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Effects of Fertilizer use on Production in Western Rwanda

Authors:Aristide Maniriho*1 ,Cyprien Habyarimana2

*Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

1School of Economics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda 2School of Economics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda

Abstract

This study analysed the effects of fertilizer use on potato production in Kabatwa Sector, Nyabihu District, in Western Rwanda. Data were collected among 100 potato growers randomly selected in Kabatwa sector for the season 2014B. A well structured questionnaire was distributed in August 2014, and required information about the respondent’s identification, fertilizer use, potato production and related constraints. The paired-samples T-test was used for data analysis. The results show that fertilizers have positive effects on potato output. The results from the paired-samples t-test show that the difference between the average crop production after and the average crop production before the adoption of fertilizers in the study area (1,155 kgs) is statistically different from zero following that the corresponding p-value (labelled Sig. 2-tailed) is smaller than 0.05. Accordingly, there has been a statistically significant difference between the potato output level comparing before and after fertilizer use in the study area. It was recommended that the Government should enhance fertilizer accessibility through credit facility to farmers, facilitate access to proximity extension services and encourage farmers to group into cooperatives.

Key words: fertilizer use, potato production, paired-samples T-test, Rwanda

JEL Classification Codes: D60; O13; O18; Q13; R20

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1. Introduction subsistence , especially

The need to meet ever increasing women. This sector contributes to 36% of nutrition demands of the expanding the GDP besides contributing to about human populations makes sustainable 70% of the country’s export revenue. agriculture and agro-based sectors a front Land resource has been considered the burner environmental and social most important factor of production, development issue in sub-Saharan Africa. backbone of the and the basis of security concerns are currently survival for the entire population escalating in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) generating about 90% of food stuffs due to poor management practices on required in the country. The population the fragile (Omotayo & Chukwuka, growth of Rwanda is already threatening 2009). the position of agriculture as the backbone of the economy and the basic Rwanda is a country with a population source of livelihood (MINAGRI, 2009). density estimated at 416 people per square kilometer (NISR, 2012) with Consequent to the Genocide against the 16.7% of the population staying in urban Tutsis in 1994, the country was almost areas, while 83.3% stays in the rural entirely dependent on emergency grants areas. In addition, sixty percent (60%) of and a post-conflict reconstruction plan the population is below the line. financed by international donors. In 1998, Like other countries in the region which the government agreed on an Enhanced have suffered years of intense conflict, Structural Adjustment Facility and, with Rwanda’s economy has been virtually the onset of relative peace, the economy destroyed. Ethnic conflicts have erupted has improved to some extent (Bingen and several times since 1990 culminating in Munyankusi, 2002). Whereas Rwanda deaths of hundred thousands of citizens in agriculture has seen growth in the recent 1994. past, the 2010 Government of Rwanda (GoR) leadership retreat asserted that Rwandan economy is in a quasi-exclusive “Agriculture is not fulfilling its potential dependence on agriculture with 91.1% of for increasing the gross domestic product the population engaged in mainly (GDP) and reducing the trade deficit”.

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Thus it is imperative to understand the systems becomes a tangible approach for need for enhancing sustainability of increasing food production in the country agricultural practices if agriculture is (Cantore, 2011). Nutrients are very going to fulfill its potential for increasing important for plant growth, crop farming GDP. Enhancing agricultural productivity and production of safe food stuffs, and preventing food insecurity in Rwanda especially when organic and chemical will rely on incorporating environmental fertilizers are combined (Chen, 2006). sustainability interventions into the Globally, while enhancing crop planning process to ensure that production, the Green Revolution proved investments are adequately allocated to to be unsustainable as it damaged the address environmental priorities within environment, caused dramatic loss of the relevant sectors. biodiversity and associated traditional For these reasons, it is very important to knowledge, favored wealthier farmers, evaluate agricultural policies in and left many poor farmers deeper in debt developing countries from a sustainability (Altieri, 2009). In the face of such global perspective. The recent Crop trends, the concepts of food sovereignty Intensification Program (CIP) policy in and ecologically based production Rwanda is aimed at boosting agricultural systems have gained much attention in productivity through an improvement of the last two decades (Altieri, 2009). productive inputs use, coverage Maintaining and improving soil quality is and soil quality. Large improvements in crucial if agricultural productivity and the productivity of food crops are environmental quality are to be sustained required to support the growing rural and for future generations (Reeves, 1997). urban population in Rwanda (Cantore, The productivity of the soil is largely 2011). Productivity is a function of the determined by its fertility, which in turn usage of improved inputs such as seeds, is dependent on rootable soil depth and fertilizers, water and machineries. Owing the nutrients stored in its mineral and to the limited land resources and the organic constituents (Vlek et al., 1997). effects of demographic pressure on land, the intensification of existing production

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Productivity gains with an increase in the far remote areas are critical for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) pool are large, the use of fertilizers (Cantore, 2011). especially when combined with judicious This paper attempts to assess the input of fertilizers, irrigation and other contribution of fertilizer adoption to amendments (Lal, 2006). The indirect potato production in rural areas of effects of fertilization practices acting Rwanda. More specifically, this study through changes in the nutrient aims to analyze the effects of fertilizer composition of the crop have been application to potato cropping and reported to influence plant resistance to farmers’ livelihood in Kabatwa Sector, many insect pests (Altieri & Nicholls, Nyabihu District, Western Rwanda. 2003).

The recent efforts made in Rwanda by the 2. Literature Review Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Fertilizer adoption and in Resources (MINAGRI) under a flagship the world of Crop Intensification Program (CIP) have revealed the potential of achieving According to Lok Sanjh Foundation food security. The subsidized low prices (2007), manufactured fertilizers were of inputs and the facilitation of supplying introduced to European agriculture in the inputs through the program have eased middle of the 19th century, after the the access to inputs by farmers across all discovery of the principles of plant areas of the country. To ensure that the nutrition. In the 1830’s, it was discovered accessibility will prevail in the absence of that minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus such interventions, it is important to elicit and potassium were plant nutrients. The a genuine demand for the inputs from the scientist reprted that these mineral plant farmers. The demand for inputs shall be nutrients originated from mineralized raised by convincing the smallholder plant residues and other organic soil farmers through demonstrations of the materials. It was concluded that a profitability of their use and through deficiency of any single nutrient was aggressive extension services. Wider enough to limit crop yield. distribution networks that would reach the

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The value of fertilizers was demonstrated (2002) maintains that intensive in the world’s first agricultural field trials farming by women in Calabar urban in at Rothamsted in the UK. These trials the southeastern zone of Nigeria is continue to provide valuable information associated with food security measures in fertilizer efficiency, with the long term for their households. Given their trial on the Broadbalk site in continuous importance, it implies that reducing the existence since 1856. Jia (2009) points use of fertilizers may result in a threat to out that enhancing agricultural food security. To enhance increase in the productivity in developing countries is utilization of fertilizers by the rural crucial to ease the tension of increased farmers and therefore ensure food population and haunting concern on food security, the following measures are security. In contrast, IRIN (2010) pertinent. observes that farmers in Nepal face acