,320 Source: Secteur survey, JICA Study Team 2009
(3) Secteur Programmes
Thirty-three secteurs in three districts, Bugesera, Kirehe and Rwamagana, indicate in the DDPs their priority projects/programmes or problems to be urgently solved. They were extracted from people’s discussions in the PRA workshops that were held for formulating the DDPs.
The drinking water sector is regarded as the most important problem by seven secteurs and as the second in one secteur in Kirehe while it is not included in the first and second priority projects in Bugesera. In Rwamagana, water sector is one of the priority projects as same as school education and health sectors.
S4-11 Table S4-11 Priority Project or Principal Problem in Secteur District Problem Area or Priority Number of Problem Area or Priority Number of 1 Secteurs 2 Secteurs Bugesera Enseigment scolaire Enseigment scolaire 5 7 School education School education Agriculture, élevage Agriculture, élevage 3 3 Agriculture, livestock Agriculture, livestock Habitat Bien être social 3 2 Habitation Social wellfare Santé Santé 3 2 Health Health Bien-être social Exploitation de terre 1 1 Social welfare Land development Kirehe Eau potable Santé 7 3 Drinking water Health Enseigment scolaire Agriculture, élevage 2 2 School education Agriculture, livestock Electricité Bonne gouvernance 1 1 Electricity Good governance Santé Eau potable 1 1 Health Drinking water Enseigment scolaire 1 School education Environnement 1 Environment Infrastructure routière 1 Road infrastructure Planning familial 1 Family planning Rwamagana Eau potable Enseigment scolaire 2 2 Drinking water School education Alphabétisation Santé 1 2 Literacy Health Commerce Bonne gouvernance 1 1 Commerce Good governance Elevage Eau potable 1 1 Livestock Drinking water Infrastructure routière Elevage 1 1 Road infrastructure Livestock Santé 1 Health Source: JICA study team, summary from DDP, 2009
(4) Secteurs that Cell administration intends to develop
The executive secretaries of two cells of all secteurs n the Eastern Province were asked about the secteurs that they expect of development. As a result, the strongest intention is pointed to the field of livestock6. Agriculture and education have the second and the third strengths. Then comes drinking water, which is the first intention in Ngoma and also, though different from the PRA, in Bugesera.
6 Improvement of access to materials, increase of technical knowledge, etc.
S4-12 Table S4-15 Expected Secteurs of Project Intervention in Selected Cells
No. Secteur Nyagatare Gatsibo Kayonza Rwamagana Ngoma Kirehe Bugesera Total 1 Livestock 140 154 142 268 205 126 176 408 2 Agriculture 152 183 175 155 247 161 161 307 3 Education 126 171 128 179 218 126 155 305 4 Drinking water 116 152 107 153 275 155 186 269 5 Micro credit 44 87 128 108 129 95 100 152 6 Health 46 113 93 104 208 82 169 150 7 Electricity 49 85 95 111 129 49 108 160 8 Produce commerce 44 102 78 113 127 66 39 157 9 Reforestation 22 57 63 55 89 78 50 77 10 Transport 16 66 25 50 61 31 45 66 11 Others 17 0 3 3 4 1 20 20 Note: The score of each of eleven fields was calculated in a way that the field answered as the most important gains score 11, then each field gains a score by reducing 1 point in order of importance, and the last one, the eleventh, gains score 1. Then these scores were multiplied by the number of cells who answered these fields at any importance. Source: Cell survey, JICA Study Team, 2009
S4.4 Results of Socio-Economic Survey
Three surveys to determine social and economic conditions were executed during the study period: at the beginning of the study, the JICA study team conducted a survey in all secteurs of the Eastern Province to obtain basic information concerning social and economic conditions as well as water use as the primary comprehension of the study area; the second one mostly aimed at basic information on changes and effects realized through the existing water supply system to be used for project evaluation in some secteurs having low water supply coverage rates; and the final survey was carried out to gather more information on the selected priority sites to contribute to the preliminary designing and project evaluation.
(1) Water Use Conditions of the Eastern Province: Results of Socio-Economic Survey in the First Year An interview survey was conducted by a sub-contractor (Rwandan NGO) at the first field study in the first year for all 95 secteurs of the Eastern Province, 190 selected cells and 950 sample households. The results of this survey were used for formulating the master plan. The most important outputs from it are mentioned as follows:
1. The annual cash income of the respondent households is 237,767 Frw on average. Median is 50,000Frw and mode falls to zero. The poverty threshold applied by the National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) is 250 Frw per adult-equivalent per day. If assuming that a family composes of two adults and four children, the necessary minimum income for them sums up to 365,000 Frw per year but the median income of 50,000Frw is much lower than this family size poverty threshold. Clearly a farm household receives calories from their own crops (more than 60% of their agricultural products) and cash income does not directly mean their wealth or poverty; but it is indispensable for their social life including payment of school fees and water tariff.
S4-13 2. The type of water source that most respondent households fetch water from is public water stands with 55.8% of use rate. Protected springs and rivers/marshlands are the second sources and third is rainwater. 3. Distance from the house to these water sources of respondent families is three hours at maximum, which is the case of protected springs, rivers/marshlands and boreholes. Average time differs from one water source to another and so this is the median time. Boreholes are the farthest sources from houses of the respondents with 52.5 minutes on median and public water stands are the nearest with exception of rainwater collection of 10 minutes on median; protected springs and rivers/marshlands are in between them. 4. Total volume of water a household fetches in each district falls within 60 and 80 liters a day on median (the total median is 80 liters). Volume of water that a person consumes is estimated by dividing the volume of each respondent household by the number of household members (under the condition that a person who stays in the house all year is set at 1.0 and a person who migrates seasonally at 0.5). The result shows the volume on median is 14.7 liters. 5. For getting this volume of water, a respondent household pays 600 Frw per month on median as water tariff but the mode payment is zero. As a third of them live only with free water sources, it may not be suitable to include them as target of water tariff analysis and the data of households using paid water sources should be analyzed. Thus, the amount of 600 Frw on median is assumed to be underestimated. When focusing on the household who answered they pay for water regularly (630 households), the average amount is 1,901Frw and the median is 1,200 Frw. The latter figure is a reliable amount of actual water tariff paid by a household in this area (244 Frw per capita). 6. As for the possible amount of money for water if the water supply scheme is improved or a new system is introduced, the response is 1,000Frw on median and the mode is the same amount. From this result, 1,000Frw may be simply regarded as the general affordability of the respondent households. This amount varies from district to district, with highest in Rwamagana District on median and mode (1,500Frw for both) and lowest in Nyagatare District on median (300 Frw) and in Gatsibo District on mode (300Frw). 7. The ratio between actual payment and affordable amount is 1.00 on median and mode, which means that people do not want to pay higher than actual expenditure for water even if the water supply condition is improved. 8. Correlation coefficient between affordable amount for water and annual cash income is very low (0.0250) meaning almost no relation between them. Also, it is 0.1614 between affordable amount and volume of water per capita (very weak correlation). The difference among districts and low coefficient correlation of affordability with other factors are assumed to be due to economic conditions of the respondent households and/or to actual water sources.
Table S4-16 shows the actual water supply volume, amount of payment, and affordable amount of each district.
9. According to the respondents’ evaluation of the water sources that they are usually fetching from, 73% of all respondent households complained insufficiency of water volume. The second problem that more than half of respondents think is the far distance between house and
S4-14 water sources; the third problem is that water quality is not appropriate for drinking; and the fourth is that the water tariff is high. 10. Respondents think the appropriate management system for water sources in the future is a cooperative or water users association with 71.1% approval and the second appropriate system is the private enterprise who contracts with umdugudu representative.
Table S4-16 Daily Water Supply Rate and Monthly Water Tariff District Statistical Actual water Actual water Actual monthly Affordable volume per HH volume per payment monthly payment data l capita l Frw Frw Nyagatare Maximum 760 200.0 15,000 7,500 Minimum 10 2.4 0 0 Average 108.2 21.4 1,131.9 577.3 Median 80 16.0 300 300 Mode 80 20.0 0 500 Std. deviation 93.52 21.71 2,383.86 999.02 Gatsibo Maximum 480 96.0 4,500 6,000 Minimum 20 2.7 0 0 Average 102.4 19.4 537.8 804.4 Median 80 14.3 300 400 Mode 40 20.0 0 300 Std. deviation 86.00 16.10 807.53 1,008.09 Kayonza Maximum 280 60.0 7,000 7,000 Minimum 3 1.0 0 0 Average 77.3 16.4 1,633.5 1,515.6 Median 60 13.3 1,200 1,000 Mode 40 20.0 0 1,000 Std. deviation 48.00 11.47 1,652.13 1,356.47 Rwamagana Maximum 300 96.0 22,500 30,000 Minimum 10 1.4 0 0 Average 81.0 20.0 1,888.0 2,262.0 Median 80 16.0 900 1,500 Mode 80 16.0 0 1,500 Std. deviation 55.71 16.14 3,222.87 3,282.02 Ngoma Maximum 1,250 208.3 20,000 6,000 Minimum 10 1.7 0 30 Average 88.3 18.0 1,292.1 1,452.0 Median 60 13.3 500 1,000 Mode 40 13.3 0 600 Std. deviation 118.81 20.57 2,407.36 1,424.10 Kirehe Maximum 480 100.0 12,000 12,000 Minimum 15 3.3 0 0 Average 97.9 20.3 676.0 1,400.0 Median 80 15.5 0 1,000 Mode 40 13.3 0 600 Std. deviation 70.73 15.42 1,540.62 1,623.18 Bugesera Maximum 1,500 272.7 18,000 15,000 Minimum 5 1.1 0 50 Average 117.0 21.9 2,018.9 1,958.8 Median 80 14.3 1,350 1,450 Mode 40 20.0 900 1,000 Std. deviation 171.28 28.79 2,460.52 1,953.90
S4-15
(2) Water Use Conditions in Secteurs of Low Water Supply Coverage: Results of Interviews with Umudugudu Elders
This interview survey, conducted in the second field study in parallel with formulation of the Master Plan, was mainly aimed at obtaining preliminary data to identify project effects. Therefore, it focused on such items as the relationship between water tariff and affordable amount of money for water and actual water use condition. In total 39 imidugudu, of which 29 have water supply systems (piped schemes), were interviewed by the JICA study team.
1. The most important problem of the existing water systems in the interviewed imidugudu is the frequently occurring water suspension. This problem is caused by the shortage of fuel for diesel generators, deteriorated facilities and also RWASCO’s strategy for supply adjustment in the case of Nyagatare District. 2. There are two methods of water tariff payment, one is a fixed price (flat rate) and the other is payment by water volume (generally per jerrican (jc) of 20 liters or metered in m3). The highest amount among surveyed imidugudu is 30 Frw/jc in Musaza Secteur in Kirehe District and MKM scheme of Rwamagana District, both of which are motorized systems; the price is 20 Frw/jc for other motorized schemes, while it is 10 Frw/jc for gravity systems. As for the fixed price mode, it is 300 Frw/household/month for almost all areas. 3. It is important that, if a household cannot afford to pay a certain amount every month, this household pays for a jerrican when it has coins. Each household has a ceiling amount of cash to be used for water. They know how much Rwandan Francs (Frw) per jc is easily payable. 4. The median and average of the payable unit water price is 10 Frw/jc in all replied imidugudu including those without water supply systems. According to the interviewed umudugudu chiefs, the unit price easily payable (even for vulnerable households) is less than the actually set unit price, but the difference varies from 5 to 20 Frw per /jc. As for imidugudu with fixed price mode, the difference is 200 Frw/month for monthly payment and 500 Frw/year for annual payment. 5. The more important finding of the field survey is that there is a difference in affordability between the two payment modes: difference between the desirable unit price and monthly (or annual) ceiling price of the household economy. They do not pay for all the water that they consume but generally buy water when they need clean water at the unit price as far as the amount of coins they have lasts (if capacity of the water system allows). This means that, for the case of the payment mode by volume, the volume of water that local people can fetch is dependent on the simple functions of (i) the amount of cash they can use within their household economy and (ii) the unit price that the government or management organization decides.
S4-16 6. The relation between desirable ceiling amount of unit price (fixed price) and quantity of water per jc can explain the available volume of water7. An example answer from the average of the field survey results is “4 liters per capita per day for both average and median”, which was calculated from various imidugudu with and without water supply facilities. 7. Residents prefer to pay in the fixed price mode because this mode guarantees them of being able to fetch water from the water supply system in as much quantity as they need. Results of the field survey indicate that the payable fixed payment, if converted to an annual amount, is 2,400 Frw/year on median and 3,000 Frw/year on average. 8. It must be underlined that all interviewed umdugudu chiefs where inhabitants actually do not pay for water confirmed that inhabitants of their imidugudu would pay for water if water supply systems are installed in their imidugudu. For these imidugudu, the median amount of payable water tariff is 10 Frw/jc but the average is higher than those who actually have water systems with an average of 13.5 Frw/jc. 9. People sometimes refuse to pay for water when the private operator increases the water tariff, especially when the price is determined by the private sector without any advance notice. People seem to think they have the right to negotiate or refuse.
(3) Water Use Conditions of 10 Priority Project Sites: Results of Interviews with Umdugudu Elders and Households
This survey aims at collecting information of socio-economic conditions as well as water use in the 10 selected priority project sites. Interviews were conducted to key persons and to households in the sites by a sub-contractor (Rwandan NGO), preceded by a profile survey with purpose of identifying umdugudu names and locations within the priority project sites. Interviews were planned for 100 key persons and 300 households at the beginning of the survey in July 2009 and the interviews were carried out. However, after the field study in September 2009, areas of some projects sites were modified (mainly reduced); thus, some interviewed imidugudu in the cancelled secteurs 8 were eliminated from analysis. In case of imidugudu that were eliminated but remained in the same secteur of priority sites, interview data were used for analysis.
1) Summary of Key Person Interview 1. As the result of the profile survey9, among 122 imidugudu found in the priority project sites, 100 imidugudu were chosen for key person interview. After the field reconnaissance, 83 imidugudu were confirmed within or adjacent to the finally defined priority project sites and analyzed. Table S4-17 shows the number of imidugudu whose chief or elder was interviewed.
7 It is calculated as follows: divide the monthly ceiling amount of cash by the desirable unit price of a 20 litter jerrican that the same respondent replied; then, the solution to this calculation (that is, number of jerricans they can get in a month per household) is converted by the quantity of water per capita per day (assuming five persons in a household).. 8 They are Gasange, Muhura and Kabalore secteurs. 9 At least 142 imidugudu were found existing along the planned pipeline routes by the field reconnaissance in September.
S4-17 Table S4-17 Number of Interviewed Imidugudu Code Site Secteur NumCode Site Secteur Num PP01 Mushikiri Mushikiri 9 PP06 Remera Remera 2 PP02 Kigina Kigina 8 PP07 Katabagemu Katabagemu 8 Nyarubuye 1 PP08 Kageyo Kageyo 3 PP03 Mukarange Mukarange 18 PP09 Rukira Rukira 7 PP04 Rwimbogo Murundi 1 PP10 Gashanda Gashanda 19 Rwimbogo 7 Total 88 PP05 Mahama Mahama 5
2. People of an umudugudu fetch water from two or three different sources. The main water sources of these imidugudu are firstly, rivers/marshlands (26%) and secondly, unprotected springs (21%) and public tap stands (20%). About 72% of these sources are free of charge, but they are mainly sources under natural conditions. Almost 49% have no management organization. However, 12% of all sources are 20 Frw/jc. 3. The amount of money affordable to pay for water when a water supply facility is installed in the concerned umudugudu is, for non-vulnerable households, 10 Frw/jc, while it is 5 Frw/jc for vulnerable households. Also for tariff on fixed price basis, it is 500 Frw/month for non vulnerable households and 200 Frw/month on median for vulnerable ones. 4. The most preferred organization for water scheme management is ‘users association (37%)’ and the second is ‘cell (18%)’, both because of the adjacency to users. 5. Each umdugudu has their own definition of vulnerability, but generally, it is ‘a household who has very little or no land’. According to these definitions, average rate of vulnerable households in the interviewed imidugudu are 12.9%. In order to help these households to buy water, 60 imidugudu have means to support them which is mainly, “villagers contribute to support vulnerable people”.
2) Summary of Household Interview 1. Initially 300 households of 29 imidugudu were chosen according to the site population for household interview. Then, after the priority project sites were defined, the result of 237 households of 23 imidugudu finally defined within the priority sites were analyzed. Table S4-18 shows the number of interviewed households. For the conditions of each priority project site, see the statistical data at the end of this Section. Table S4-18 Number of Interviewed Households Code Secteur Imidugudu Household PP01 Mushikiri 1 13 PP02 Kigina 2 22 PP03 Mukarange 5 62 PP04 Rwimbogo 3 15 PP05 Mahama 1 13 PP06 Remera 1 12 PP07 Katabagemu 2 22 PP08 Kageyo 1 10 PP09 Rukira 2 20 PP10 Gashanda 5 48 Total 23 237 Outside the priority area in different secteurs 663
S4-18 2. Median household cash income is 60,000 Frw while average is 149,648 Frw in 2008. Respondents in Kageyo gain the highest income while those in Remera show the lowest. 30 of 237 households replied they did not get cash in 2008. 3. Main water sources of interviewed imidugudu are, similar to answers of the 88 key persons, firstly, rivers or marshlands (24%); secondly, public tap stands (19%); and the third is unprotected springs (15%). Time to go there is 30.0 minutes (one way) on median. 4. About 48% of water sources from which people fetch water are pay sources. Unit water price at which they buy water by jerrican varies from 10 Frw to 100 Frw but a third of them pay 20 Frw for one jerrican. For those who pay for water monthly at a fixed price, 70% of them pay 300 Frw per month and for those who pay annually, 54% of respondents pay 2,000 Frw per year (refer to Figure S4-5).
n.a. 10 F 100 F n.a. 100 F 13% 500 F 10% 8% 13% 16% 20% 100 F 300 F 5% 4% 50 F 500 F 8% 13%
30 F 600 F 10% 20 F 4% 33% 2000 F 700 F 54% 25 F 300 F 4% 15% 70%
left: per jerrican, center: monthly payment, right: annual payment Figure S4-5 Actual Water Tariff
5. Volume of water that one person of the respondent households fetches and consumes a day is 14.0 liters on median. However, a third of households consume less than 10 liters per day. 6. For the amount of money they can pay for water is 10 Frw for one jerrican and 600 Frw per month both on median; which is regarded as WTP. Respondents of Remera replied the highest unit price of 20 Frw/jc and those of Mukarange replied the highest monthly price of 1,200 Frw/month. Apart from this tariff, another water tariff was calculated by the ‘unit price possible to pay for one jerrican’ and the ‘volume of water they want to fetch if a new water supply system is installed (3 jerricans per day on median)’; the result is 1,200 Frw per month on median. According to this calculation, respondents of Rwimbogo showed the highest amount of water tariff of 1,800 Frw/month, while those of Mushikiri showed the lowest of 525 Frw/month. 7. The important problem is whether people can pay for the desirable volume of water or not. The difference between the amounts calculated by
S4-19 6,000 Montant/mois/payable Amount/month payable Tarif calculé /mois 5,000 Calculated tariff/month
4,000
3,000
Frw/month
2,000
1,000
0 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226 235
Figure S4-6 Difference between Payable Amount and Calculated Monthly Water Tariffs
8. If 4% of cash income is regards as affordable amount for water, it is 200 Frw/month/ household on median. The amount stands out in Kageyo with 583 Frw/month. The correlation coefficient between annual cash income and both ‘payable monthly water tariff’ and ‘monthly water tariff by the unit price possible to pay for one jerrican and the volume of water they want to fetch’ are 0.0886 and 0.1276 respectively. This indicates there is a low correlation for the latter. Mahama shows the highest correlation coefficient with both tariffs 0.6862 and 0.9139 respectively. Selon la 9. 72% of respondents replied they would pay for condition/ according water even when the water tariff of new water Ne payer to facility exceeds affordable or willing amount of pas/ not condition pay 1% money; 10 % of respondents said that they would Payer mais 17% pay but reduce the volume of water; and 17% diminuer la would not pay and continue to use free water quantité/ pay but sources (refer to Figure S4-7). reduce 10. As for organization to manage the new water quantity 10% supply facility, 41% of respondents prefer the Payer/ st nd user’s association (total of 1 and 2 choice). pay 72% The reason for this preference is that it is close to users, and they understand and take quick Figure S4-7 Measures to Take if Water Tariff is High reaction to problems.
3) Summary of Socio-Economic Conditions regarding Water Use for Priority Sites Statistical data important for planning are summarized below for each priority project site.
S4-20
Code and site name: PP01 Mushikiri
▪ Location: 14 imidugudu in Rugarama Cell - Mushikiri Secteur - Kirehe District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 9 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 13 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 81,500 Frw (average) and 55,000 Frw (median) 2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: Unprotected spring 39.1% > River and marshland 30.4% > public tap stand 17.4% 22 One way time to water sources: 33 min (average) and 30 min (median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: Generally water is free of charge, but 100 Frw/jc for water sold by water vendor 24 Actual payment: 0 Frw/jc (average and median), 3 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 65.0 liters/day/household and 14.1 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 5 Frw/jc and 700 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by payable jerrican price and expected water volume: 525 Frw/month/household 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 525 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 91.7% ↔ will not pay 8.3% 4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.1005 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.1648 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 272 Frw/month (average), 183 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 18% of households 52 Availability of measure to assist them in umudugudu: Yes in 8 of 9 imidugudu 53 Main assistance: “People contribute for the vulnerable households” (7 imidugudu) 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: umudugudu administration (5) > association (4) > cell (3) 62 For household: association (9 of 13 respondents) > cell (5 respondents)
S4-21
Code and Site name: PP02 Kigina ▪ Location: At least 7 imidugudu in Rugarama cell - Kigina Secteur - Kirehe District and 3 imidugudu in
Mareba cell - Nyarubuye Secteur - Kirehe District
▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 9 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 22 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 138,100 Frw (average) and 64,000 Frw (median)
2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: River & marshland 50.0% > natural source 34.2% > protected source 13.2% 22 One way time to water sources : 38 minutes (average) and 30 minutes (median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: All respondents except one HH do not pay for water (0Frw).
24 Actual payment: 0 Frw/day (average & median), 7 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 60.0 liters/day/household and 16.0 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed:
31 Water tariff possible to pay: 10 Frw/jc and 600 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable jerrican price and expected water volume: 600 Frw/month/household (median)
34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 600 Frw/month/household
35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 69.6% ↔ will pay but decrease volume 21.7% 4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.1089
42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.0486 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 453 Frw/month (average), 227 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 14.6% of households 52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Yes in 8 of 9 imidugudu
53 Main assistance: “People contribute for the vulnerable households (5 imidugudu)” and “Let them fetch water gratuitously (3 imidugudu)” 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: association (7 imidugudu) > umudugudu administration (4 imidugudu) 62 For household: association (21 respondents) > cell (11 respondents) > régie (11)
S4-22
Code and Site name: PP03 Mukarange
▪ Location: At least 3 imidugudu in Bwiza cell, 5 imidugudu in Kayonza cell, 3 imidugudu in Mburabuturo, 4 imidugudu in Nyagatovu cell - Mukarange Secteur -, Kayonza District
▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 18 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 62 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 164,860 Frw (average) and 50,000 Frw (median)
2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: River & marshland 46.1% > Electrogaz 27.0% > public fountain 19.1% 22 One way time to water sources: 34 minutes (average) and 30 minutes (median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: varies from 0 Frw to 50 Frw per jerrican
24 Actual payment: 42 Frw/day (average) and 20 Frw/day (median), 1,407 Frw/month (average) and 450 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily:
60.0 liters/day/household and 14.3 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 10 Frw/jc and 1,200 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 80 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable jerrican price and expected water volume:
1,350 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 350 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 74.2% ↔ will pay but decrease volume 14.5% 4. Relation of cash income to:
41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.2205 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.1552 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 550 Frw/month (average), 167 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 11.2% of households
52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 8 < not exist 10 imidugudu 53 Main assistance: “People contribute for the vulnerable households (4 imidugudu)” 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: association (7 imidugudu) > cell (6 imidugudu) > Electrogaz (4)
62 For household: association (45 respondents) > enterprise (17) > Electrogaz (15)
S4-23
Code and site name: PP04 Rwimbogo
▪ Location: 9 imidugudu in Nyamateke cell, 2 imidugudu in Rwikiniro cell, and 1 umdugudu in Munini cell in Rwimbogo Secteur, Gatsibo District; also 1 umudugudu in Murundi cell, Murundi Secteur, Kayonza District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 8 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 15 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 162,400 Frw (average) and 100,000 Frw (median) 2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: Valley dam 74.2% > river & marshland 16.1% 22 One way time to water sources : 29 minutes (average) and 30 minutes (median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: mainly 0 Frw/jc and 300-500 Frw/month 24 Actual payment: 1 Frw/day (average) and 0 Frw/day (median), 97 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 100.0 liters/day/household and 16.0 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 10 Frw/je and 1,000 Frw/month (median)
32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 100 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable jerrican price and expected water volume: 1,800 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 1,500 Frw/month/household
35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount:
Will pay for water 80.0% ↔ will not pay 20.0% 4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: -0.1985 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.0913
43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 541 Frw/month (average), 333 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 b% of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 12.5% of households 52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 6 ↔ not exist 2 imidugudu 53 Main assistance: “Government’s support (3 imidugudu)”
6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: association (5 imidugudu) > secteur (4 imidugudu) 62 For household: cell (11 respondents) > Secteur (7)
S4-24
Code and Site name: PP05 Mahama ▪ Location: At least 11 imidugudu in Kamonbo cell, 5 imidugudu in Saruhembe cell, 2 imidugudu in Mwoga
cell - Mahama Secteur - Kirehe District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 5 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 13 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 147,462 Frw (average) and 50,000 Frw (median)
2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: Public fountain 60.0% > river & marshland 30.0% 22 One way time to water sources : 22 minutes (average) and 8 minutes (median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: 2,000 Frw/year
24 Actual payment: 5 Frw/day (average) and 6 Frw/day (median), 140 Frw/month (average) and 166 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 80 liters/day/household and 15.0 liters/day/person (median)
3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 5 Frw/jc and 200 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable jerrican price and expected water volume:
600 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 430 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 46.2 % ↔ will not pay 46.2 % 4. Relation of cash income to:
41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.6862 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.9139 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 492 Frw/month (average), 167 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 11.2% of households
52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Yes in all 5 imidugudu 53 Main assistance: “Let them fetch water gratuitously” (4 imidugudu) 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: association, secteur, umudugudu administration (each 2 imidugudu) 62 For household: association (13 respondents) > régie (6)
S4-25
Code and site name: PP06 Remera
▪ Location: 2 imidugudu - Kigabiro cell - Remera Secteur - Gatsibo District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 2 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 12 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 50,750 Frw (average) and 35,000 Frw (median)
2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: Rain water and protected spring 38.5% > public fountain and river/marshland 23.1% 22 One way time to water sources: 63 minutes (average) and 60 minutes (median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: mainly 10 Frw/jc for public fountain and 0 Frw for others
24 Actual payment: 26 Frw/day (average) and 0 Frw/day (median), 775 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily:
62.5 liters/day/household and 14.2 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 10 Frw/jc and 300 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable for a jerrican price and expected water volume:
900 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 755 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 59.1% ↔ will not pay 40.9% 4. Relation of cash income to:
41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: -0.1285 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.0609 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 724 Frw/month (average), 183 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 6.5% of households
52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 4 ↔ not exist 4 imidugudu 53 Main assistance: “Village supports them as habitude” 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: enterprise (2 imidugudu)
62 For household: cell (7 respondents) > association (4 respondents)
S4-26
Code and site name: PP07 Katabagemu
▪ Location: at least 14 imidugudu - cells of Bayigaburire, Kigarama, Nyakigando - Rubira and Rutoma - Katabagemu Secteur - Nyagatare District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 8 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 22 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 217,227 Frw (average) and 55,000 Frw (median) 2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: River/marshland 35.0% > public fountain 30.0% 22 One way time to water sources: 40 minutes (average) and 18 minutes (median)
23 Unit price of water tariff: 10 Frw for /jc, 300 Frw/month, and 100-700 Frw/year 24 Actual payment: 8 Frw/day (average) and 0 Frw/day (median), 202 Frw/month (average) and 71 Frw/month (median)
25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 40.0 liters/day/household and 9.0 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 20 Frw/jc and 500 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median)
33 Water tariff calculated by the payable jerrican price and expected water volume: 1,350 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 1,050 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 66.7% ↔ will not pay 25.0%
4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: -0.0418 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.2972 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 169 Frw/month (average), 117 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households:
51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 20.5% of households 52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 1 ↔ not exist 1 umdugudu 53 Main assistance: “People contribute for the vulnerable households (3 imidugudu)” 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers):
61 For key person: association (7 imidugudu) > enterprise (3) 62 For household: cell (14 respondents) > Secteur (11)
S4-27
Code and site name: PP08 Kageyo
▪ Location: 3 imidugudu - Kinto cell and 1 umudugudu - Nyagisozi cell - Kageyo Secteur - Gatsibo District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 3 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 10 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 241,400 Frw (average) and 175,000 Frw (median)
2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: Protected spring 58.3% > natural spring 25.0% > river/marshland 16.7% 22 One way time to water sources: 28 minutes (both average and median) 23 Unit price of water tariff: generally free of charge, but 300 Frw/year (1 respondent)
24 Actual payment: 0 Frw/day (average and median), 14 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 60.0 liters/day/household and 15.8 liters/day/person (median)
3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 5 Frw/jc and 400 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable /jc price and expected water volume: 1,050 Frw/month/household (median)
34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 1,050 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 50.0% ↔ will not pay 40.0% 4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.0763
42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.1915 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 805 Frw/month (average), 583 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 26.2% of households 52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 2 ↔ not exist 1
53 Main assistance: “Village supports them as habitude (1 umdugudu)”, « create job (1)» 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: Umudugudu (2 imidugudu) > régie (1) 62 For household: association (5 respondents) > cell (4 respondents)
S4-28
Code and site name: PP09 Rukira
▪ Location: 14 imidugudu - cells of Buriba, Gatonde, Kibatsi, Nyaruvumu - Rukira Secteur - Gatsibo District and 1 umudugudu - Rubumba Cell - Kabare Secteur - Kayonza District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 7 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 20 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 103,150 Frw (average) and 50,000 Frw (median) 2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: River/marshland 76.0% > rain water 25.0% 22 One way time to water sources : 21 minutes (average) and 15 minutes (median)
23 Unit price of water tariff: generally free of charge, but 100 Frw/jc (1 respondent) 24 Actual payment: 50 Frw/day (average) and 0 Frw (median), 789 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 50.0 liters/day/household and 15.0 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed: 31 Water tariff possible to pay: 15 Frw/jc and 600 Frw/month (median) 32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable jerrican price and expected water volume: 900 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 600 Frw/month/household 35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount: Will pay for water 75.0% ↔ will not pay 20.0% 4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.5520 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.5924 43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 344 Frw/month (average), 167 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 11.2% of households 52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 6 imidugudu ↔ not exist 1 53 Main assistance: “People contribute for the vulnerable households (6 imidugudu)” 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: association (7 imidugudu) > cell (3) 62 For household: association (17 respondents) > cell (10 respondents)
S4-29
Code and site name: PP010 Gashanda
▪ Location: around 18 imidugudu - cells of Cyerwa, Giseri, Mitsindo and Munege - Gshanda Secteur - Gatsibo District ▪ Number of interviewed key persons: 19 ▪ Number of interviewed households: 48 households
1. Annual cash income 2008: 144,188 Frw (average) and 50,000 Frw (median) 2. Actual water use 21 Main water sources from where respondents fetch water, top 3: Public fountain 33.3% > protected spring 29.4% > natural source 19.6% 22 One way time to water sources: 41 minutes (average) and 40 minutes (median)
23 Unit price of water tariff: Mostly free of charge including public fountain 24 Actual payment: 4 Frw/day (average) and 0 Frw/day (median), 125 Frw/month (average) and 0 Frw/month (median) 25 Volume of water respondent households fetch daily: 40.0 liters/day/household and 10.0 liters/day/person (median) 3. If a new water supply system is installed:
31 Water tariff possible to pay: 10 Frw/jc and 900 Frw/month (median)
32 Desirable water volume of respondents: 60 liters/day/household (median) 33 Water tariff calculated by the payable /jc price and expected water volume: 900 Frw/month/household (median) 34 Difference between actual amount and calculated amount: 900 Frw/month/household
35 Measure if water price exceeds expected amount:
Will pay for water 79.2% ↔ will pay but reduce volume of water 12.5% 4. Relation of cash income to: 41 Correlation coefficient with payable monthly tariff: 0.0918 42 Correlation coefficient with calculated monthly tariff: 0.3608
43 4% of cash income regarded as ATP: 481 Frw/month (average), 167 Frw/month (median) 5. Assistance to vulnerable households: 51 % of vulnerable households in umudugudu: around 13.7% of households 52 Existing of the measure to assist them in umudugudu: Exist 14 ↔ not exist 5 imidugudu 53 Main assistance:
“People contribute for the vulnerable households (9 imidugudu)” “Let them draw water gratuitously (3 imidugudu)” 6. Organization preferred (multiple answers): 61 For key person: association (12 imidugudu) > cell (10) 62 For household: association (31 respondents) > enterprise (13 respondents)
S4-30 S5. Organizational and Institutional Aspects
S5.1 Counterpart Agencies
(1) Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) On 9 June 2008, the responsibilities for water supply infrastructures and sanitation were transferred from MINIRENA (explained later) to MININFRA. The role of MININFRA is the formulation of national policies, guidelines and strategies for the water supply and sanitation sector of Rwanda. Also, this ministry is responsible for resources mobilization, enhancement of institutional and human resource capacities of local governments and monitoring on implementation of government policies, as well as overall coordination of water supply and sanitation sector stakeholders. The present organization chart of MININFRA is shown in below.
Minister
Minister of State in Charge of Energy and Communication
Permanent Secretary ・ Transport Board ・ Energy and Water Board Special Unit ・ Housing Board ・ RCAA ・ ONATRACOM Planning, Policies Finances and Internal ・ FER and Capacity ICT Unit Resources Building Unit Management Unit
Figure S5-1 Organization Chart of MININFRA
(2) Eastern Province In the process of decentralization, being placed between the ministry and districts, the province provides supervision and liaison coordination of national policies, but policy implementation is not a responsibility of the province. The staff of Eastern Province consists of 13 members including the governor, and all infrastructures in the province including water and sanitation facilities is under the responsibility of just one person, the Coordinator of District Development Programs. The organization chart of Eastern Province is shown below.
S5-1 Cabinet of Governor
Province Coordination Committee Security Committee
Executive Secretary Public Relations and Communications Budget and Human Resources Development ICT Accounting Coordination of District Development Programs Coordination of Governance and Social Affairs Coordination of Specific Programs
Districts - Nyagatare - Gatsibo - Kayonza - Rwamagana - Ngoma - Kirehe -Bugesera
Figure S5-2 Organization Chart of Eastern Province
(3) Districts of Eastern Province Under decentralization, districts became the focal center of administrative services. The basic organization chart recommended by MINALOC (explained later) until the end of 2009 was as shown below.
District Council
Mayor
Vice Mayor in charge of Vice Mayor in charge of Finance Social Affairs and Economic Development
Executive Secretary
Human Tax Land, Urbanism, Planning, Economic Health, Gender, Education, Administration Development and Family Promotion, Youth, Sports Resources and Habitat and and Good Collection Employment Protection of Children and Culture Administration Unit Infrastructure Unit Promotion Unit Rights Unit Unit Governance Unit Unit
Figure S5-3 Basic Organization Chart of Districts
However, in November 2009, according to the organizational reform carried out under the 3rd phase of decentralization, units of project counterparts were restructured and staff transfers were made. As shown below, units were combined into 3 posts and staffs in charge were allocated under these posts to reduce the district organization. However, though staffs working in the former organization were very busy due to responsibilities for a wide range of sectors, the new structure created even further difficulties in their work. Therefore, some districts have countered the situation by increasing the staff. Examples of changes in staffs in
S5-2 charge of infrastructure are, in Ngoma District, a person in charge of water users association was added to work exclusively for water services and in Kayonza District, in addition to the one person in charge of infrastructure, 2 more were employed to create a strengthened 3 person organization.
Mayor
Vice Mayor in charge of Finance Executive Secretary Vice Mayor in charge of Social and Economic Development Affairs
Economic Development Social Development and Finance and Administration - Director - Coordinator Territorial Administration - Agriculture - Budget - Livestock - Coordinator - Revenue Officer - Cooperatives and Investment - Territorial Administration & - HR & Logistics - ICT/EMIS Promotion Decentralized Governance - Accountant - Infrastructures, Forest & - Education - Teachers and Health Staff Environment - Health & Hygiene Salaries Management - Land Bureau - Customer Care - Local Rapid Development - Central Secretariat, Archives, Programs Documentation
Figure S5-4 Present Organization Chart of Districts
Furthermore, after June 2010, due to an organizational reform, the organization is scheduled to change as follows. As part of this reform, in most of the districts, a staff in charge of environment, water and forestry has been allocated to support water supply activities, and further changes in the organization are expected.
Mayor
Vice-Mayor in charge of Economic Vice-Mayor in charge of Social Executive Secretary Development Affairs
Planning, Monitoring and Finance Unit Evaluation Unit Administration Unit - Water & & Business Promotion & Health Gender Forests Promotion Education Social Welfare Land Management Family ment & Maintenance Environment Youth, Sports & Culture Infrastructures Develop Agriculture & Livestock Cooperatives
Figure S5-5 Newly Adopted Organization Chart of Districts
S5-3 S5.2 Related Agencies
(1) Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA, former MINITERE) As a result of the restructuring of the administration on 7 March 2008, MINITERE (Ministry of Land, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines) was changed to MINIRENA. Then as explained above, on 9 June 2008, the responsibilities for water supply and sanitation were transferred to MININFRA, but responsibilities for water policy and water resources management continues with MINIRENA. The organization chart of MINIRENA is shown below.
Minister
Minister of State in charge of Minister of State in charge of Water and Mines Lands and Environment ・REMA ・REDEMI Permanent Secretary ・FPS ・NFF
Planning, Policies and Finances and Internal ICT Unit Capacity Building Unit Resources Management Unit Figure S5-6 Organization Chart of MINIRENA
Then, in December 2009, MINIRENA was changed to MINELA (Ministry of Environment and Lands) and the present organization is as follows.
Minister
Permanent Secretary
National Land Center REMA
Strategic Planning and Policy Formulation Unit Finance and Administration Unit ･ Strategic Planning and Policy Formulation Coordinator ･ Director ･ Sector Strategic Planning and External Links ･ Budget Management ･ Environmental Protection ･ Accounting ･ Water Resources Management ･ Human Resources and Logistics ･ Land Administration ･ ICT ･ Sector M&E ･ Documentation and Archives ･ Statistics ･ Central Secretariat
Figure S5-7 Organization Chart of MINELA
S5-4 (2) PNEAR (Programme national d’alimentation en eau potable et d’assainissement en milieu rural or National Rural Water and Sanitation Program) PNEAR is a program implementing organization established in October 2004 through the funding of the African Development Bank to achieve the goals of Vision 2020 and MDGs (2005 to 2020, in 5 phases). The objectives of this programme are the following. Improvement of the accessibility rates of water supply and sanitation facilities in rural areas Establishment of a monitoring system for the water and sanitation sector Capacity building of stakeholders to assure sustainable management of rural water supply services
Many of the PNEAR staff members are former MINITERE technical staffs. Due to the restructuring of 9 June 2008, PNEAR was transferred from MINIRENA (former MINITERE) to MININFRA, but the functions and responsibilities have not changed. PNEAR is also in charge of coordination of all water and sanitation projects as well as donor coordination.
(3) Other Related Ministries
a. MINALOC Being the biggest and most important ministry in Rwanda, the main mission of the Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs (MINALOC) is “Promoting the well-being of the population through good governance, community development and social affairs”. The objectives of MINALOC are the following: Putting in place democratic, decentralized administrative structures, which are able to mobilize the population in order to implement government programs and resolve their own problems. Ensuring synergy, collaboration and complementarity between all government institutions in their support to decentralized administrative units. Reinforcing human, material and financial capacities of decentralized administrative units to allow them to fulfill their roles and responsibilities. Rolling out to all the population insurance systems, savings facilities and social security mechanisms. Putting in place mechanisms for assistance and auto-promotion for vulnerable groups,
S5-5 especially genocide survivors. Ensuring the implementation and functioning of coordination mechanisms for the management of risks and disasters. Reinforcing planning, coordination and mobilization mechanisms of the necessary resources regarding good governance, community development and social protection.
In this respect, MINALOC is involved in the decentralization process and management of rural water supply projects at the grassroots level through the CDF. Also, this ministry is promoting HAMS (Hygiène et assainissement en milieu scolaire or hygiene and sanitation in schools) as cooperation to the water and sanitation sector. The organization chart of MINALOC is shown below.
Minister’s Cabinet Cabinet of the Minister of State
Permanent Secretary ･CDF ･Judicial Affairs ･CNR ･One-Stop Services ･NDIS ･Central Secretariat ･FARG
Finance and Policies and Fiscal and Financial Good Governance Internal Resources Competence ICT Unit Decentralization and Territorial Management Unit Development Unit Unit Administration Unit
N.B.: CDF = Common Development Fund CNR = Conseil National des Réfugiés NDIS = National Decentralisation Implementation Secretariat FARG = Fond d’Assistance aux Rescapés du Génocide
Figure S5-8 Organization Chart of MINALOC
b. MINEDUC The global goal of MINEDUC (Ministry of Education) is to combat ignorance and illiteracy, and to provide human resources useful for the socio-economic development of Rwanda through the education system. The objective of the nine-year education within the new system being promoted by MINEDUC is to increase the level of the general knowledge, and to promote universal primary education and reduce the rate of class repetition and school dropouts; whereas post-primary education is aimed at technical training. Reduction of repeating and increase in time spent in general secondary education is anticipated with this new system. The strategic priorities for MINEDUC include:
S5-6 Fee-free education HIV/AIDS Trilingualism Science, technology and ICT Special needs education
MINEDUC is cooperating with MININFRA in development of hygiene and sanitation in schools through HAMS and PHAST (Participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation). The organization chart of MINEDUC is as follows.
Cabinet of Minister
Permanent Secretary
Department of Policy, Finances and Planning and Capacity ICT Unit Internal Resources Building Management Unit
Figure S5-9 Organization Chart of MINEDUC c. MINISANTE Through the provision of preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care, MINISANTE (Ministry of Health) is aiming to provide continuous health services and improve the health conditions of the population. These efforts can contribute to poverty reduction and improvement of the general well-being.
To achieve the above aims, MINISANTE established the following major objectives for 2015. Development of human resources Availability of drugs, vaccines and consumables Geographical accessibility to health services Quality of and demand for health services in the control of diseases Strengthening of national referral hospitals, treatment and research centers Institutional capacity building
The key strategies of MINISANTE are based on the recently revised National Health Sector Policy which emphasizes the following issues.
S5-7 Decentralization of the health system using the health district as the basic operational unity of the system Development of the primary health care system through its eight core components Reinforcement of evidence based medicine: Integrated management of childhood illnesses, clinical care of obstetrical emergencies to decrease infant and maternal mortality rates Reinforcement of community participation in the management and financing services
To ensure quality preventive health services, MINISANTE is supporting MININFRA in its effort to promote hygiene and sanitation through HAMS and PHAST, and to control water quality. The organization chart of MINISANTE is shown below.
Cabinet of State Secretary in charge of fight Cabinet of Minister against HIV/AIDS and other epidemics ･LABOPHAR ･CCPS ･LNR ･CHU Permanent Secretary ･CAMERWA ･ACM ･CTAMS ･CNLS ･TRAC+ ･CAAC ･ ･ Policies and Finances and CNTS ARP Capacity Building ICT Unit Internal Resources ･CRCS ･SNV Unit Management Unit ･Mobile clinics for handicapped
Figure S5-10 Organization Chart of MINISANTE d. MINECOFIN The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) has the following mission: Develop policy and initiate programs for raising and managing the State’s financial resources Supervise the national budget Elaborate guidelines and the framework for national and sectoral development plans and programs Coordinate and harmonize sectoral policies and programs as well as monitor their implementation effectiveness Develop and coordinate programs of external cooperation and support
MINECOFIN is responsible for budgeting and financing of the water and sanitation sector through sectoral investment financing, financial reforms as well as management of external funds. MINECOFIN is also the main coordinator for all sectors.
S5-8 e. RURA The Rwanda Utilities Regulator Agency (RURA) was created in September 2001 to regulate certain public utilities which include telecommunications, electricity, water, sanitation (waste removal), gas and transportation. The mission of RURA is as follows: Ensure that utilities provide goods and services throughout the country with transparency of all reasonable demands and needs of all natural persons and organizations Ensure that all utility suppliers have adequate means to finance their activities Continually promote the interest of users and potential users of the goods and services provided by utilities so that there is effective competition when competition is introduced in each utility sector and assure users from abuses of monopoly positions over the market Facilitate and encourage private sector participation in investments in public utilities Ensure compliance by public utilities with the laws governing their activities
RURA is mandated to regulate and control water supply services, and to ensure compliance of standards. RURA mandate extends to rural water services as well as urban water and sewerage, and covers private as well as public service providers. The national mandate of RURA is carried out in liaison with decentralized authorities and stakeholders through independent reviews, audits and surveys, which includes tariff review. f. REMA According to Article 6 of the Organic Law of 2005, “every person has a fundamental right to live in a healthy and balanced environment”, and “everybody has the obligation to contribute individually or collectively to the conservation of natural heritage, historical and socio-culture activities”. The Rwanda Environmental Management Agency (REMA) was created to enforce this principle and is responsible for environmental impact assessment of water supply and sanitation projects.
S5-9 S5.3 International Organizations/Donors and NGOs
(1) International Organizations/Donors International organizations and donors giving support to the water and sanitation sector of Rwanda include World Bank, African Development Bank, European Union, UNICEF, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Austria. The projects and programs being implemented by these organizations in recent years are listed below.
Table S5-11 List of Water and Sanitation Programs/Projects through International Organization/Donor Support Donor/ Program/ Loan/ Description Target Area Cost Start End Organization Project Name Grant Programs AfDB PNEAR ・Improvement of access to drinking All areas 13 mil UC* Loan/ 2005 2009 water and sanitation services of the Grant GoR population 2.63 mil UC Internal ・Provision of a means for Benefic. 1.55 mil UC Internal monitoring and evaluation of the sector to the country ・Capacity building of the sector to enable feasible and sustainable water supply and sanitation services WB PEAMR ・Increase the services for rural water All areas 20 mil USD Loan 2001 2007 GoR supply and sanitation 0.49 mil USD Internal Benefic. ・Capacity building of rural 0.93 mil USD Internal communities in planning, investment and management ･Rehabilitation of rural water supply and sanitation facilities including collaboration with private operators GoR PEAMR Continuation of above All areas 3.4 mil Frw Internal 2008 2008 IFAD PDRCIU Economic, social and institutional Nyagatare, 27.92 mil USD Loan 2000 2011 OPEC development by optimal use of Gatsibo, Kayonza 18 mil USD GoR human and natural resources (water Distrits in Eastern 5.75 mil USD Internal resources) through participatory Province NGO methods 2.87 mil USD Benefic. 2.729 mil USD WB PNGRE Development of human resources, All areas 1.015 mil USD 2003 2006 GoR legislation on water, water resources 0.018 mil USD Internal information systems, and feasibility studies Rural Projects EU AEP Bugesera Doubling the capacity of Karenge Bugesera District 23.2 mil € Grant 2005 2008 Karenge station, rehabilitation of network in Eastern Province and extension of network to Ngenda and Kigali AfDB AEPA in Rural 17.1 mil USD 2005 2008 Belgium Areas of 5 GoR Districts Internal WB AEP Kigali Rehabilitation of water supply and 1.9 mil € 2005 2007 sanitation system, studies and GoR capacity building Internal BADEA AEP Butare Feasibility studies, rehabilitation Southern Province 5.75 mil USD Grant 2001 2005 works and extensions (former Butare) BADEA Appui Technical assistance (technical 0.22 mil USD Grant 2005 2008 technique/DEA experts assigned to MINITERE) UNICEF WES (Water, ・Improvement of sanitary conditions Western and 1.162 mil USD Grant 2001 2007 Sanitation and of women and children (AEP Northern community-based, especially in Environment) primary schools, environmental Provinces sanitation and hygiene education) ・Establishment of monitoring system and execution of activities for water and sanitation sector
S5-10 EU AEP Province Water supply network of 350 km, Nyaruguru, Huye, 3.3 bil Frw Grant 2006 2010 Belgium du Sud construction of sanitation facilities, Gisagara Districts 4.6 bil Frw GoR social mobilization in Southern Prov. EU ・Construction of water schemes Gicumbi District, 1.5 bil Frw 2007 2010 ・Capacity building Northern Province Italy ・Formation of 52 WUCs for 52 & Gatsibo Dist., public taps Eastern Province EU Rwanda Water Using the water and sanitation fund Nyamagabe, 2.78 mil € Grant 2008 2011 ADA Supply and (FEA), water and sanitation projects Nyaruguru 2.22 mil € (Austria) Sanitation are implemented through requests Districts in GoR Fund, Phase 2 from residents Southern Province 0.55 mil € Internal Belgium Eau potable et ･Construction of gravity piped water Muhanga District 0.25 mil € Grant 2003 2007 assainissement schemes using spring sources in Southern a Ndiza ･Rainwater harvesters Province ･SanPlat toilets ･Training on management of water schemes Belgium Eau potable et ･Construction of gravity piped water Muhanga District 0.528 mil € Grant 2008 2010 irrigation dans schemes using spring sources in Southern le district de ･Rainwater harvesters Province Muhanga ･Capacity building and sensibilization UNICEF AEPA ･Construction of gravity and pumped Nyabihu District, 160 mil Frw 2006 2007 GoR Volcanic piped water schemes using spring Western Prov. & (excluding Region sources Burera, Musange materials cost) ･Rainwater harvesters Districts, Northern ･VIP latrines Prov. UNICEF Capacity Program for capacity building of Nyabihu District, 0.15 mil USD 2007 2008 SNV Building district Western Prov. & Programme for Burera, Musange Water and Districts, Northern Sanitation in Prov. Volcanic Region CDF AEP Construction of gravity and pumped Muhanga District 46.79 mil Frw 2006 2008 (Muhanga Muhabwa piped water schemes using spring in Southern District) sources Province ICRC AEP Construction of gravity and pumped Kayonza District 25.48 mil Frw 2006 2007 Kabarondo piped water schemes using spring in Eastern sources Province ICRC AEP Cyuga- Construction of gravity piped water Rurindo, Gasabo 2006 2007 Gihogwe schemes using spring sources Districts in Northern Province and Kigali Starbacks Community ･Construction of water schemes for Musange District 1.115 mil USD Grant 2008 2010 Foundation Water and 5,000 households selected through in Northern CARE Sanitation needs assessment and using a Province Int’l (CWASA) community participation approach ･ECOSAN toilets for 2,500 HHs USA Living Water Construction of 72 boreholes Kigali & Southern 2007 2010 Province UNDP EVA II Water supply to poverty stricken Kigali (Eau pour ville villages africain II) Urban Projects AfDB AEPA of Rehabilitation of AEPA systems, studies, Kigali 20 mil UC 2005 2009 Kigali capacity building and management of Loan/ projects (also, promote PPP, and improve Grant performance of Electrogaz) KOICA Maitrise Feasibility study for water resources Kigali and Eastern 0.5 mil USD 2007 2008 Nyabarongo development of Nyabarongo river Province (plan for multi-purpose dam) (Bugesera Dist.) *UC: Unité de compte (Unit of account)=About 1.5 USD
S5-11 (2) NGOs The NGOs listed below have water and sanitation related activities in Rwanda.
Table S5-12 List of NGOs for Water and Sanitation Sector in Rwanda
Commencement Activity Field Activity Type Areas of Activity Name Headquarters Year in Rwanda Water Sanit. Const. Social Province District Rwamagana, Kayonza, ARDR 1999 Rwanda ○ ○ ○ ○ Eastern Ngoma, Gatsibo Northern Gicumbi AVSI 1994 Italy ○ ○ Eastern Gatisbo Northern Musange, Rulindo, Gakenke Nyamagabe, Huye, Gisagara, CARE Southern Nyanza, Ruhango, Kamonyi, International in 1984 USA ○ ○ ○ ○ Muhanga Rwanda Western Nyabihu Nyagatare, Gatisbo, Kayonza, Eastern Bugesera CICR 1990 Switzerland ○ ○ ○ ○ Eastern Kayonza COFORWA 1972 Rwanda ○ ○ ○ ○ Southern Muhanga Northern Rulindo, Gakenke Kamonyi, Muhanga, DUHAMIC-ADRI 1985 Rwanda ○ ○ ○ ○ Southern Nyaruguru, Nyamagabe Western Nyabihu ISUKU Rwanda ○ ○ Southern Muhanga MLFM Italy ○ ○ ○ Northern Gicumbi Partners in Health 2005 USA ○ ○ Eastern Kayonza, Ngoma, Kirehe PLAN 2007 Britain ○ ○ International PROTOS 1997 Belgium ○ ○ ○ ○ Southern Muhanga Rulindo, Musange, Burera, Northern Gakenke SNV 2006 Netherlands ○ ○ ○ Southern Nyamagabe Western Rubavu, Nyabihu Eastern Bugesera, Kirehe Kigali Kicukiro Water for People 2008 USA ○ ○ ○ ○ Northern Rulindo
S5-12 S5.4 Laws and Policies related to Water and Sanitation
(1) Water Law The final draft of Rwanda’s “Water Law” was prepared in August 2006 and enacted on 23 July 2008. Then, the law was approved by the Parliament, and the final version is scheduled to be published around March 2009.
(2) National Policy and Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services Rwanda’s Sectorial Policy on Water and Sanitation formulated in April 2004 was revised and validated in March 2010 as the National Policy and Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services. This new policy presents concepts new to Rwanda such as decentralization, participatory approach, privatization and program approach for budget allocation. Also, the policy considers regional and international obligations related to water resources management and environment.
(3) Environment Related Laws and regulations related to the environment are the “Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda”, “National Policy on Environment” and “Organic Law determining the modalities of protection, conservation and promotion of the environment in Rwanda”. Those related to land are the “National Land Policy”, “Organic Law determining the use and management of land in Rwanda” and “Law relating to expropriation in the public interest”. Refer to Section S6. of this volume for explanation of these laws and regulations.
(4) Sanitation Related Laws related to sanitation are the “National Policy on Environmental Health, April 2007” and “National Community Health, March 2007” published by MINISANTE. Refer to Section S7. of this volume for details of these laws.
S5-13 S6. RESULTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION
S6.1 Governance of the Environment Sector in Rwanda
S6.1.1 Organization of the Environment Sector
Recently, environment has been identified as one of the essential issues concerned for sustainable development of Rwanda. In Vision 2020, the importance of environmental protection is emphasized as one of the issues to be overcome together with achieving social and economic development. Furthermore, environment is included as one of the cross-cutting issues, along with HIV/AIDS, gender equality and social inclusion, which may be achieved comprehensively with the other sectors’ developments.
With the recent rapid population growth in Rwanda caused by the influx of people from surrounding countries, such as refugees, the natural environment has become degraded seriously. Those people need wood from forests for their fuel and wastewater is dischraged into rivers and lakes. Those activities have not been controled by the government sufficiently. As the result, natural environment in Rwanda has been deteriorated and become insufficient for maintaining indigenous balanced ecosystems.
In order to achieve the sustainable development from an environmental point of view, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) has made efforts in strengethening the environment sector and established a governmental organization, the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), under the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA), in 2005. In addition, the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) was established in early 2009 and the section in charge of environmental impact assessment in development activities was transferred from REMA to the RDB. This reformation was stipulated by the Organic Law N° 53/2008 of 02/09/2008 Establishing Rwanda Development Board (RDB) and Determining its Responsibilities, Organisation and Functioning (Article 3). The present organization of REMA is shown in Figure S6-1.
Minister of Natural Board of Directors Rwanda Environment Resources Management Authority (REMA) Director General
Internal Directorate of Auditors Cooperate Services
Directorate of Directorate of Directorate of Directorate of Environmental Research, Environmental Climate Change Regulation and Environmental Education and and International Pollution Control Planning, & Mainstreaming Obligations Development
Source: REMA, 2009 Figure S6-1 Existing Organization Chart of REMA
S6-1 S6.1.2 Legislations related to Environment and Social Consideration
Laws and policies related to environmental and social consideration in Rwanda are as described below.
Table S6-1 Laws and Policies related to Environmental and Social Consideration in Rwanda Category Name Brief Description Environment Constitution of the Republic of The Constitution, consisting of 210 articles, was enacted in Rwanda May 2003. With regard to the environment sector, it protects people’s property rights and entitlements to well-conditioned and fulfilling environments (Article 29 and 30). In addition, it stipulates that every person is obliged to preserve and foster the environment (Article 49). Organic Law determining the The Law was approved in 2005 and stipulates the basic issues modalities of protection, for the natural and social environment in Rwanda. conservation and promotion of the environment in Rwanda (No. 04/2005 of 08/04/2005) National Policy on Environment The Policy was enacted in 2003 as a comprehensive policy. Its objective is “the improvement of man’s well-being, the judicious utilisation of natural resources and the protection and rational management of ecosystems for susutainable and fair development”. It consists of features, problems and strategic actions in the fields of natural environment, natural resources and biodiversity, and human environment. The institutional and legal framework is also shown for implementing the actions the Policy states. Water National Policy and Strategy on This version was enacted in March 2010 to update the Water Supply and Sanitation “Sectorial Policy on Water and Sanitation” authorized in 2004. Services The updated version gives reference to solid waste management and stormwater treatment as well. In this policy, concerning “raising the access rate of safe water services” as specified in Vision 2020 and EDPRS, objectives for both urban and rural levels are set and action plans on how to achieve these goals are given. Land Organic Law determining the use This Law was established in 2005 and determines the use and and management of land in management of land. This law stipulates land management Rwanda systems in practical manners including how lands in Rwanda may be categorized, in what way they may function, and how people may enjoy their land rights. Prescriptions and penalties are also determined. Law relating to expropriation in the This law stipulates the procedures of exploiting private public interest property for public interests, for example, constructing public infrastructures and facilities, and the compensation system. In the law, only the government is authorized to carry out expropriation. National Land Policy The Policy was enacted in 2004. The aim is “to establish a land system that is secure for all Rwandans, land reforms that are necessary for good management, and proper use of national land resources for a harmonious and sustainable development that ensures protection of the environment”. It is expected to replace the customary law and achieve proper land management by establishing the regulations to be obligated by people with regard to land tenure, land administration, cadastre systems, land markets, planning and management of land utilization and legal frameworks.
S6-2 S6.1.3 Legislations related to Forest Conservation and Conservation Area
The Study Area has many swamps and some of them are designated as conservation areas. Table S6-2 shows the list of conservation areas in the Study Area. These conservation areas are not found in or near the target areas.
Table S6-2 List of Areas to be conserved by Ramsar Treaty in Study Area Name of Area Districts Covered Akagera National Park Nyagatare Gatsibo Kayonza Lake Rweru Bugesera Lake Mugesera Ngoma Lake Nasho Kirehe Lake Cyohoha (North) Bugesera Lake Muhazi Gatsibo Kayonza Rwamagana Source：Ramsar Site Information Service (http://ramsar.wetlands.org)
Additionally, the target area has areas to be preserved though they are not under the Treaty as buffer areas around them as stipulated by the Organic Law as shown in Table S6-3. Inside those buffer areas, any activity for individual profit is prohibited. However, if development projects are expected with positive contributions to the public, construction works may be allowed in those areas.
Table S6-3 Buffer Areas Preserved for Rivers, Lakes and Swamps Distance from the Article Referred to in Target Bank Organic Law River 10 m 85 Lake 50 m 86 Swamp 20 m 87 Source: Organic Law, 2008
S65.1.4 Law relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest
In Rwanda, procedures of exploiting private property for public interests are based on the “Law No. 18/1007 of 19/04/2007 relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest”.
Projects of constructing water supply facilities as targeted in this study are not included individually as “Acts of public interests” described in Article 5. However this article has a description saying “basic infrastructure and any other activities aimed at public interest which are not indicated on this list that are approved by an Order of the Minister in charge of expropriation, at own initiative or upon request by other concerned persons”. Because water supply facilities may contribute to the public livelihoods, projects of setting up water supply facilities may be categorized into that item.
S6-3 The Law stipulates requirements for each process of land expropriation shown in Table S6-4.
Table S6-4 Requirements for Land Expropriation Process (The case that a project shall be implemented only in a district) Process Organization in charge Chapter 1. Preparation of an application for land expropriation Executive Committee at 8, 11 Contents of the application: the District Level - Description of the project proposal - Indication that the project is aimed at public interest - land use plan on which the project shall be carried out - Document indicating that the project does not degrade the environment - Proof confirming the availability of the value of just compensation - Explanatory note to verify that such a land or place suits the project - Minutes indicating that the concerned population was sensitized on the importance of the project 2. Evaluation of the application Land Commission at the 9 District Level 3. Consultative meeting with population to be affected by District 12 the project and finalization of the project Land Commission at the District Level 4. Preparation of the list of project-affected population at Land Commission at the 16 the time of land expropriation District Level 5. Establishment of compensation systems against lands Land Commission at the 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and economic activities to be affected by the project District Level 6. Implementation of land expropriation activities District Council 10 Source: JICA Study Team, with reference to the Law No. 18/2007 of 19/04/2007 relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest
S6.2 Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment
While emphasizing environment protection in Rwanda as described above, Article 67 of the Organic Law states that environmental impact assessment (EIA) is mandatory for implementing development projects in the infrastructure, agriculture, industrial and mining sectors. As the result, “General Guidelines and Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment” (hereinafter called as “the Guidelines”) was established in 2006. At present, the Environment Compliance Department in RDB is in charge of EIA since the establishment of RDB.
S6.2.1 Outline of EIA in Rwanda
EIA in Rwanda has the following objectives as stipulated in the Guidelines: In the intermediate aim: to inform the process of decision-making by identifying potentially significant environmental effects and risks of development proposals In the long-term aim: to promote sustainable development by ensuring that development projects do not undermine critical resources and ecological functions or the well-being, lifestyle and livelihood of communities and people who depend on them
S6-4 In order to achieve these objectives, it may be essential to identify environmental risks and potential adverse impacts and clarify possible mitigation and monitoring measures for any negative aspect identified before the implementation of projects. Therefore, the environmental impact assessment guideline proposes EIA prior to implementation of development projects through the cooperation of REMA and other ministries along with residents of the project area and private organizations in the community.
Projects requiring EIA are listed in Table S6-5.
Table S6-5 List of Works, Activities and Projects that require EIA Sector Projects Infrastructure 1. Construction and repair of international roads, national roads, district roads and repair of large bridges 2. Construction of industries, factories and activities carried out in those industries 3. Construction of hydro-dams and electrical lines 4. Construction of public dams for water conservation, rainwater harvesting for agricultural activities and artificial lakes 5. Construction of oil pipelines and its products, gases and storage tanks 6. Construction of terminals, airports, railways and car parks 7. Construction of hotels and large public buildings which house more than a hundred persons per day 8. Water distribution activities and sanitation 9. Construction of public landfills 10. Construction of slaughter houses 11. Construction of hospitals 12. Construction of stadiums and large markets 13. Initial installation of communication infrastructures Agriculture and 1. Agricultural and breeding activities which use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in wetlands and large scale monoculture agricultural practices such as tea, coffee, Animal flowers and pyrethrum, etc. Husbandry 2. Works and activities that use bio-technology to modify seeds and animals Works in parks and in its buffer zones Works for extraction of mines Source: Environment Impact Assessment Guideline, Revised Edition, 14 November 2007
Since priority projects selected in Chapter 3 of the Main Report are categorized under “8. Water distribution activities and sanitation” in the above table, EIA procedures described in Figure S6-2 are required.
S6.2.2 Procedure for EIA
The overall procedure of EIA in a development project is shown in Figure S6-2. The procedure may take around three months and all the cost for EIA may be disbursed by project implementation organizations.
S6-5 Project Briefs to RDB
(1) Screening
Full EIA required Full EIA not required
(2) Preparation of the TOR for EIA
(3) Scoping and Analysis of Initial State
(4) Mitigation, Alternatives and Monitoring Public Hearing (5) Submit the EIR to - Consultation with RDB the public and stakeholders Appeal process (6) Project review
(7) Record of Project not approved Decision
(8) Project approval Project dropped (9) Dual monitoring by RDB and developer
(10) Project Project penalized compliant?
(11) Audit
EIA steps, as stipulated in the Guidelines (1) Screening: RDB examines the Project Brief prepared by a developer according to the screening criteria, and clarifies whether or not the project may need further environmental analysis (2) Preparation of TOR for EIA: If a project is categorized as one which may have critical impacts to natural resources, the developer is required to identify mitigation measures against them and describe how to practice the TOR for impact assessment surveys. (3) Scoping and analysis of initial state: On the basis of the TOR, the developer works on scoping and analysis of the pre-project situations with stakeholders’ involvements and develop their TOR (4) Mitigation, alternatives and monitoring: Throughout impact assessment surveys determined in the TOR, the developer proposes measures of mitigating possible impacts and monitoring methods. (5) Submission of the EIR to RDB: A developer submits to RDB the Environmental Impact Report (EIR), describing the results of the survey. (6) Project review: RDB reviews the EIR and makes decisions on whether the project is approved or not. The EIR is distributed to relevant ministries and local authorities. If necessary, RDB conducts public hearings with stakeholders over the area affected by the project (7) Record of Decision: After the decision on whether the project is approved or not is finalized by the Executive Committee (RDB and relevant ministries), a Record of Decision is prepared by RDB. (8) Project approval: Following step (7), the official document on the decision is published. (9) Dual monitoring: Regular monitoring proposed in the EIR is conducted by the developer and RDB. REMA is also involved if necessary. (10)Project compliant: Referring to the monitoring results, RDB observes whether the agencies have implemented the project in manners determined by the approval. (11)Audit The agencies continue self-auditing of the project. Source: The Guidelines (modified according to inquiries to RDB by the Study Team.) Figure S6-2 EIA Procedure in Rwanda
S6-6 S6.2.3 Environmental Management and Monitoring Systems
As shown in the table below, an environmental management plan needs to be submitted with environmental impact assessment reports to the project implementer. According to the Guidelines, the objective of the plan is to streamline environmental issues into the business and operational plans of a development project. The plan consists of the stipulated items which are in line with the Environmental and Social Auditing Guideline published by the African Development Bank and African Development Fund. The environmental management plan is to be composed of the items listed in Table S6-6.
Table S6-6 Items to be included in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan Environmental Management Plan Environmental Monitoring Plan Impact Mitigation plans Parameters/indicators Monitoring methods Benchmarks Responsibilities Targets Costs Comments and/or notices Implementation schedule (Frequency of mitigation and/or monitoring activities) Comments and/or notices Source: The Guidelines and the Environmental and Social Auditing Guideline published by the African Development Bank and African Development Fund
As for institutional systems for environmental management and monitoring in Rwanda, a dual level monitoring system works on the project implementation process. In the system, a developer is responsible for regular monitoring activities on the basis of the environmental management and monitoring plan and for compiling and analyzing data/information obtained in the activities into annual monitoring reports and RDB reviews those monitoring reports and make comments on them if necessary. Lead agencies related to the project, for example, MININFRA for water supply projects, and REMA may also attend at this procedure as well. If a developer does not comply with the plan, it could face penalties and project closure which are determined by the authorities above.
S6-7 S6.2.4 Public Hearing
RDB is in charge of conducting public hearings during the EIA process. In the Guidelines, the purpose of public hearings is defined as “to furnish interested and affected parties and the public with an opportunity to comment on, or raise issues relevant to an application for environmental authorization”. Therefore, development projects are required to hold public hearings even though some of them are not necessarily required to conduct the EIA studies. The Guidelines suggests that attendants to be included at least are government ministries, local government over the area where a development project is proposed, environmental committees, trade associations, public, local committees, non-governmental organizations and the developer.
The major stages to be held with public hearings are three. Firstly, public hearings are held before the commencement of the EIA study after the Project Brief is accepted in order to explain the project itself to the people and organizations which may be affected with the project and receive any comments and objections from them. The second is during the EIA study, aiming at identifying issues and impacts raised by the people and organizations. Frequencies of the public hearings are dependent on the project, but RDB or relevant authorities may require the developer to hold a hearing when they identify the necessity. The third is after the completion of the EIA study with publicizing of the results of the EIR submitted by the developer to the public.
Finally, after the completion of whole public hearings, the Public Hearing Report will be submitted to the RDB. The Report will be opened to the public in any media.
S6-8 S6.3 Initial Environmental Examination
S6.3.1 JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Consideration
In April 2004, JICA established "the Japan International Cooperation Agency Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations" (hereinafter referred to as "JICA guidelines"). Since the establishment, all development studies, preliminary studies of grant aid projects and technical cooperation projects conducted by JICA must follow the procedure regulated after the classification of those projects into Categories A, B and C, depending on their possible impacts expected on the environment and societies over their sites and surroundings. The Study is categorized as B in the Preliminary Study with reference to the JICA guidelines.
Main purposes of the IEE in the Study are as follows: (i) To clarify existing natural and socio-economic environmental conditions in the Project area; (ii) To identify prospected environmental and social impacts to be caused by the implementation of activities, including the priority projects proposed from the Master Plan; (iii) To analyze countermeasures against the impacts identified; and (iv) To clarify the scope of works of EIA studies for the project in the case that the projects have possibilities of causing adverse significant impacts.
IEE will be conducted in the following manner.
Step 1: Data Collection In the Study, the data of the IEE study is obtained throughout the interview surveys with officers of REMA, MININFRA, MINIRENA, the Eastern Province and the seven districts in the Province and by collecting complementary data. Additionally, these data and information are verified by conducting field reconnaissance.
Step 2: Identification and Evaluation of Conceivable Impacts Conceivable impacts to be caused by the implementation of the Master Plan and priority projects to be proposed will be identified and evaluated especially from the following points of view: - Importanceofimpacts; - The number of people / area to be affected; - Spatial extent and duration of the impacts; - Reversibility of the impacts; and - Possibility of secondary impacts.
S6-9 S6.3.2 Identification of Conceivable Impacts of Priority Projects
Table S6-7 is the list of priority projects selected.
Table S6-7 List of the Selected Priority Projects Priority Scheme Project Source Name District Served Secteur Source Type Code No. Type PP01 Cyantabara Kirehe Mushikiri Spring Pumped
PP02 Rwakiniga Kirehe Kigina Spring Pumped
PP03 Kazabanaza Kayonza Mukarange Groundwater Pumped Kwa Gatiroko, Rwiminazi PP03 Ngarambe, Kabeza I Gatsibo Rwimbogo Groundwater Handpump
PP04 Mayizi Kirehe Mahama Spring Gravity
PP06 Nyabukobero Gatsibo Remera Spring Pumped
PP07 Rwobe- Gashure Nyagatare Katabagemu Spring Gravity
PP08 Nyakagezi Gatsibo Kageyo Spring Gravity Gravity PP09 Nyagashanga Ngoma Rukira Spring + Pumped
PP10 Gasetsa Ngoma Gashanda Spring Pumped
Selection criteria of these priority projects included environmental and social aspects, such as existing locations of protected areas, stipulated in the relevant laws, and residential areas. Necessary information is collected by interviewing relevant organizations and conducting the field investigation over the Study Area.
Here, conceivable impacts to be caused by implementing these priority projects will be identified and examined from environmental and social aspects as shown in the Scoping Matrices1 as below, consisting of 30 items in the three fields, and mitigation measures against those anticipated impacts will be discussed later in S6.3.3.
1 Scores of the scoping matrix were rated on the basis of the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations.
S6-10 (1) Priority Project No. PP01 Mushikiri The Project is to develop new water resources which are to be used for people’s daily lives and construct new pipeline networks along the existing road. At present, people around the Project area fetch their water from those sources several times a day.
Table S6-8 Scoping Matrix for PP01 Mushikiri Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) There is no residential area around water sources to be used. 2) A new tank and pumping station will be constructed in public empty spaces nearby the water source, pipelines will be newly installed only under the CDD ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be expected. etc B* B* B 2) Construction of public water stands around the residential areas will save time for people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur CCD Local Resources due to constructing new facilities. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) In order to achieve efficient and sustainable water Social Infrastructure and supply services, the establishment of new water CCD Local Decision - making service provider will be recommended. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) The construction work especially around the water and Services sources may disturb the present people’s activities C A* D of getting water. 2) Installations of chlorination in the new systems will contribute to maintaining people’s health.
Social Environment 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) At present, people get water for free. Installing Ethnic people the payment system of water fee may make DCD economically vulnerable people difficult to have their water. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6 DCD Damage 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Establishing new water service providers for the DC C O&M may affect existing social systems. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9 CC D and Communal Rights 11 Sanitation 1) In order to improve people’s health and encourage C A* A their awareness of sanitation, necessary activities will be proposed. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera.
S6-11 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features may affect the Project area, especially at building BDD tanks and pumping stations. 2) Basically, water pipelines may be implemented along with the existing topographic conditions. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works BCD may affect the present vegetation and soil conditions. 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will use spring water only. Therefore, DDD groundwater table may not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will use spring water only. Therefore, DDD the existing hydrological situations may not be affected. 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. Natural Environment 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation by cutting grasses BCD and small trees. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built on the Project area may affect CCD the landscapes. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during BDD the construction works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution 1) Because of insufficient maintenance of drainage systems, the drainage and scum from new water supply facilities may affect the quality of water CCA sources. 2) Access of cows to water sources will be limited. That may reduce the deterioration of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public Pollution water stands and workers’ spaces. 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate BDD noises and vibration during the construction works. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur. BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-12 (2) Priority Project No. PP02 Kiginia At present, the area for the Project does not have water supply facilities and most of the people get their water from springs and/or public water stands which are located far away from their residential area. In order to reduce such burden, the entire water supply facilities, composed of intake facilities, storage tanks, pumping stations, pipelines and public water stands will be constructed around their residential area.
Table S6-9 Scoping Matrix for PP02 Kiginia Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) There is no residential area around water sources to be used and planned facilities. 2) A new tank and pumping station will be constructed in public empty spaces nearby the water source, pipelines will be newly installed only under the CDD ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be expected. B* B* B etc 2) Construction of new facilities will save time for people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur due CCD Local Resources to constructing new facilities. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) In order to achieve efficient and sustainable water Social Infrastructure and supply services, the establishment of new water C B* D Local Decision - making service providers will be recommended. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) Installations of chlorination in the new systems will and Services maintain people’s health. C A* D 2) The construction work especially around the water sources may disturb the present people’s activities of getting water.
Social Environment 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) At present, people get water for free. Installing the Ethnic people payment system of water fee may make DCD economically vulnerable people difficult to have their water. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6 DCD Damage 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Establishing new water service providers may affect DCC existing social systems. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9 CCD and Communal Rights 11 Sanitation 1) Activities required to people may be proposed C A* A together in order to secure people’s health conditions. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers into Infectious Diseases such as the Project area may cause risks in health aspects. HIV/AIDS C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera.
S6-13 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features may affect the Project area, especially at building tanks and pumping stations. BDD 2) Basically, water pipelines connecting tanks and public water stands may be implemented along with the existing topographic conditions. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works BCD may affect the vegetation and soil conditions. 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will use spring water only. Therefore, DDD groundwater table may not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will use spring water only. Therefore, DDD the existing hydrological situations may not be affected. 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. Natural Environment 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works BCD may affect the present vegetation in the Project area. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built on the Project area may affect CCD the landscapes. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during the construction works may emit exhaust gases. BDD 2) If generators are used to power pumps, exhaust gases may be emitted. 23 Water Pollution 1) Because of insufficient maintenance of drainage systems, the drainage and scum from new water supply facilities may affect the quality of water CCA sources. 2) Access of cows to water sources will be limited. That may reduce the deterioration of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public Pollution water stands and workers’ spaces. 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate noises and vibration during the construction works. CDD 2) If generators are used to power pumps, noise and vibration may be generated. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur/ BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-14 (3) Priority Project No. PP03 Mukarange The Project is to construct new water pipelines which will be connected to existing tanks, pumping stations and public water stands around residential areas in the Project area.
Table S6-10 Scoping Matrix for PP03 Mukarange Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) New pipelines will be installed only under the ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces CDD around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be expected. etc B* B* B 2) Construction of public water stands around the residential areas will save time for people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur Local Resources CCD due to constructing new facilities. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) The existing water service provider is expected to Social Infrastructure and be in charge of operation and maintenance of DCD Local Decision - making new facilities. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) People’s livelihoods will be changed because of and Services saving time for getting water by going to public D A* D taps stands which will be nearer than that they have used. 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) Installing a new payment system for water fee Ethnic people DCD may make economically vulnerable people
Social Environment difficult to have their water. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6 Damage DCD 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Mutual discussion between the existing water DCD service provider and new users will be necessary. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9 and Communal Rights DCD 11 Sanitation 1) In order to encourage their awareness for using DCC clear water, necessary activities will be suggested. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera. 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features will be necessary for connecting new pipelines with them. CCD 2) Water pipelines connecting with tanks and public Natural water stands may be implemented along with the Environment existing topographic conditions.
S6-15 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works CCC of clearing grasses and small trees around the Project area. 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, groundwater may not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, the existing hydrological situations may not be affected. 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation around the BCB Project area by cutting grasses and small trees. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built in the Project area may affect BCD the landscapes to some extent. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during BDD the construction works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution DDD No impact. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works. 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities. 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public water stands and workers’ spaces. 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate noises and vibration during the BDD construction works. Pollution 2) If generators are used to power pumps, noise and vibration may be generated. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur/ BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-16 (4) Priority Project No. PP04 Rwimbogo The Project consists of replacing existing handpumps which have been damaged and unused for a few years with new ones. Since the damages to handpumps, the users have gone to surrounding marshlands and other water sources.
Table S6-11 Scoping Matrix for PP04 Rwimbogo Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement DDD No impact 2 Local Economy such as 1) People living around the handpumps may be able Employment and Livelihood, D B* B to save their time for getting water. etc 3 Land Use and Utilization of No impact. Local Resources DDD 4 Social Institutions such as 1) For achieving efficient and sustainable operation Social Infrastructure and of new facilities, new water service providers Local Decision - making DCD will be necessary to be established. Institutions 2) That establishment may affect indigenous social systems to some extent. 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) Access to water will become more convenient for and Services D B* B people living around the Project area. 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) At present, people acquire water for free. Ethnic people Installing the payment system of water fee may DCD make economically vulnerable people difficult to have their water. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6. Damage DCD Cultural heritage No heritage exists. Social Environment 8 DDD 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Mutual discussion between the existing water DCD service provider and new users will be necessary. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9 and Communal Rights DCD 11 Sanitation 1) People’s awareness of sanitation and using safe D B* B water, necessary activities will be encouraged. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* B 2) Improvement of water quality may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera. At present, people get their water from surrounding marshlands or the Valley Dam. 13 Topography and Geographical No impact. Features DDD 14 Soil Erosion DDD No impact. 15 Groundwater 1) During replacing works, it is necessary to care CDD for boreholes which connect with existing facilities. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) During replacing works, it is necessary to care CDD for boreholes which will be connected with new equipments. Natural Environment 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity DDD No impact.
S6-17 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape DDD No impact. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Development and cleaning of the existing boreholes may emit pollutants to some extent. BDD 2) Construction machinery and vehicles used during the replacing works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution 1) During replacing works, it is necessary to care CDD for boreholes which connect with existing facilities. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works may affect soil CCD conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works BCD 2) Domestic waste may be accumulated around workers’ spaces. Pollution 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may BDD generate noises and vibration during the construction works. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Clearance of existing facilities may generate CDD odor. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur. CCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCB Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-18 (5) Priority Project No. PP05 Mahama In the Project, tanks, pipelines and public water stands will be constructed. In the Project, tanks will store water from springs to supply water stands which the people, planned beneficiaries of the project, can fetch water from.
Table S6-12 Scoping Matrix for PP05 Mahama Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) There is no residential area around water sources to be used and planned facilities. 2) A new tank and pumping station will be constructed in public empty spaces nearby the water source, pipelines will be newly installed only under the CDD ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be found. B* B* B etc 2) Construction of new facilities will save time for people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur Local Resources CCD due to constructing new facilities. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) In order to achieve efficient and sustainable water Social Infrastructure and supply services, the establishment of new water C B* D Local Decision - making service providers will be recommended. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) Installations of chlorination systems will maintain and Services people’s health. C A* D 2) The construction work especially around the water sources may disturb the present people’s activities of getting water.
Social Environment 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) The new payment system of water fee may make Ethnic people DCD economically vulnerable people difficult to have their water. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6 Damage DCD 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Establishing new water service providers may DCC affect existing social systems. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 9 and Communal Rights CCD 11 Sanitation 1) In order to encourage their awareness of sanitation C A* A for using clean water, necessary activities will be proposed. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera.
S6-19 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features may affect the Project area, especially at building BDD tanks and pumping stations. 2) Water pipelines may be implemented along with the existing topographic conditions. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works BCD may affect the vegetation and soil conditions. 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will use spring water only. Therefore, DDD groundwater may not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will use spring water only. Therefore, DDD the existing hydrological situations may not be affected. 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists.
Natural Environment 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation around the project BCD area. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built on the Project area may affect BBD the landscapes. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during BDD the construction works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution 1) Because of insufficient maintenance of drainage systems, the drainage and scum from new water supply facilities may affect the quality of water CCA sources. 2) Access of cows to water sources will be limited. That may reduce the deterioration of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at DDD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works. 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities. 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public Pollution water stands and workers’ spaces. 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate BDD noises and vibration during the construction works. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment DDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur/ BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-20 (6) Priority Project No. PP06 Remera In the Project, existing deteriorated pipelines will be replaced with new ones and some of public water stands will be replaced if necessary. No water sources will be newly developed.
Table S6-13 Scoping Matrix for PP06 Remera Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) Pipelines will be newly installed only under the ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces CDD around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be expected. etc B* A* D 2) People will reduce their time for getting their water because they will be given with workable public water stands around their residential areas. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur Local Resources DDD due to constructing new facilities. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) Discussions will be required with the existing Social Infrastructure and water service provider in terms of operation and Local Decision - making CCD maintenance of new facilities. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) It is expected to recover original water supply and Services D A* D services and make people’s livelihoods more convenient. 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) Installing a new payment system for water fee Ethnic people DCD may make economically vulnerable people difficult to have their water. Social Environment 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6. Damage DCD 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Mutual discussion between the existing water DCD service provider and new users will be necessary. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9. and Communal Rights DCD 11 Sanitation 1) In order to improve people’s health and DCC encourage their awareness of sanitation, necessary activities will be suggested. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera. 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features CCD will be necessary around the existing tanks for connecting new pipelines with them. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works CCC Natural may affect the Project area.
Environment 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, groundwater may not be affected.
S6-21 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, the existing hydrological situations may not be affected. 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation in the Project BCB area by cutting grasses and small trees. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built in the Project may affect the BCD landscape in the Project area to some extent. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during BDD the construction works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution 1) Because of insufficient maintenance of drainage systems, the drainage and scum from new water CCC supply facilities may affect the quality of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works. 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BBD chlorination facilities. 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public water stands and workers’ spaces.
Pollution 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may BDD generate noises and vibration during the construction works. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur. BCD 2) Misusing replaced facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-22 (7) Priority Project No. PP07 Katabagemu Main works of the Project is to extend water pipelines from existing pipeline networks to new residential areas and construct new public water stands as necessary. No water source will be newly developed.
Table S6-14 Scoping Matrix for PP07 Katabagemu Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) Pipelines will be newly installed only under the ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces CDD around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be given. etc B* B* B 2) Construction of public water stands around the residential areas will save time for their people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur Local Resources CCD due to constructing new facilities. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) Discussions will be required with the existing Social Infrastructure and water service provider in terms of operation and Local Decision - making CCD maintenance of new facilities. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) People’s livelihoods will be improved because of and Services D A* D saving their time for getting water and getting better access to safe water. 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) At present, people acquire water for free from Ethnic people some springs. Installing the payment system of DCD water fee may make economically vulnerable
Social Environment people difficult. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6 Damage DCD 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Mutual discussion between the existing water DCD service provider and users will be necessary. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9 and Communal Rights DCD 11 Sanitation 1) In order to improve people’s health and DCC encourage their awareness of sanitation, necessary activities will be suggested. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera. 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features CCD will be necessary around the existing tanks for connecting new pipelines with them. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works
Natural may affect the Project area, especially at BCC Environment embedding pipelines along with the steep slopes around the existing tanks.
S6-23 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, groundwater table may not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, the existing hydrological situations may not be affected. 17 Coastal zone D D D No coastal zone exists. 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation in the Project BCB area. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology D D D No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built in the Project area, especially BCD public water stands along the roads, may affect the landscapes to some extent. 21 Global Warming D D D No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during BDD the construction works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution 1) Because of insufficient maintenance of drainage systems, the drainage and scum from new water CCC supply facilities may affect the quality of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works. 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities. 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public water stands and workers’ spaces.
Pollution 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may BDD generate noises and vibration during the construction works. 27 Ground Subsidence D D D No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment C D D No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur. BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-24 (8) Priority Project No. PP08 Kageyo In the Project, new water pipelines and public water stands will be constructed and connected to the existing schemes. It is also pointed out that some existing pipelines may be necessary to be replaced because of their deterioration.
Table S6-15 Scoping Matrix for PP08 Kageyo Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) Pipelines will be newly installed only under the ground along the existing roads and public water stands will be built in public empty spaces around CDD residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be expected etc B* B* B 2) Construction of new public water stands around the residential areas will save time for people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur Local Resources due to constructing new facilities. BCD 2) Land preparation works in the construction phase may affect the present vegetation around the existing water tanks. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) Discussions will be required with the existing water Social Infrastructure and service provider in terms of operation and DCD Local Decision - making maintenance of new facilities. Institutions 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) People’s livelihoods will be changed because of and Services reducing their time for getting water by going to D A* D public taps stands which will be nearer than that they have used.
Social Environment 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) Installing a new payment system for water fee may DCD Ethnic people make economically vulnerable people difficult. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6 DCD Damage 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest 1) Mutual discussion between the existing water DCD service provider and users will be necessary. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4, 6 and 9 DCD and Communal Rights 11 Sanitation 1) In order to improve people’s health and encourage DCC their awareness of sanitation, necessary activities will be suggested. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera.
S6-25 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features will be necessary around the existing tanks for embedding new pipelines. That may affect that CCD area. 2) Around the residential areas, water pipelines and public water stands may be implemented along with the existing topographic conditions. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation in the Project BCC area, especially at embedding pipelines along with the steep slopes around the existing tanks. 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, groundwater may not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will not develop new water sources. DDD Therefore, the existing hydrological situations may not be affected.
Natural Environment 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation in the Project BCB area. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities built in the Project area, especially BCD public water stands along the roads, may affect the landscapes to some extent. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during BDD the construction works may emit exhaust gases. 23 Water Pollution 1) Because of insufficient maintenance of drainage systems, the drainage and scum from new water CCC supply facilities may affect the quality of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public water stands and workers’ spaces. Pollution 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate BDD noises and vibration during the construction works. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur/ BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-26 (9) Priority Project No. PP09 Rukira The Project is to implement entirely new water supply facilities composed of intake facilities, storage tanks, pumping stations, pipelines and public water stands.
Table S6-16 Scoping Matrix for PP09 Rukira Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) A new tank and pumping station will be constructed in public empty spaces nearby the water source, pipelines will be newly installed only under the ground along the existing roads and public water CDD stands will be built in public empty spaces around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be given. etc B* B* B 2) Construction of new public water stands around the residential areas will save people’s time for fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur due Local Resources to constructing new facilities. CCD 2) Land preparation works in the construction phase may affect the present vegetation around springs to be used. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) For achieving efficient and sustainable operation of Social Infrastructure and new facilities, new water service providers will be Local Decision - making CCD necessary to be established. That establishment may Institutions affect indigenous social systems to some extent. 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) Access to water will be more convenient for people and Services C B* D living around the Project area.
Social Environment 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) At present, people acquire water for free from some Ethnic people springs. Installing the payment system of water DCD fee may make economically vulnerable people difficult. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 6. Damage DCD 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest CBD Refer to 4 and 6. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4 and 6. and Communal Rights CBD 11 Sanitation 1) In order to improve people’s health and encourage DCC their awareness of sanitation, necessary activities will be suggested. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers into Infectious Diseases such as the Project area may cause risks in health aspects. HIV/AIDS C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera.
S6-27 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features will be necessary especially around springs and their adjoining steep fields. That may affect the Project BCD area. 2) Around the residential areas, new pipelines and public water stands may be implemented along with the existing topographic conditions. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works
nt BCC may affect the present vegetation in the Project area 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will work only for springs. Therefore, DDD groundwater table will not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will work only for springs. Therefore, DDD the existing hydrological situation will not be affected.
Natural Environme 17 Coastal zone DDD No coastal zone exists. 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works BCB may affect the present vegetation. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology DDD No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities may affect the landscapes to some BCD extent. 21 Global Warming DDD No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during the construction works may emit exhaust gases. BCD 2) If generators are used to power pumps, exhaust gases may be emitted. 23 Water Pollution DDD No impact 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works. 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities. 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public water stands and workers’ spaces. 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate Pollution noises and vibration during the construction works. BDD 2) If generators are used to power pumps, noise and vibration may be generated. 27 Ground Subsidence DDD No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment CDD No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur. BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-28 (10) Priority Project No. PP10 Gashanda The Project consists mainly of constructing water tanks and pump stations, laying pipelines and constructing public water stands in the residential areas. At present, most of the people living in the Project area acquire their living water from natural springs.
Table S6-17 Scoping Matrix for PP10 Gashanda Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 1 Involuntary Resettlement 1) A new tank and pumping station will be constructed in public empty spaces nearby the water source, pipelines will be newly installed only under the ground along the existing roads and public water CDD stands will be built in public empty spaces around residential areas. However, there may be possibilities that some private areas are necessary to be expropriated for new facilities. 2 Local Economy such as 1) At the construction phase, employment Employment and Livelihood, opportunities will be given. etc B* B* B 2) Construction of new public water stands around the residential areas will save time for people’s fetching water. 3 Land Use and Utilization of 1) Some changes in the present land use may occur Local Resources due to constructing new facilities. BCD 2) Land preparation works in the construction phase may affect the present vegetation. 4 Social Institutions such as 1) For achieving efficient and sustainable operation of Social Infrastructure and new facilities, new water service providers will be Local Decision - making CCD necessary to be established. That establishment may Institutions affect indigenous social systems to some extent. 5 Existing Social Infrastructures 1) Access to water will become more convenient for and Services C B* D people living around the Project area. 6 The Poor, Indigenous and 1) At present, people acquire water for free from some
Social Environment Ethnic people springs. Installing the payment system of water DCD fee may make economically vulnerable people difficult. 7 Misdistribution of Benefit and Refer to 4 and 6. Damage DCD 8 Cultural heritage DDD No heritage exists. 9 Local Conflicts of Interest CCD Refer to 4 and 6. 10 Water Usage or Water Rights Refer to 4 and 6. and Communal Rights CCD 11 Sanitation 1) In order to improve people’s health and encourage DCC their awareness of sanitation, necessary activities will be suggested. 12 Hazards (risk) 1) At the construction phase, the influx of workers Infectious Diseases such as into the Project area may cause risks in health HIV/AIDS aspects. C A* A 2) Improvement of water quality by the installations of chlorination may prevent water-borne diseases, such as cholera.
S6-29 Rating Item Construction O&M Without Brief Description phase phase project 13 Topography and Geographical 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works Features may affect the Project area, especially around springs and their adjoining steep fields. BCD 2) Around the residential areas, new pipelines and public water stands may be implemented along with the existing topographic conditions. 14 Soil Erosion 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works BCC may affect the soil conditions. 15 Groundwater 1) The Project will work only for springs. Therefore, DDD groundwater table will not be affected. 16 Hydrological Situation 1) The Project will work only for springs. Therefore, DDD the existing hydrological situation will not be affected. 17 Coastal zone D D D No coastal zone exists.
Natural Environment 18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 1) At the construction phase, land preparation works may affect the present vegetation in the Project BCB area. 2) No protected area exists in the Project area. 19 Meteorology D D D No impact. 20 Landscape 1) New facilities may affect the landscapes to some BCD extent. 21 Global Warming D D D No impact. 22 Air Pollution 1) Construction machinery and vehicles used during the construction works may emit exhaust gases. BCD 2) If generators are used to power pumps, exhaust gases may be emitted. 23 Water Pollution 1) Cautions will be necessary at the construction works around the springs because of the short distance to rice fields and vegetation which enjoy CCD water from those springs. 2) Access of cows to water sources will be limited. That may reduce the deterioration of water sources. 24 Soil Contamination 1) Wastes from construction works and scum at CCD chlorination facilities may affect soil conditions. 25 Waste 1) Construction wastes may be generated during the construction works. 2) Scum produced may be accumulated in water BCD chlorination facilities.
Pollution 3) Domestic waste may be accumulated around public water stands and workers’ spaces. 26 Noise and Vibration 1) Construction machinery and vehicles may generate noises and vibration during the construction works. BDD 2) If generators are used to power pumps, noise and vibration may be generated. 27 Ground Subsidence D D D No impact. 28 Offensive Odor 1) Odor may occur from construction wastes and scum disposed at chlorination facilities. CCD 2) Scum produced in the chlorination process and their odor may cause nuisance around the Project area. 29 Bottom Sediment C D D No impact. 30 Accidents 1) At the construction phase, accidents may occur. BCD 2) Misusing new facilities may cause accidents.
Overall rating BCA Evaluation Categories: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown. (Examination is needed. Impacts may become clear as study progress.) D: No impact is expected. EIA is not necessary. *: Positive impact is expected. Source: JICA Study Team
S6-30 S6.3.3 Mitigation Measures for Major Environmental and Social Impacts
S6.3.2 shows the scoping matrices and impacts to be considered in the design and implementation of the Priority Projects. This section shows provisional environment management and monitoring plans of those projects for those impacts listed above.
As explained in S6.2, prior to the commencement of a water supply development project, the developer is required to submit the Project Brief to RDB and RDB identifies the level of expected environmental and social impacts of the project and determines whether or not the project needs the EIA study. The developer is highly recommended to review and modify the plans after it finally obtains the result of the RDB’s decision.
S6-31 Table S6-18 Provisional Environmental Management Plan for Priority Projects PP01 Mushikiri Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority S6-32 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Establishment of new 1)Identification of existing 1)Conducting social assessments The developer To be discussed and determined at the water supply systems and socio-economic situations around prior to the Project The local authority establishment of new water service providers water service providers the planned beneficial areas 2)Regular supervision during the The water service 2)Identification of requirements establishment process provider, only after and conditions for establishing new 3)Regular discussion among the the establishment water service providers beneficiaries, the developer, the S6-33 3)Installment of water tariff local authority and the new water systems service provider members if exists Noise and vibration from 1)The location may be proposed far 1)The location will be determined To be discussed at the detailed design stage the pumping station from the residential area. in the detailed design stage. Waste management around 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage public water stands management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of the 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the stands the surroundings PP02 Kiginia Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-34 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Establishment of new 1)Identification of existing 1)Conducting social assessments The developer To be discussed and determined at the water supply systems socio-economic situations around prior to the Project The local authority establishment of new water service providers the planned beneficial areas 2)Regular supervision during the The water service 2)Identification of requirements establishment process provider, only after and conditions for establishing new 3)Regular discussion among the the establishment water service providers beneficiaries, the developer, the S6-35 3)Installment of water tariff local authority and the new water systems service provider members if exists Noise and vibration from 1)The location may be proposed 1)The location will be determined To be discussed at the detailed design stage the pumping station far from the residential area. in the detailed design stage. Waste management 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of the 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the stands the surroundings PP03 Mukarange Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-36 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Coordination with the 1)Identification of existing 1), 2) and 3)-1 The developer To be discussed at the detailed design stage existing water supply socio-economic situations around Regular discussion among the The local authority water service provider the planned beneficial areas beneficiaries, the developer, the The water service 2)Review of existing water supply local authority and the water provider systems and users’ situations service provider’s members 3)Mutual agreement of new water 1), 2) and 3)-2 S6-37 supply systems Regular supervision Noise and vibration from 1)The location may be proposed far 1)The location will be determined The location may be proposed far from the the pumping station from the residential area. in the detailed design stage. residential area. Waste management around 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage public water stands management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of the 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the stands the surroundings PP04 Rwimbogo Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-38 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring, The contractor authorities on appropriate manners clearance and maintenance of the The developer and locations for waste disposal waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Coordination with the 1)Identification of existing 1)Conducting social assessments The developer To be discussed and determined at the existing water supply socio-economic situations around prior to the Project The local authority establishment of new water service providers water service provider the planned beneficial areas 2)Regular supervision during the The water service 2)Identification of requirements establishment process provider, only after the and conditions for establishing new 3)Regular discussion among the establishment water service providers beneficiaries, the developer, the 3)Mutual agreement of new water local authority and the new water supply systems, including water service provider members if exists tariffs Waste management around 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage S6-39 hand pump stands management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the hand pump the surroundings stands PP05 Mahama Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-40 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Establishment of new 1)Identification of existing 1)Conducting social assessments The developer To be discussed and determined at the water supply systems situations around the planned prior to the Project The local authority establishment of new water service providers beneficial areas 2)Regular supervision during the The water service 2)Identification of requirements establishment process provider, only after the and conditions for establishing new 3)Regular discussion among the establishment water service providers beneficiaries, the developer, the S6-41 3)Installment of water tariff local authority and the new water systems service provider members if exists Waste management 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of the 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the stands the surroundings PP06 Remera Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-42 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Coordination with the 1)Identification of existing 1), 2) and 3)-1 The developer To be discussed at the detailed design stage existing water supply socio-economic situations around Regular discussion among the The local authority water service provider the planned beneficial areas beneficiaries, the developer, the The water service 2)Review of existing water supply local authority and the water provider systems and users’ situations service provider’s members 3)Mutual agreement of new water 1), 2) and 3)-2 S6-43 supply systems Regular supervision Noise and vibration from 1)The location may be proposed 1)The location will be determined To be discussed at the detailed design stage the pumping station far from the residential area. in the detailed design stage. Waste management around 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage public water stands management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the hand pump the surroundings stands PP07 Katabagemu Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and contracts between the contractor and the construction works around the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-44 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 2)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Establishment of new 1)Identification of existing 1), 2) and 3)-1 The developer To be discussed and determined at the water supply systems socio-economic situations around Regular discussion among the The local authority establishment of new water service providers the planned beneficial areas beneficiaries, the developer, the The water service 2)Review of existing water supply local authority and the water provider (after the systems and users’ situations service provider’s members establishment) 3)Mutual agreement of new water 1), 2) and 3)-2 S6-45 supply systems Regular supervision Waste management around 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage public water stands management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the hand pump the surroundings stands PP08 Kageyo Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and around contracts between the contractor and the construction works the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 2)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-46 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 3)Selection of appropriate 3)Regular monitoring of noises Vibration machinery and vibrations around the 1)Control of working period and construction sites daily time schedule 1)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 3)Appropriate management of 3)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 1)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 1)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Coordination with the 1)Identification of existing 1), 2) and 3)-1 The developer To be discussed at the detailed design stage existing water supply socio-economic situations around Regular discussion among the The local authority water service provider the planned beneficial areas beneficiaries, the developer, the The water service 2)Review of existing water supply local authority and the water provider systems and users’ situations service provider’s members 3)Mutual agreement of new water 1), 2) and 3)-2 S6-47 supply systems Regular supervision Waste management around 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage public water stands management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the hand pump the surroundings stands PP09 Rukira Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and around contracts between the contractor and the construction works the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-48 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises and Vibration machinery vibrations around the construction 2)Control of working period and sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Establishment of new water supply systems Establishment of new 1)Identification of existing 1)Conducting social assessments The developer To be discussed and determined at the water supply systems socio-economic situations around prior to the Project The local authority establishment of new water service providers the planned beneficial areas 2)Regular supervision during the The water service 2)Identification of requirements establishment process provider, only after the and conditions for establishing new 3)Regular discussion among the establishment water service providers beneficiaries, the developer, the S6-49 3)Installment of water tariff local authority and the new water systems service provider members if exists Noise and vibration from 1)The location may be proposed 1)The location will be determined To be discussed at the detailed design stage the pumping station far from the residential area. in the detailed design stage. Waste management 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of the 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the stands the surroundings PP10 Gashanda Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Construction phase Accidents 1)Control of vehicles’ routes 1), 2) and 3) The contractor To be determined under the construction around the construction sites for Regular safety patrol in and around contracts between the contractor and the construction works the construction sites developer, under the local authority’s 2)Safety control around the supervision if necessary construction sites 3)Control methods will be confirmed between the developer and the contractor. Additionally, the methods must be notified to people around the Project area. Pollution Water 1)Implementation of treatment 1)-1 Regular quality monitoring The contractor systems of wastewater and and observation of flows of The developer sewerage from the construction wastewater and sewerage The local authority
S6-50 sites 1)-2 Regular maintenance of the systems Air 1)Selection of emission-controlled 1)Regular air quality monitoring vehicles around the construction sites Construction 1)Discussion with the local 1)Regular clearance and Waste authorities on locations for waste maintenance of waste disposal disposal and set up of the spots appropriate disposal spots Noise and 1)Selection of appropriate 1)Regular monitoring of noises and Vibration machinery vibrations around the construction 2)Control of working period and sites daily time schedule 2)Monitoring of daily working schedule and routes of vehicles Odor 1)Appropriate management of 1)Regular monitoring around the wastewater and wastes from construction sites construction works and wastes of 2)Regular maintenance and workers monitoring of waste disposal spots 2)Protection of waste disposal spots, agreed with the local authorities Impact Mitigation Monitoring methods Responsibility Cost Implementation schedule Land preparation 1)Site inspection is necessary in 1)Control of vehicular The contractor order to minimize the amount of transportation at the area to be The developer soil excavated and the area which prepared The local authority grasses and small trees are cut. Waste management 1)Discussion with the local 1) and 2) Regular monitoring and The contractor authorities on appropriate manners maintenance of the waste disposal The developer and locations for waste disposal systems The local authority 2)Set-up of waste disposal spots nearby the construction sites Operation phase Establishment of new 1)Identification of existing 1)Conducting social assessments The developer To be discussed and determined at the water supply systems socio-economic situations around prior to the Project The local authority establishment of new water service providers the planned beneficial areas 2)Regular supervision during the The water service 2)Identification of requirements establishment process provider, only after the and conditions for establishing new 3)Regular discussion among the establishment) water service providers beneficiaries, the developer, the S6-51 3)Installment of water tariff local authority and the new water systems service provider members if exists Noise and vibration from 1)The location may be proposed 1)The location will be determined To be discussed at the detailed design stage the pumping station far from the residential area. in the detailed design stage. Waste management 1)Establishment of waste 1)Regular monitoring of the To be discussed at the detailed design stage management systems systems’ situations 2)Maintenance and clearance of the 2)Clearance and maintenance of surroundings of the stands the surroundings S6.3.4 Conclusion of IEE
From results of S6.3.2, the IEE works of the 10 Priority Projects concludes that these projects will not have serious adverse impacts over their project areas in environmental and social aspects. However, the following issues need cautions commonly in their construction and operation phases. These need to be carefully studied during the stages of feasibility study and detailed design.
(1) Operation and maintenance systems for new facilities to be built in the projects Operation and maintenance of water supply facilities to be set up is essential for achieving sufficient water supply services in the Study Area. Therefore, some projects require the establishment of new water service providers and the others require the collaboration with the existing water service providers which are working on operation and maintenance of water supply services around the project areas. However, most of expected beneficiaries of the projects may not have experienced memberships in such water service providers’ organizations, and mutual discussions and understandings are necessary to be shared among them, water service provider members, local authorities (district, sector and cell). MININFRA and the developer are recommended to involve their discussion at public hearing stages on the EIA process.
(2) Willingness to pay for water Most of people to be benefitted from the projects have been fetching water for free as much as they want from spings, marshlands and other water sources and their livestocks have also been enjoying those sources together. However, it is identified that water-borne diseases such as chorela have been as a critical issue in the Study Area and that safe and clean water is necessary for those people’s livelihoods. Though the social survey conducted by the Study Team shows that most of people living in the Study Area have willingness to pay for their living water, it is anticipated that they may make negative reactions against new water fee systems. Additionally, economically vulnerable people may suffer from getting water after the implementation of such systems. That situation may force those people to continue to fetch their water as they are doing. Against those anticipated situations to be brought by installing new or amended water fee systems, careful examinations of those systems should be done by conducting public hearings and social surveys at the detailed design stage.
(3) Waste disposal All the projects are necessary to deal with waste disposal especially in the construction phase. Main construction wastes are soil to be excavated, grasses and trees to be cut, deteriorated equipments such as handpump machines and water pipelines, and waste of workers. At
S6-52 present, districts in the Study Area do not stipulate construction waste regulations. However, so as to minimize advers impacts on existing natural environment around the project areas, specific disposal methods must be determined and be implemented in the construction and operation phases. The methods are expected to be discussed among the developer, the contractor, the local authorities and MINIFRA and they may be described in the environmental management plan.
(4) Safety Control Rwanda has hilly areas over the country as called “the land of a thousand hills”. Therefore, most of the priority projects need land preparation works on steep and heavily wooded areas. As well as construction works around the residential areas, safety control is necessary for workers and people working and living in those areas. The methodologies may be determined with reference to the Rwanda Building Control Regulations and may be described in the environmental management plan. It is also recommended to inform them of construction workers and people living and working around the project sites.
S6-53 S7. COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ON PLAN FOR SANITATION PROMOTION ACTIVITIES
This document gives proposals to contribute to formulation of a plan for promotion activities to raise sanitation awareness which should be carried out by residents in hopes of improving environmental sanitation in the targeted 7 districts. Also, this complements recommendations given in Chapter 7 of the Main Report.
S7.1 Definition of Sanitation
“Sanitation (Environmental Sanitation)” is a wide sector covering human environment and sanitation. Especially sanitary treatment of nightsoil, rainwater/drainage and wastes; extermination of disease transmitting vectors and small animals; improvement of human living environment such as houses, schools and other public buildings; sanitary improvement of drinking water and food taken into human bodies; and other factors related to sanitary environment are included.
In African countries, the non-maintenance of the environment is causing deaths of not only infants under 5 years old, but also adults1. Since environment and people’s health are closely related, obtaining knowledge to improve environmental sanitation and practicing appropriate behavior based on this are important issues to be combined for raising productivity and stepping out from the poor.
To ensure the above basic sanitary environment, provision of an environment where a stable supply of clean water is continuously available without much hard labor is a condition. For beneficiaries to continuously use safe water, along with establishment of an operation and maintenance system for constructed water supply schemes, raising awareness on “using sustainable safe water” by the beneficiaries and behavioral change based on that awareness become important.
For residents to lead healthy lives, execution of sanitation promotion activities to realize behavior changes of each individual is important.
1 In Africa, infectious diseases linked to poor environmental conditions are major causes of morbidity and morality amongst children and adults. (Environmental health: a strategy for the African region, 2002, WHO)
S7-1 S7.2 Access to Safe Water and Rainwater Use
For accessibility to safe water in Rwanda, rainwater harvesting is included, but in this study, plans for construction of rainwater harvesters are not included in the plan for drinking water supply schemes. If rainwater is to be used as drinking water, management skills related to operation and maintenance such as installation methods and cleaning of rain collection gutters and removal of dust and waste particles (including filtration) from storage tanks are needed. In the presently implemented technical cooperation project “the Project for Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Eastern Province”, consideration for rainwater use in households, although in a simple manner, is planned to be included in the training manual for sanitation facilitators.
S7.3 Social Background related to Accessibility to Safe Water and Issues on Technical Standards
In Rwanda where the technical level of rural water supply is at a developing stage, while various issues on irrigation and flood control are remaining, securing safe water is an extremely difficult problem. Therefore, since water points for procuring safe water need to be continuous supply sources for the residents, they must be protected so they can be used quantity-wise and quality-wise for as long as possible. Establishment of a proper operation and maintenance system for each facility is important to assure sanitary health and safe water for daily lives of the residents. Safe water once secured should be very precious, but if sanitation is not questioned, the natural conditions of this country allow water to be easily procured free as a gift, and thus, the value of safe water becomes difficult to be acknowledged by the people. On the other hand, due to the resettlement policy, which is an external factor, new communities are being formed and as a result, social conditions, such as the difficulty for recognizing the sharing of one water scheme as an asset between villages and communities, are also created. Furthermore, since the responsibilities of the central administration (such as ministries) which govern rural water supply are always changing, unless local branches are established, a support system will be lacking such that problems are left alone unsolved without on-site problem solving through cooperation between the administration and residents. This is also one of the reasons for losing the value of safe water. The non-placing of value on safe water is clearly the reason for creating problems such as high rate of water-borne diseases, nonuse of water supply facilities and non-payment of water fees.
To handle problems on placing value to water, not only raising sanitation awareness, a 3 party collaboration system needs to be formed between administration (the main water supply service provision responsible), water service providers and residents to promote smooth management of water services. Especially, departments specific for water supply are not available in local
S7-2 administration and branch offices of central government for water supply technicians are non-existent. The sanitation promotion activities proposed in the master plan give stable water supply as conditions for implementation. Therefore, at the priority project sites, improvement of technical standards related to water supply is strongly desired.
S7.4 Ownership Awareness and Beneficiary Pay Principle, and Issues related to Participation in Services and Solutions
As explained above, the difficulty in placing value on safe water is one of the reasons, but from technical issues as well as natural and social situations surrounding the residents, awareness on ownership of water supply facilities by residents is very low. Since ownership of residents through awareness on safe water and health is difficult to realize, the management system of water service provision never improves and the weak situation has been left alone2. Although participation in umganda3, which has continued from long ago in Rwanda, is very high, willingness to participate in operation and maintenance of water supply facilities is not so high. From this predicament, establishment of a management system for water service provision by a residents’ organization involves many difficulties. Before construction of water supply facilities, residents’ explanation meetings sponsored by the central government which is the project implementer and local administration which is the project supervisor; and residents’ gatherings on necessity for participation following the beneficiary pay principle are needed. Then, during the project period from the start of construction until completion, residents’ organization forming activities are required.
S7.5 Activities to Raise Sanitation Awareness in Schools : Hygiène et Assainissement en Millieu Scolaire＝HAMS
In the water and sanitation sector of Rwanda, activities for sanitation awareness raising in schools (HAMS) is the mainstream for sensitization. Using children as the focal point for forming future societies, a community dissemination effect is created through children to children, children to adults and school to community. Also, this is used an approach to disseminate the awareness to the next generation after children grow up as adults, and many experiences are found in areas other than the Eastern Province. In the technical cooperation project “Project for Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Eastern Province”, in
2 Aiming to break away from this situation, through the support of the World Bank, the Régies (residents based water users associations) which were tested from the 1990’s were abolished and transferred to the PPP system of using private operators as water service providers. In the master plan, operation and maintenance plan centered on private operators is formulated. 3 Village collaborative work held once every month (such activities as cutting grass, trenching rain drainage ditches and preparing agricultural roads are conducted)
S7-3 addition to the PHAST educational material (extract) normally used for HAMS in Rwanda, “sanitation facilities and ancillaries (toilets, handwashing stands and rainwater tank)” are constructed and a JICA version HAMS including visual educational material in A1 format as a package is being tested. The educational material consists of an “F-Diagram4” modified5 to local conditions for (1) placing value to sanitation facilities and their ancillaries and (2) easily understanding by primary school children. This activity was started in July 2009 at primary schools, one each in Rwamagana and Ngoma Districts, and the support is presently on-going. The details of the program is explained later, but in the process of placing value on safe water and promoting sanitation awareness, the simultaneous installation of ancillary sanitation facilities at primary schools in areas having difficulties in procuring water such as the Eastern Province can have effects to contribute to improvement of conveniences in the community society and promote mobilization of adults in the surrounding area.
S7.6 Important Actors for Community Health Strategy: Agents Santé Communautaire (ASC) and Agents Santé Communautaire Binôme (ASCB)
As the important actor for community health strategy, a man-woman pair of ASBs (or ASCBs)6 taking the village (umudugudu) as a unit in the community society is selected as volunteers to especially support diseases which are preventable but have high rate of occurrence in Rwanda such as malaria, acute respiratory diseases, parasitic diseases and infectious diseases. Also, along with these ASBs, by retraining existing traditional midwives, as entrance point to community medical care, they are fulfilling primary health practices. At the same time, by collaborating with the “National Policy on Behavior Change Communication in Hygiene and Sanitation (December 2006)”, they are the direct implementers of sanitation promotion activities (IEC) aiming for behavior change of residents.
S7.7 Activities and Present State of ASBs
Due to financial assistance and technical cooperation from the community health and sanitation program implemented under MINISANTE, the formulation and implementation of community activities aimed at health improvement (poverty reduction), as well as formulation and implementation of “sanitation activities related to environmental health” financed by REMA are the scope of work of ASBs. As an important bridge between medical facilities and residents, health improvement and environmental sanitation improvement closely related to the
4 F-diagram : a drawing explaining oral transmission routes of diseases of faecal and water-borne (from use of faecal contaminated water) types 5 In the F-diagram of JICA version HAMS, primary barriers (cut off disease transmission route) and secondary barriers (wash hands with soap) are shown together to visualize both counter effects. 6 Agents de Santé (Communautaire ) Binôme ＝ASCB : this is the normally called French name
S7-4 community, they are facilitators of various activities to contribute to poverty reduction. After commencement in 2007, from 2008, selection and training (including retraining) of ASCBs became more active and allocation of ASBs is being progressed at most of the villages in the priority project areas.
During field surveys at priority project sites, sanitation activities were being conducted under the close collaboration of the cell staff in charge of social health, and a case where activities for grain production as community participation activities for nutrition improvement was confirmed. An activity at Rwikiniro Cell of Rwimbogo Secteur in Gatsibo District, under the guidance of the staff in charge of social health and ASCBs, a cooperative for sensibilization on health and sanitation awareness is established with surrounding cells to manage public tap stands and water points, carry out mutual grain production with residents and use profits from subsidy crops for further activities. Although ASCBs are usually volunteers selected for activities, the importance of them are penetrating in the communities and the residents have approved establishment of the cooperative, and households are contributing activities fees to the cooperative.
The activities of ASCBs are contributing, although gradually, to the success in some areas to change sanitation awareness of residents. On the other hand, in other areas of the Eastern Province, barriers to sanitation promotion in the community society such as existence of elders who are ignorant of ASCB activities and residents who cannot understand the value of the transmitted information can be confirmed7. In actuality, basic behavior change (improvement of sanitation practices) is difficult to generate in households and individuals. To cause behavior change, collection of proper information on the individual level is the key to success. However, for IEC (Information, Education and Communication）to promote behavior change in the target area, various barriers other than low literacy rate exist and penetration of information requires a long period of time. Presently, increase in number of information providers in the village such as ASCBs is being promoted, but they have difficulties in conducting periodical information provision activities. Standardization of village information transmission methods such as with sensibilization materials and distribution of these means to ASCBs are delayed, and therefore, many ASCBs are working without these means. The scale and level of activities are highly dependent on the community society environment, individual nature of the person in charge and projects implemented in the communities, and therefore, communal differences8 are found in the provided services and quality of information.
7 Source: Technical cooperation project, “Project for Improvement of Water and Sanitation in Eastern Province”, KAP survey, August 2009 8 ASCBs are basically unpaid, but depending on the area, they receive remuneration from donors and projects. (for example, the ASCB of Rwinkwavu Health Center in Rwinkwavu Secteur of Kayonza District is receiving remuneration from support of Partners In Health)
S7-5 S7.8 Proposed Sanitation Promotion Activities
Activities proposed in Chapter 7 of the Main Report are summarized in the tables below.
【Activity A】Activity for Sanitation Awareness Raising of Water Users in the Village 1. Stakeholders’ meeting: Clarification of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholders (examples): District water and sanitation related staff, Secteur/Cell in charge of social health, water users association staff (president, in charge of sanitation, in charge of community mobilization), umudugudu chief, umudugudu leaders, community representatives (women’s cooperative, youth cooperative, agricultural cooperative, cattle breeding cooperative, commercial cooperative, etc.), ASCB 1) Confirmation of existing resources Human resources (confirmation of capacities of existing ASCB, confirmation on necessity for sanitation facilitator allocation mainly at water points, confirmation on necessity for additional resources) 2) Confirmation of previously conducted activities on health and hygiene promotion 3) Confirmation of execution organization in local administration 2. Identification and compilation of effectively useful existing resources ＝＞ consistency with contents of support 3. Execution of support activities: Sharing of support activities for raising sanitation awareness and sharing monitoring items 1) Correlation between living environment improvement through water and sanitation awareness raising and behavior change Placing value on improving living environment through residents’ participation Handwashing custom using soap and appropriate treatment of excrements Improvement of family health and living, roles of family, women and children Sanitation Ladder9 2) Relationship between placing value on water and operation and maintenance Correlation between smooth operation of facilities and sanitation concept improvement of community residents Correlation between importance of transparency assurance of water service management and improvement of residents on willingness to pay Correlation between success of water service management and productive raising in communities 3) Activities for raising awareness on water and sanitation Training of facilitators for activities using PHAST/SARAR methods Confirmation and preparation of educational materials necessary for above methods On-the-job training of facilitators Confirmation of implementation schedule 4) Establishment of activities monitoring system at priority sites Sharing of monitoring items, frequencies, methods and facilitators Proposal of monitoring items for priority sites Handwashing practices using soap and appropriate treatment of excrements and wastes Proposal of self-monitoring method for priority sites House-to-House visits by facilitators Inquiries at water points 4. Execution of support activities and monitoring 1) Training of facilitators 2) Execution guidance 5. Measurement of effects of support activities 1) Feedback on activities
9 Sanitation awareness promotion method generally used in PHAST/SARAR. This is a tool to support formulation of a long term plan for environmental sanitation improvement by the village itself using visual materials such as photos and charts showing specifications of a few favorable types of sanitation facilities (toilets) and sharing information such as identification of present conditions, realizable specifications and most desirable specifications.
S7-6
【Activity B】Activity to Raise Sanitation Awareness in Schools 1. Stakeholders’ meeting at school: Confirmation of willingness to accept activities 2. School condition survey : Design of ancillary sanitation facilities and selection of appropriate sanitation facilities Survey Items (proposal) Necessity for construction of Categorization between primary schools, secondary sanitation facilities : Yes No
schools and primary-secondary combined (group) Preparation for Existing schools construction facilities −Toilet Pupils and teachers (male-female ratio), class shift −Toilet −Tank −Tank number, classroom number, number of school staff −Handwash - Handwash facility School facilities survey = existing sanitation facilities, facility availability of school meals, availability of canteen, availability of farming area Start Existence of sanitation activities in school and others Construction Start Activities 3. Kick-off meeting of stakeholders Stakeholders (examples): district education related staff, in charge of social health in secteurs and cells, school headmaster, teachers, PTA, children/pupils, umudugudu head, umudugudu leaders, community representatives 4. Local administration meeting (district secteurs, cells) Confirmation of support organization and roles for support activities of local administration 5. Stakeholders’ meeting Stakeholders (examples): district education related staff, in charge of social health in secteurs and cells, school headmaster, teachers, PTA, children/pupils, umudugudu head, umudugudu leaders, community representatives 1) Sharing of support activities for raising sanitation awareness in schools Analyses of problems and present state (sanitation conditions, strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats) Demand analysis (support contents = training items and collaborative work on support activities) and others 2) Roles of activities for sanitation awareness raising in schools, and defining and sharing of responsibilities 6. Training of school teachers, staff and PTA Training items (proposal) Basic items related to water and sanitation Public health in schools and households Environmental protection in schools and communities, and others 7. Confirmation of organization for self-monitoring Preparation of monitoring sheets Simplified KAP survey in schools to identify baseline and others 8. Execution of activities at schools 9. Effects measurement and follow-up of school support activities
S7-7 S7.9 Possible Activities for Consideration related to Proposals on Issues in the Target Area
Consideration on the possibility for realization of the below activities in the target area is recommended. Examples of these activities are found in other countries, and some of these examples are already introduced or are being considered in the target area and other areas in Rwanda.
S7.9.1 Activities to Complement Activity 1: Examples of System Introduction
(1) Establishment of Simplified Village Health Information System10: The local health strategy is aiming for establishment and realization of this information system focused at centralizing information at cells. A proposal of an example method is to include these information in the system of users registration and water fee collection and during the “self-monitoring and follow-up” to be conducted during house-to-house visits which is a routine activity of ASCBs, these information can be obtained, and upon identifying safe water use conditions, conditions of handwashing with soap and conditions in appropriate treatment of excrements, the information can be updated.
(2) Establishment of Micro-Credit for Sanitation Facilities Construction11: For example, as incentive for paying water fees, establish a micro-credit under the cooperation of the district and contracted private operators managing water schemes in which funds to construct safe sanitation facilities in households can be lent to user groups having good payment records.
(3) Establishment of Micro-Credit in Cooperative Community Agricultural Activities: For example, if the operation and maintenance cost of a water users association surpasses the set goal, by using support from other projects, under the guidance of local administrations, the water users association can use micro-credit to carry out cooperative agricultural activities which can become an opportunity to spread community agricultural activities.
10 Attempt at identifying household-wise information such as number of pregnancies, period of births, number of births, age-wise family composition and medical examination records 11 Examples of using savings of water users associations for community development activities are found in other countries.
S7-8 S7.9.2 Activities to Complement Activity 2: Examples of System Introduction
(1) Support to Ecological Recycling Activities in Schools (Agricultural Activities of Environmentally Friendly Compost Usage) MININFRA is promoting urine-diversion dry toilets (called ECOSAN or ecological sanitation toilets) in Rwanda. This toilet, assumed to be modified from the double-vault toilet (with arch ceiling type storeroom), can prevent water contamination in areas of high groundwater level and produce compost in the under ground compartment. By providing an above ground excreta pit, excrements can be easily removed and by setting a composting area (drying yard) in a different place, drying of human excreta can be promoted. Also, for urine, after storing collected urine for about 45 days in a storage tank and diluting the ammonia, the product can be used as a soil conditioner.
By handling human excreta which requires proper treatment not as waste but as fertilizer, agricultural production can be improved, and therefore, this is receiving attention as an environmentally friendly type new sanitation facility in Rwanda. Also, although outside of the priority project area, many examples of its introduction can be found and many are showing success However, since human excreta must be handled by human hands, level of operation and maintenance becomes high, and proper knowledge on management and continuous practice are essential. Use of the toilet itself also requires various considerations as explained later. To prevent faecal diseases, if the use of ECOSAN toilets is started, since the use cycle must be continued until they are demolished, a strong commitment of the user is indispensable12.
An example of realizing the above activities and conditions necessary to attain success at this stage in Rwanda is shown below.
【Contents of Project Support for Ecological Recycling Activities】 1 Before commencement of construction of sanitation facilities 1-1 Field reconnaissance for school selection/ survey items (proposal) Basic information such as number of pupils and teachers (male-female ratios) and number of classrooms Cultivation area in schools, availability of drying yard for ECOSAN by-products Use conditions of existing toilets, confirmation of facilities possessed by schools 1-2 Extent of demand from school concerns/ problems analysis 1-3 Sensibilization activities after confirmation of demand in schools 2 During and after construction 2-1 Securing farms 2-2 Cultivation plan based on demand from schools 2-3 Training of agricultural instructor (3 days/1 time) 3 Commence handling of ECOSAN by-products
12 Refer to references -1 and -2 attached at the end of this Annex.
S7-9
【Conditions for Assurance of Successful Project for Ecological Recycling】 Conditions to assure a successful case such as that experienced in Southern Province is summarized below. Condition Consideration Rather than individuals, institutions For motivation to assure operation and maintenance as well (such as schools) should be targeted. as use methods, a certain degree of crop yield is necessary. To achieve this, enough amounts of faeces and urine are required. Also, since areas for drying yard and farming need to be ensured, and a cycle for taking meals and providing food is needed, selecting the school where facilities users can be easily limited and responsibilities are clear is presently most appropriate in Rwanda. First select a secondary school Understanding related to “cycle of meals and food” of students is essential and to conduct agricultural activities and operation and maintenance of toilets, the actors need to have education equivalent to secondary school level. Select schools with high needs for For ECOSAN toilets, when their use is started, composting assurance of food such as and activities to make use of by-products for agriculture dormitories which serve meals in the need to be continued semi-permanently until the toilets are morning and night abandoned. Therefore, assurance of a strong motivation is an essential condition. Cooking space to prepare meals The appropriate place to secure “ash” indispensable for should be available using ECOSAN toilets is from the kitchen where ashes are produced from charcoal. Sustainability is difficult at schools where ash has to be procured.
Most of the schools (including primary and secondary schools) surveyed at 9 secteurs in the priority sites showed willingness to adopt “ECOSAN”. Of these schools, at schools which provide meals and have dormitories, since the number of staff and teachers are many, the possibilities for sustainable operation and maintenance are assumed to be high.
(2) Support to Construction of Individual (Household) Toilets To increase the “accessibility to safe sanitation facilities”, changing individually owned toilets to those satisfying the standards is essential. To achieve this goal, installation of individual toilets needs to be included in support activities.
The present situation at priority project areas is that toilets are generally dug holes of about 20cm diameter and 30cm depth with simple fencing. Since these emit odors and have high possibility to become media for disease transmission, the social environment needs to be changed into one demanding installation of safe toilets. Also, this can contribute to creating an environment where pupils practicing proper use and maintenance of sanitation facilities at schools in Activity B above can continue to practice the learned customs even after returning home.
S7-10 However, for construction of household toilets, other than increasing knowledge on health and sanitation, circulation routes and costs of materials as well as construction methods also become issues for consideration.
To handle these issues, carrying out activities where assistance is given only to procurement of main materials and labor, and local materials are borne by the recipient side is assumed to be worthwhile. Through the field survey, presently a urine-diversion type toilet (mentioned above) for households (some materials) can be procured in Kigali at a relatively low price (about 14,000Frw per set, as of August 2009).
As for specifications of toilets, when considering cost, construction period, and easiness in operation and maintenance, rather than the dry type toilet, VIP latrines and double ventilation latrines are more desirable.
【Contents of Project Support for Individual (Household) Toilet Construction (Proposal)】 1 Activities for construction of sanitation facilities for households (proposal) Construction of toilets as pilot focused on schools as activities center for HAMS 1-1 Preparation of criteria for household selection centered on school concerns Demand level and problems analyses of households 1-2 Application for facilities construction and confirmation of savings amount 1-3 Construction of facilities ＝＞ mutual work with trained stone masons 2 Training of local stone masons for household sanitation facilities construction (proposal) 2-1 Preparation for selection of stone mason candidates by local administration and imidugudu Preparation of criteria and determination of costs 2-2 Recruiting and selection of stone masons 2-3 Training of stone masons 2-4 Practical training of stone masons 3 Commencement of sanitation facilities construction for households
S7.9 Selection of Sanitation Facilities (Public Toilets13)
When public toilets are to be installed to complement school activities and water supply services, the following 2 types of toilets presently recommended by Rwanda should be considered. Their characteristics are listed below. Most of the public toilets adopted at schools in the priority project areas are generally simple pit latrines. However, since excrements are not properly removed and treated at many of the schools, odors and disease vectors are generated.
13 Main locations for installation of public toilets in Eastern Province are close to markets and large hospitals.
S7-11
【Specifications of Public Sanitation Facilities Desirable for Target Area】 Urine-Diverting Toilet Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet Structure Pit under ground with relatively simple Pit above ground (urine tank above/below structure ground) and structure is somewhat complicated If urine storage pots for male toilet are not properly installed, consideration is needed since this can become the cause for odors and soil pollution The structure places importance on prevention The structure places importance on prevention of of odor caused by mixture of faeces and urine, odor caused by mixture of faeces and urine, and and extermination of coliform group bacteria extermination of coliform group bacteria within within a short time a short time as well as using faeces as recovered resource for agricultural compost If installed for public use, multiple Even if installed for public use, excrement compartments can share the same excrement recovery pits are installed for each compartment storage tank When excrement storage tank becomes full, pit When excrement storage tank becomes full, is covered with concrete lid for disposal, or (when faeces dry and ready for removal) faeces excrement can be mixed with soil to promote is removed and transported to a compost (drying) composting for later use yard located near a farm to produce compost Since urine is collected into one soakaway and Various methods of recovery and use of urine supernatant is penetrated into the soil, this can be planned, but usually urine is collected in cannot be used as ammonium fertilizer bottles set in each compartment and after decomposing elements harmful to the soil, it can be used as fertilizer Operation and Maintenance Cleaning of compartment interiors can be To prevent mixture of wastewater used for carried out using water in the usual manner cleaning of compartment interiors into the excrement collection pit, direct watering cannot be used (dust cloths or mops must be used) Only ash should be deposited into the excrement pit (to promote drying for use as compost) A trash basket (for sanitary papers) must be set inside the compartment (to control quality of compost) Use Method To separate faeces and urine, use at locations To separate faeces and urine, use at locations appropriate for the shape of the toilet is appropriate for the shape of the toilet is necessary necessary
S7-12 REFERENCES The following references are referred from “Handbook on Prevention of Infectious Diseases, 4th Revised Edition, Japan Public Health Association,1992” and information added by study team.
Reference-1: List of pathogenic organisms frequently found in urine1, faeces, and sullage Pathogen Common name of infection caused Urine Faeces Sullage by pathogen Bacteria Escherichia coli Diarrhea + + + Leptospira interrorgans Leptospirosis + Salmonella typhi Typhoid + + + Shigella spp Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)* + Vibrio cholerae Cholera Viruses Poliovirus Acute poliomyelitis + + Rotavirus (Rotaviral)* Entertis + Protozoa - amoeba or cysts Entamoeba hystolitica Amebiasis + + Giardia intesitinalis Giardiasis (Lambliasis)* + + Helminths – parasite eggs Ascaris lumbricoides Roundworm (Ascariasis)* + + Fasciola hepatica Chinese Liver fluke (Clonorchiasis)* + Ancylostoma duodenale Hookworm(Ancylostomiasis)* + + Nector americanus Hookworm(Ancylostomiasis)* + + Shistosoma spp Schistonosomiasis (Bilharziasis)* + + + Taenia saginata Tape worm (Taeniasis)* + + Taenia soilum Trichuris trichiura Whipworm (Trichuriasis)* + + 1 Urine is usually sterile: the presence of pathogens indicates either faecal pollution or host infection, principally with Salmonella typhi, Shistosoma haematobium or Leptospira. 2 Source: Cheesebourgh (1984), Sridhar et al.(1981) and Feachem at al.(1983) (A Guide to the Development of On-site Sanitation, WHO, 1992) ()*: information added by JICA study team
Reference-2: The epidemiological characteristics of excreted pathogens 1 Latency Survival times for pathogens ID Pathogen ID 2 50 period 50 Wastewater Soil Crops Bacteria 0 >104 Few days to 3 months Vibrio cholerae 0 108 ~ 1month < 3 weeks < 5days Faecal coliform 0 ~ 109 ~ 3 months < 2 months < 1months Viruses 0 unknown months months 1-2 months Enteroviruses 3 0 100 ~ 3 months < 3 months < 1 month Protozoa (cysts) 0 10-100 Few days to few weeks Entamoeba spp 0 10-100 25 days < 3 weeks < 1month Helminths 4 variable 1-100 months months Months Ancylostoma spp 1 week 1 3 months < 3months < 1month Ascais spp 10 days several ~ 1 year Many months < 3 months Flukes 5 6-8 years several Life of host hours hours 1 Source: Feacham et al. (1983): WHO(1987a) 2 ID50 is the number of organisms required to cause the development of clinical symptoms in 50% of individuals. 3 Including coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and polioviruses 4 Eggs or larvae / cercariae 5 Excluding Fasiola hepatica but including Shistosoma spp 6 Outside the aquatic host, the pathogen survives for only a few hours. In the host, survival is for the life of the host.
S7-13 S8. Electrification Conditions
S8.1 Power Generation
Presently in Rwanda, commercial electric power is supplied by RECO1 (during the survey period from 2008 to 2009, management was under ELECTROGAZ). Power in Rwanda is generated mainly by hydroelectric and thermal power as shown in Table S8-1. Power is transmitted through 110kV and 70kV high voltage cables. All power plants in the country are connected as one network and power is also being transmitted to the target area of Eastern Province. The current total network extends about 370km, of which 253km is 110kv and 96km is 70kv lines.
Table S8-1 Electric Power Plants in Rwanda (as of 2009) Location Generation Operation Capacity Current Production Plant Name (Province) Method Year (MW) (MW) Gisenyi Western Hydropower 1957 1.2 0 Ntaruka* Northern Hydropower 1959 11.3 11.3 Mukungwa* Northern Hydropower 1982 12.0 12.0 Gihira Western Hydropower 1984 1.8 0.7 Jabana I* Kigali Thermal Power 2004 7.8 7.8 Gikondo Rental Power Kigali Thermal Power 2005 10.0 10.0 Jali Kigali Solar 2007 0.3 0.3 Kivu Lake Western Thermal Power 2008 3.6 1.2 Jabana II Kigali Thermal Power 2009 20.5 14.0 Sub-Total 68.5 57.3 Imported Power Location Generation Operation Capacity Current Production Plant Name (Province) Method Year (MW) (MW) Rusizi I Imported Western Thermal Power 1957 3.5 3.5 Rusizi II Imported Western Thermal Power 1989 12.0 10.0 Sub-Total 15.5 13.5 Grand Total 84.0 70.8 *Plants supplying power directly to Eastern Province
1 Until June 2009, ELECTROGAZ was responsible for supplying electric power and urban water supply under MININFRA. However presently, the organization is divided into RECO (Rwanda Electricity Corporation) with responsibilities for power supply and RWASCO (Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation) to handle water supply and sewerage.
S8-1 S8.2 Power Tariff
The tariff for power of RECO is set as follows. Payment is made by billing from meter readings or a prepaid method (Cash Power). 112 Frw/Kwh for normal customers 105 Frw/Kwh for industries.
S8.3 Electrification in Target Area
The present rate of electrification in Rwanda is about 9% (2009) and the objective is to raise this to 16% by 2012. According to inquiries to RECO headquarters in Kigali and branch offices in Eastern Province as well as the target districts, to achieve this goal, plans for power extensions to Eastern Province are as shown in Table S8-2.
Table S8-2 Electrification Conditions in Target Districts Areas Planned for Target District Present Condition Areas Presently Receiving Power Extension Nyagatare Urban areas are receiving Nyagatare, Matimba, Rukomo, Mimuri, power Kagitumba, Rwimyaga, Ngarama Nyarupiniri, Ryabega, Katangazai, Musenyi Gatsibo Urban areas and areas along Kizigro, Gabiro, Kabarore, Gatsibo, Ngarama national roads are receiving Rwagimina, Rugarama, Kabeza, power Kiziguro Kayonza Areas along national roads Kabarondo, Rwinkwavu (part), Matinza, Nkondo, Gisozi, and those near Akagera Rukara, Mukarange Murama National Park are receiving power Rwamagana Urban areas, areas along Kigabiro, Gishari, Muhazi, national roads and Nzige Munyiginya, Musha, Mwuilire, area are receiving power Nzige Ngoma Kibungo urban area and Remera, Kibungo, Rurenge, Jarama, Mugesera, areas along national roads Karembo, Zaza, Sake, Kazo Gahsanda, Kazo, Rukira, are receiving power (part) Karama, Munsanvu, Kabare, Cyasemakamba Kirehe All areas are not yet Kirehe, Nasho, Cyunyuzi, receiving power Gatore, Nyakarama, Rwanteru Bugesera Urban areas along national Nyamata, Ruhuha, Nyarugenge, Gashora- Nyabagendwa roads and Nyamata-Ruhuha- Mwogo Nyarugenge-Mwogo area are receiving power
S8-2 Although conditions for implementation of the above plans are difficult, the following plans are being executed.
Table S8-3 On-going Rural Electrification Projects for Eastern Province Project Name Cost (Frw) Funding Construction of 30kV power line Musamvu-Kirehe About 2 billion GoR, CDF Electrification of Nyankora-Nasho About 2 billion GoR Electrification of Ngarama-Mugera About 4 billion GoR Electrification from Matimba to Kagitumba About 1 billion GoR
S8.4 Consideration on Power for Water Supply
In case the water source is groundwater, or if the source is a spring which is located lower than the supply area, the cost for pumping up the water differs greatly between commercial power and diesel generator. For rural water supply, using commercial power to restrain operation costs is important for sustainability. Therefore, Rwanda’s plan for rural electrification was reflected in the water supply plan.
S8-3 S9. PRIORITY RANKING OF MASTER PLAN
As explained in Section 2.5 of Chapter 2 of the Main Report, priority rankings were given to the master plan schemes. Points were given for secteur level and scheme level parameters, and schemes were ranked in order of total points.
Project sites of the presently on-going Japanese grant aid project Phase 2 were not included in the ranking procedure.
Results of the point application are shown in Table S9-1. The top 10 schemes were selected as the priority projects. The results of Table S9-1 are rearranged into order of priority as shown in Table S9-2.
S9-1 Table S9-1 Master Plan Point Application Results
Secteur-wise Point Application Scheme-wise Point Application Scheme-wise
Residents' Water Secteur Water Progress of Adjusted Necessity for Community Availability of Secteur Access Point Sub- Present Point Grand Development Development Imidugudu Point Sub- Master Plan Code Water Source Participation Other Water Order District Rate Total Population Total Needs Priority Resettlement Total Development in O&M Supply Plans Gatunda 2.5 6 -2 7.5 14.0 22,566 17.3 *NyPs01 10 5 0 32.3 47 Karama 3.0 6 -1 9.8 17.8 - NyPs04 85030.863 Karangazi 7.5 8 7 6.0 28.5 - NyPs05(+NyHp01) 25035.530 Katabagemu 5.5 7 4 7.5 24.0 - NyPs06 10 10 0 44.0 7 Kiyombe 2.0 6 -3 8.5 13.5 - NyPs09 85026.571 Matimba 6.5 7 6 9.5 29.0 - NyPs07 8 5 -10 32.0 51 Mimuli 3.4 6 1 9.0 19.4 22,389 **Supplied by NYPs01(Gatunda) Mukama 3.0 6 0 7.5 16.5 19,796 **Supplied by NYPs01(Gatunda) Musheri 7.5 8 8 7.0 30.5 - NyPs08(+NyHp02) 10 5 -10 35.5 30 Nyagatare 30.5 - NyHp03 10 5 -10 35.5 30 Nyagatare 6.0 10 5 6.0 27.0 - NyPs02 25034.041 Rukomo 3.5 6 2 7.5 19.0 25,516 **Supplied by NYPs01(Gatunda) Rwempasha 8.0 9 9 3.4 29.4 - NyHpo4 2 5 0 36.4 27 Rwimiyaga 8.0 9 10 6.2 33.2 - NyHpo5 2 5 -10 30.2 65 Tabagwe 5.0 6 3 6.4 20.4 - NyPs03(+NyHp06) 2 5 0 27.4 70 Gasange 7.1 10 9 1.0 27.1 15,816 17.6 *GaPs01A 6 5 0 28.6 68 Gatsibo 2.1 6 -1 1.5 8.6 - GaPs03 8 5 0 21.6 73 8.6 - GaPs10 6 5 0 19.6 75 Gitoki 3.2 8 2 2.6 15.8 27,151 23.8 *GaPs04 6 5 -3 31.8 56 Kabarore 6.5 9 8 6.0 29.5 38,020 **Supplied by GaPs04 (Gitoki) Kageyo 4.7 9 4 6.0 23.7 - GaPs05 10 10 0 43.7 8 Kiramuruzi 2.2 7 -2 6.0 13.2 25,319 **Supplied by GaPs07 (Rugarama) Kiziguro 3.1 10 1 8.5 22.6 - GaPs06 2 5 0 29.6 67
Gatisbo Muhura 2.5 7 0 2.0 11.5 24,463 **Supplied by GaPs01A (Gasange) Murambi 1.6 7 -3 7.8 13.4 - GaPs08 2 5 0 20.4 74 Ngarama 4.3 8 3 9.8 25.1 - GaPs09(+GaHp01) 6 5 0 36.1 28 Nyagihanga 6.1 10 6 4.8 26.9 - GaPs02 6 5 0 37.9 20 Remera 6.4 9 7 7.1 29.5 - GaPs01 10 5 0 44.5 6 Rugarama 5.9 9 5 7.0 26.9 30,415 20.7 *GaPs07 2 5 0 27.7 69 Rwimbogo 7.2 10 10 7.5 34.7 - GaHp02 6 5 0 45.7 4 Gahini 2.0 9 -2 7.0 16.0 - KaPs01(+KaHp01) 6 0 0 22.0 72 Kabare 6.0 9 3 6.0 24.0 - KaPs04 6 0 0 30.0 66 24.0 - KaPs06 6 5 0 35.0 37 24.0 - KaPs05 6 5 0 35.0 37 24.0 - KaPs02 6 5 0 35.0 37 Kabarondo 4.0 10 5 7.8 26.8 - KaPs07 10 5 -3 38.8 14 Mukarange 8.0 9 7 8.1 32.1 - KaPs08 8 10 -3 47.1 3 Murama 9.5 10 2 9.0 30.5 - KaPs10 2 5 0 37.5 24 Murundi 9.0 10 8 4.8 31.8 - KaPs13 2 0 0 33.8 42 31.8 - KaPs12 2 0 0 33.8 42 Kayonza 31.8 - KaHp02 2 0 0 33.8 42 Mwiri 8.0 10 10 5.8 33.8 - KaPs14(+KaHp03) 2 0 0 35.8 29 Ndego 0.0 8 1 7.6 16.6 *Present coverage is sufficient, but can be covered by surrounding schemes in future Nyamirama 8.0 10 4 4.1 26.1 - KaPs15 6 5 0 37.1 25 Rukara 4.0 9 -1 7.8 19.8 - KaPs11 6 5 0 30.8 63 Ruramira 9.0 9 -3 6.6 21.6 - KaPs16 6 5 0 32.6 46 Rwinkwavu 4.0 10 9 5.2 28.2 - KaPs03 6 5 0 39.2 13 Fumbwe 8.8 6 9 4.3 28.1 *Covered by existing facilites and surrounding schemes Gahengeri 8.5 9 8 5.0 30.5 - RwPs01 6 0 0 36.5 26 Gishari 0.6 6 3 9.5 19.1 20,601 **Supplied by RwPs02 (Kigabiro) Karenge 2.0 9 -1 4.2 14.2 *Covered by existing facilites and surrounding schemes Kigabiro 0.3 6 -3 9.5 12.8 24,743 19.8 *RwPs02 6 5 0 30.8 62 Muhazi 0.8 9 0 9.0 18.8 28,685 **Supplied by RwPs02 (Kigabiro) Munyaga 1.0 6 7 9.9 23.9 *Covered by existing facilites and surrounding schemes Munyiginya 6.7 10 10 8.5 35.2 14,137 **Supplied by RwPs02 (Kigabiro) Musha 8.0 6 6 6.4 26.4 - RwPs04 8 5 0 39.4 12 Rwamagana Muyumbu 2.0 10 4 7.0 23.0 *Covered by existing facilites and surrounding schemes Mwurile 3.8 10 5 9.0 27.8 15,968 22.6 *RwPs03 6 0 -10 18.6 76 Nyakariro 2.0 10 2 5.5 19.5 *Covered by existing facilites and surrounding schemes Nzige 2.0 8 1 5.0 16.0 *Covered by existing facilites and surrounding schemes Rubona 7.0 10 -2 3.4 18.4 19,463 **Supplied by RwPs03 (Mwurile)
S9-2
Secteur-wise Point Application Scheme-wise Point Application Scheme-wise
Residents' Water Secteur Water Progress of Adjusted Necessity for Community Availability of Secteur Access Point Sub- Present Point Grand Development Development Imidugudu Point Sub- Master Plan Code Water Source Participation Other Water Order District Rate Total Population Total Needs Priority Resettlement Total Development in O&M Supply Plans Gashanda 2.7 9 10 9.7 31.4 - NgPs01 6 5 0 42.4 10 Jarama 2.7 10 8 9.4 30.1 19,663 28.0 *NgPs05 2 5 0 35.0 36 Karembo 2.6 8 7 9.6 27.2 *Supplied by Japanese Grant Aid Project Phase 2 Kazo 2.7 9 -1 9.8 20.5 - NgPs04 6 5 0 31.5 57 20.5 - NgPs03 6 5 0 31.5 57 20.5 - NgPs02 6 5 0 31.5 57 Kibungo 2.6 8 3 10.0 23.6 25,494 23.1 *NgPs08 6 5 0 34.1 40 Mugesera 2.6 10 -3 9.2 18.8 *Supplied by Japanese Grant Aid Project Phase 2 Murama 2.6 6 4 9.8 22.4 19,034 **Supplied by NgPs08 (Kibungo) Mutenderi 2.6 10 5 10.0 27.6 - NgPs09 6 5 0 38.6 18
Ngoma Remera 2.6 7 0 9.7 19.3 *Supplied by Japanese Grant Aid Project Phase 2 Rukira 2.7 9 6 10.0 27.7 - NgPs13 6 10 0 43.7 8 27.7 - NgPs11 6 5 0 38.7 15 27.7 - NgPs12 6 5 0 38.7 15 Rukumberi 2.7 10 9 9.5 31.2 22,359 **Supplied by NgPs05 (Jarama) Rurenge 2.7 10 -2 9.7 20.4 - NgPs14 6 5 0 31.4 60 20.4 - NgPs15 6 5 0 31.4 60 Sake 2.6 8 2 9.9 22.5 20,079 **Supplied by NgPs05 (Jarama) Zaza 2.7 7 1 9.6 20.3 - NgPs16 8 5 0 33.3 45 Gahara 7.2 8 2 8.7 25.9 *Supplied by Japanese Grant Aid Project Phase 2 Gatore 6.9 10 9 4.3 30.2 - KiPs04 6 5 0 41.2 11 Kigarama 6.8 6 -2 10.0 20.8 - KiPs08 6 5 0 31.8 52 20.8 - KiPs05 6 5 0 31.8 52 20.8 - KiPs06 6 5 0 31.8 52 20.8 - KiPs07 6 5 0 31.8 52 Kigina 8.5 9 8 8.9 34.4 - KiPs12 8 5 0 47.4 2 Kirehe 8.7 10 7 8.5 34.2 - KiPs02 2 5 -3 38.2 19 Mahama 8.3 10 4 10.0 32.3 - KiPs13 8 5 0 45.3 5 Mpanga 7.6 10 -3 9.5 24.1 - KiPs16 6 5 0 35.1 33 24.1 - KiPs14 6 5 0 35.1 33
Kirehe 24.1 - KiPs15 6 5 0 35.1 33 Musaza 6.7 10 5 10.0 31.7 - KiPs17 2 5 0 38.7 15 Mushikiri 9.5 10 10 8.9 38.4 - KiPs19 8 5 0 51.4 1 Nasho 6.1 8 -1 6.2 19.3 - KiPs22 8 5 0 32.3 48 19.3 - KiPs20 8 5 0 32.3 48 19.3 - KiPs21 8 5 0 32.3 48 Nyamugali 7.1 10 1 9.8 27.9 *Supplied by Japanese Grant Aid Project Phase 2 Nyarubuye 7.8 10 3 10.0 30.8 - KiPs23 2 5 0 37.8 21 30.8 - KiPs24 2 5 0 37.8 21 30.8 - KiPs25 2 5 0 37.8 21 Gashora 3.0 6 4 6.9 19.9 18,622 17.9 *BuPs01 2 0 -3 16.9 77 Juru 3.0 8 4 5.9 20.9 20,279 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Kamabuye 3.0 6 4 4.2 17.2 15,190 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Mareba 3.0 6 4 2.0 15.0 20,137 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Mayange 3.0 6 4 6.1 19.1 29,261 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Musenyi 3.0 6 4 4.4 17.4 19,368 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Mwogo 3.0 6 4 4.6 17.6 14,348 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Ngeruka 3.0 6 4 3.3 16.3 26,909 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Ntarama 3.0 6 4 4.9 17.9 11,616 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Bugesera Nyamata 3.0 6 4 5.3 18.3 23,087 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Nyarugenge 3.0 6 4 2.1 15.1 17,611 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Rilima 3.0 6 4 6.1 19.1 24,393 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Ruhuha 3.0 8 4 3.8 18.8 19,087 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Rweru 3.0 6 4 5.8 18.8 22,596 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) Shyara 3.0 6 4 2.8 15.8 11,510 **Insufficent area covered by BuPs01 (Gashora) N.B.: Concerning GaPs01 of Gatsibo District, when the master plan was formulated, the plan was to supply water to 3 secteurs of Remera, Muhura and Gasange. However, as a result of field surveys for priority projects, since a new water source was confirmed for Remera Secteur, this scheme will be called GaPs01, and the scheme to supply water to Muhura and Gasange Secteurs was given the code GaPs01A.
S9-3 Table S9-2 Priority Order of Water Supply Plans Order Master Plan Code District Water Source Scheme Type 1 KiPs19 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 2 KiPs12 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 3 KaPs08 Kayonza Groundwater Piped Type (Pumped) 4 GaHp02 Gatsibo Groundwater Handpump 5 KiPs13 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 6 GaPs01 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 7 NyPs06 Nyagatare Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 8 GaPs05 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 8 NgPs13 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Gravity+Pumped) 10 NgPs01 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 11 KiPs04 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 12 RwPs04 Rwamagana Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 13 KaPs03 Kayonza Groundwater Piped Type (Pumped) 14 KaPs07 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 15 NgPs11 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 15 NgPs12 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 15 KiPs17 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 18 NgPs09 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 19 KiPs02 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 20 GaPs02 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 21 KiPs23 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 21 KiPs24 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 21 KiPs25 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 24 KaPs10 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 25 KaPs15 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 26 RwPs01 Rwamagana Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 27 NyHp04 Nyagatare Groundwater Handpump Spring+ 28 GaPs09(+GaHp01) Gatsibo Groundwater Piped Type (Gravity)+ Handpump Spring+ 29 KaPs14(+KaHp03) Kayonza Groundwater Piped Type (Gravity)+ Handpump Spring+ 30 NyPs05(+NyHp01) Nyagatare Groundwater Piped Type (Gravity)+ Handpump River+ 30 NyPs08(+NyHp02) Nyagatare Groundwater Piped Type (Pumped)+ Handpump 30 NyHp03 Nyagatare Groundwater Handpump 33 KiPs14 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity+Pumped) 33 KiPs15 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity+Pumped) 33 KiPs16 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 36 NgPs05 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 37 KaPs02 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 37 KaPs05 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 37 KaPs06 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped)
S9-4 Order Master Plan Code District Water Source Scheme Type 40 NgPs08 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 41 NyPs02 Nyagatare Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 42 KaPs12 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 42 KaPs13 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 42 KaHp02 Kayonza Groundwater Handpump 45 NgPs16 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 46 KaPs16 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 47 NyPs01 Nyagatare Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 48 KiPs20 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 48 KiPs21 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 48 KiPs22 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 51 NyPs07 Nyagatare River Piped Type (Pumped) 52 KiPs05 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 52 KiPs06 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 52 KiPs07 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 52 KiPs08 Kirehe Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 56 GaPs04 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 57 NgPs02 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 57 NgPs03 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 57 NgPs04 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 60 NgPs14 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 60 NgPs15 Ngoma Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 62 RwPs02 Rwamagana Lake Piped Type (Pumped) 63 NyPs04 Nyagatare Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 63 KaPs11 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 65 NyHp05 Nyagatare Groundwater Handpump 66 KaPs04 Kayonza Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 67 GaPs06 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 68 GaPs01A Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 69 GaPs07 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Gravity) Spring+ 70 NyPs03(+NyHp06) Nyagatare Groundwater Piped Type (Gravity)+ Handpump 71 NyPs09 Nyagatare River Piped Type (Gravity) Spring+ 72 KaPs01(+KaHp01) Kayonza Groundwater Piped Type (Pumped)+ Handpump 73 GaPs03 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Gravity) 74 GaPs08 Gatsibo Spring Piped Type (Pumped) 75 GaPs10 Gatsibo River Piped Type (Pumped) 76 RwPs03 Rwamagana Spring Piped Type (Pumped+Gravity) 77 BuPs01 Bugesera Lake Piped Type (Pumped) Priority Project Spring+ - Extension Plan 5 Districts Groundwater Piped Type (Pumped+Gravity)
S9-5 S10. UNIT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION COSTS 1 Intake Facility (spring) No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 480.7 4,000 1,922,800 2 Reinforced concrete dam wall m3 34 200,000 6,800,000 3 Clay for collecting weir m3 75 20,000 1,500,000 4 Intake pipe PVC110 m 100 4,500 450,000 5 Gravel 4-25mm m3 40.8 30,000 1,224,000 6 Coarse sand m3 40.8 24,000 979,200 7 Clay above sand m3 20.4 20,000 408,000 8 Sheeting m2 204 500 102,000 9 Outlet Pipe PVC110 m 20 3,250 65,000 TOTAL 13,451,000
2 Intake Facility (river) No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 76.5 4,000 306,000 2 Crushed stone m3 4.2 30,000 126,000 3 Reinforced concrete dam wall m3 22.5 200,000 4,500,000 4 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 1.6 50,000 80,000 5 Reinforced concrete wall and slab 350kg/m3 m3 35.5 200,000 7,100,000 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 10.5 5,000 52,500 7 Plastering exterior wall m2 5.75 4,000 23,000 8 Epoxy coating m2 14.01 5,500 77,055 9 Outlet Pipe PVC110 m 20 3,250 65,000 10 Steel manhole cover 60cmx60cm LS 1 65,000 65,000 11 Ladder 1m LS 1 40,000 40,000 12 Valve box type A LS 1 375,400 375,400 13 Gabion walls LS 1 1,250,000 1,250,000 TOTAL 14,059,955
4 Storage Tank : 5m3 No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 2.46 4,000 9,840 2 Crushed stone m3 0.82 30,000 24,600 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.2 50,000 10,000 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 0.5 200,000 100,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 6.39 60,000 383,400 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 14.01 5,000 70,050 7 Mortar joint for exterior wall m2 17.93 1,500 26,895 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 0.2 200,000 40,000 9 Reinforced concrete column 350kg/m3 m3 0.28 200,000 56,000 10 Epoxy coating m2 14.01 5,500 77,055 11 Ladder, manhole cover and ventilation pipe LS 1 150,000 150,000 12 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 13 Valve box type A LS 1 375,400 375,400 TOTAL 1,383,240
5 Storage Tank : 50m3 No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 19.56 4,000 78,240 2 Crushed stone m3 6.52 30,000 195,600 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 1.63 50,000 81,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 4 200,000 800,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 18.98 60,000 1,138,800 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 44.3 5,000 221,500 7 Mortar joint for exterior wall m2 50.58 1,500 75,870 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 2 200,000 400,000 9 Reinforced concrete column 350kg/m3 m3 2.41 200,000 482,000 10 Epoxy coating m2 44.3 5,500 243,650 11 Ladder, manhole cover and ventilation pipe LS 1 150,000 150,000 12 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 13 Valve box type A LS 1 375,400 375,400 TOTAL 4,302,560
S10-1 S10. UNIT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION COSTS 6 Storage Tank : 100m3 No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 38 4,000 152,000 2 Crushed stone m3 12.7 30,000 381,000 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 3.17 50,000 158,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 11 200,000 2,200,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 26.63 60,000 1,597,800 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 62.65 5,000 313,250 7 Mortar joint for exterior wall m2 70.5 1,500 105,750 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 5 200,000 1,000,000 9 Reinforced concrete column 350kg/m3 m3 12.04 200,000 2,408,000 10 Epoxy coating m2 62.65 5,500 344,575 11 Ladder, manhole cover and ventilation pipe LS 1 150,000 150,000 12 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 13 Valve box type A LS 1 375,400 375,400 TOTAL 9,246,275
7 Storage Tank : 200m3 No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 75.2 4,000 300,800 2 Crushed stone m3 22.4 30,000 672,000 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 5.95 50,000 297,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 29.7 200,000 5,940,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 36.4 60,000 2,184,000 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 87.73 5,000 438,650 7 Mortar joint for exterior wall m2 98.7 1,500 148,050 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 11.4 200,000 2,280,000 9 Reinforced concrete column 350kg/m3 m3 25.5 200,000 5,100,000 10 Epoxy coating m2 87.73 5,500 482,515 11 Ladder, manhole cover and ventilation pipe LS 1 150,000 150,000 12 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 13 Valve box type A LS 1 375,400 375,400 TOTAL 18,428,915
8 Storage Tank : 300m3 No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 112.6 4,000 450,400 2 Crushed stone m3 35.9 30,000 1,077,000 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 9.02 50,000 451,000 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 18.7 200,000 3,740,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 44.2 60,000 2,652,000 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 105.4 5,000 527,000 7 Mortar joint for exterior wall m2 119 1,500 178,500 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 28.9 200,000 5,780,000 9 Reinforced concrete column 350kg/m3 m3 39.3 200,000 7,860,000 10 Epoxy coating m2 105.4 5,500 579,700 11 Ladder, manhole cover and ventilation pipe LS 1 150,000 150,000 12 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 13 Valve box type A LS 1 375,400 375,400 TOTAL 23,881,000
S10-2 S10. UNIT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION COSTS 9 Pump house No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 37.5 4,000 150,000 2 Marking m2 5.4 2,800 15,120 3 Excavation of foundation m3 4.8 1,500 7,200 4 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.4 50,000 20,000 5 Foundation stones bound in cement m3 8.7 80,000 696,000 7 Roofing m 20.4 2,500 51,000 8 Brick masonry m3 4.2 120,000 504,000 9 Ventilation block m2 14 500 7,000 10 Reinforced concrete lintel m3 4.2 120,000 504,000 11 Steel door pc 1 80,000 80,000 12 Steel roof truss pc 4 30,000 120,000 13 Steel purlin m 52 10,000 520,000 14 Corrosion prevention for truss m2 48.32 8,000 386,560 15 Profiled steel roofing m2 42.6 12,000 511,200 16 Plastering internal walls m2 72.6 8,000 580,800 17 Plastering exterior walls m2 72.6 8,000 580,800 18 Underpaving stone m3 7.2 50,000 360,000 19 Concrete pavement m3 4.8 200,000 960,000 20 Plasterwork for pavement m2 2 80,000 160,000 21 Sheet metal m 28 3,000 84,000 22 Emulsion paint for door and roof m2 9.38 8,000 75,040 TOTAL 6,372,720
10 Break pressure Tank No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 2 5,000 10,000 2 Crushed stone m3 1 30,000 30,000 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.25 50,000 12,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 0.75 200,000 150,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 3.8 60,000 228,000 6 Plastering internal walls with waterproofing m2 5.2 5,000 26,000 7 Plastering internal walls m2 6.98 4,000 27,920 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 0.34 200,000 68,000 9 Ladder and manhole cover LS 1 75,000 75,000 10 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 TOTAL 687,420
11 Valve box A No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 2 4,000 8,000 2 Crushed stone m3 0.55 30,000 16,500 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.13 50,000 6,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 0.26 200,000 52,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 0.9 60,000 54,000 6 Plastering exterior walls m2 5.6 5,000 28,000 7 Mortar joint for internal wall m2 3.6 1,500 5,400 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 0.15 200,000 30,000 9 Steel manhole cover 60cmx60cm LS 1 65,000 65,000 10 Ladder 1m LS 1 40,000 40,000 11 GI pipe 2" LS 1 10,000 10,000 12 Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 TOTAL 375,400
S10-3 S10. UNIT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION COSTS 12 Valve box B No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 2.2 4,000 8,800 2 Crushed stone m3 0.66 30,000 19,800 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.16 50,000 8,000 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 0.32 200,000 64,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 1.1 60,000 66,000 6 Plastering exterior walls m2 6.4 5,000 32,000 7 Mortar joint for internal wall m2 4.8 1,500 7,200 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 0.18 200,000 36,000 9 Steel manhole cover 60cmx60cm LS 1 65,000 65,000 10 Ladder 1m LS 1 40,000 40,000 11 GI pipe 2" LS 1 10,000 10,000 12 Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 TOTAL 416,800
13 Valve box C No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 3.3 4,000 13,200 2 Crushed stone m3 1 30,000 30,000 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.25 50,000 12,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 0.5 200,000 100,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 1.7 60,000 102,000 6 Plastering exterior walls m2 8.64 5,000 43,200 7 Mortar joint for internal wall m2 6.72 1,500 10,080 8 Reinforced concrete slab 350kg/m3 m3 0.29 200,000 58,000 9 Steel manhole cover 60cmx60cm LS 1 65,000 65,000 10 Ladder 1m LS 1 40,000 40,000 11 GI pipe 300mm LS 1 27,500 27,500 12 Valves and accessories LS 1 60,000 60,000 TOTAL 561,480
14 Public Tap Stand (2 Taps) No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 Earthwork m3 2.7 5,000 13,500 2 Crushed stone m3 1.45 30,000 43,500 3 Leveling concrete 150kg/m3 m3 0.37 50,000 18,500 4 Reinforced concrete foundation 350kg/m3 m3 0.96 200,000 192,000 5 Rubble masonry for wall m3 1.6 60,000 96,000 6 Plastering interior and exterior walls m2 4 5,000 20,000 7 Steel cover of valve box LS 2 25,000 50,000 8 Pipes, Valves and accessories LS 1 30,000 30,000 9 Talbolt taps and accessories pc 2 40,000 80,000 10 Water meter pc 1 20,000 20,000 TOTAL 563,500
15 Piping work No. Nature of work Specification Unit Qty. Unit Price [Frw] Total Price [Frw] 1 CIP300 m 1000 20,000 20,000,000 2 PVC90 and accessories PN16 m 1000 6,166 6,166,000 3 PVC110 and accessories PN10 m 1000 5,900 5,900,000 4 PVC50 and accessories PN10 m 1000 2,800 2,800,000 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0
LS: lump sum pc: piece
S10-4 S11. PRIORITY PROJECT EXTENSION PLAN
Although the design year for priority projects is set at 2015, the master plan target year is 2020 and the population is expected to grow during the 5 years from 2015 to 2020. Therefore, in order to achieve 100% water supply coverage for 2020, construction works for additional public tap stands including pipe extensions and installation of valves are needed. The population growth during the 5 years period when the extension works are needed is as follows.
Table S11-1 Design Service Population Growth from 2015 to 2020 Priority Covered Population (pers) Design Service Population District Project Code Secteur 2015 2020 2015 2020 Difference PP01 Kirehe Mushikiri 26,271 28,920 11,559 12,725 1,166 PP02 Kirehe Kigina 24,923 27,436 12,462 13,718 1,256 PP03 Kayonza Mukarange 27,857 30,666 20,335 22,386 2,051 PP04 Gatsibo Rwimbogo 32,422 35,691 1,341 1,428 87 PP05 Kirehe Mahama 21,454 23,617 18,450 20,311 1,861 PP06 Gatsibo Remera 26,701 29,393 15,220 16,754 1,534 PP07 Nyagatare Katabagemu 35,356 38,921 20,506 22,574 2,068 PP08 Gatsibo Kageyo 21,809 24,008 13,085 14,405 1,320 PP09 Ngoma Rukira 24,375 26,833 9,750 10,733 983 PP10 Ngoma Gashanda 15,179 16,709 15,179 16,709 1,530 Total 256,347 282,194 137,887 151,743 13,856
Cost estimates needed for extension works on additional public tap stands to meet the design water supply population for the master plan target year of 2020 are shown below. Since the locations of the public tap stands cannot be specified at this stage, calculations were made by assuming 10m branch lines of PVC63mm from the distribution main passing through valve boxes.
Table S11-2 Cost Estimate for Necessary Extensions until Target Year 2020 Unit: 1000Frw Public Tap Stand Valve Box Branch Pipe (PVC63) Covered Secteur Cost Estimate Q’ty Cost Q’ty Cost Q’ty [m] Cost Mushikiri 3 4,905 3 1,860 30 90 6,810 Kigina 3 4,905 3 1,860 30 90 6,810 Mukarange 5 8,175 5 3,100 50 150 11,350 Rwimbogo (The 2015 plan can cover the design water supply population for 2020） Mahama 4 6,540 4 2,480 40 120 9,080 Remera 4 6,540 4 2,480 40 120 9,080 Katabagemu 5 8,175 5 3,100 50 150 11,350 Kageyo 3 4,905 3 1,860 30 90 6,810 Rukira 3 4,905 3 1,860 30 90 6,810 Gashanda 4 6,540 4 2,480 40 120 9,080 Total 77,180
S11-1 S12. PLAN FOR OUT OF SCOPE WATER USE
S12.1 Livestock Watering
The target for water supply planning of this study is rural residents, and livestock watering is not in the scope of this planning. However in Eastern Province, livestock breeding is given importance which requires livestock watering. RARDA (Rwanda Animal Resources Development Authority) reported that the number of cattle in the country for 2008 was 1,194,895 heads and 466,083 head in Eastern Province. Also, from information of MINAGRI on livestock head counts from 2000 to 2008, the cattle growth rate for 2004 to 2008 was 4.4%, and RARDA and MINAGRI has agreed on using this growth rate as the rate for prediction in the design years of this study. Therefore, the design livestock count for the design year is predicted as follows.
Livestock Head Count Predictions for Eastern Province No. of Livestock Livestock Growth Head Count Prediction Head Count Prediction (Cattle) in 2008 Rate (%) for 2015 for 2020
466,083 4.4 630,038 781,393
Source: Calculated by Study Team based on data from RARDA and MINAGRI
Furthermore, according to RARDA, the unit water consumption rates of cattle are 80 l/head/day during the dry season and 10 l/head/day in the rainy season. Since the dry season of Eastern Province is 3 months from June to August, the average annual unit consumption rate is assumed to be about 28 l/head/day. Therefore, the required amounts of water for cattle are calculated as follows.
Livestock Water Supply Rate Predictions for Eastern Province Unit Livestock Water Water Supply Rate Water Supply Rate Supply Rate (%) Prediction for 2015 Prediction for 2020
28 l/head/day 17,641 m3/day 21,879 m3/day Source: Calculated by Study Team based on data from RARDA
In 2020, the requirement for water supply to the residents of the Eastern Province is about 53 thousand m3/day, and if the water supply needed for livestock watering of about 22 thousand m3/day as shown above is added, the total amount (about 75 thousand m3/day) can be assured with the water
S12-1 source potential of Eastern Province of about 270 thousand m3/day. Therefore, appropriate planning for livestock watering is needed. However, since areas around livestock watering places are susceptible to contamination from dung and urine, these must be separated from human water fetching points.
S12.2 Rainwater Harvesting
Since assurance of an annually stable supply of rainwater is difficult and rainwater contains dust and debris, rainwater is not appropriate for direct drinking, and therefore, the use of rainwater harvesters will not be included in the scope of planning for this study. However, use as domestic water source for purposes other than drinking, or as promotion material for sanitation activities such as handwashing and cleaning are recommended.
If rainwater is to be used as an alternative water source, gutters must be installed on roofs of houses and a tank must be installed to collect and store the rainwater. For a filtering effect, placing gravel in the collecting tank is recommended. However, for assurance of safe water, the scum (impurities remaining as a result of the filtering process) developed on top of the filtering material (gravel) must be periodically removed. Moreover, frequent cleaning of the collecting tank interior and periodic replacement of the filter material is also recommended.
As promotion material for sanitation activities, for example, a rainwater collecting tank is installed in the premise of a school and a facility to supply water from taps should be installed near the tank, and if possible near toilets. This can be used as a sanitation educational material where students are sensitized to always wash hands with water and soap after using the toilet. Rainwater can also be used for cleansing and washing purposes for the students. To maintain this behavior in students, pilot activities are being carried out in the technical cooperation project as part of sanitation education and sanitation promotion activities..
Also, hand washing facilities using rainwater can be installed next to public toilets or individual toilets to be used as promotional material to sensitize residents on sanitation awareness activities. Sensibilization activities can also include the use of rainwater for cleansing and washing purposes as means of sanitation practices. In the sanitation promotion activities to residents being conducted by the technical cooperation project, the use of rainwater is promoted.
S12-2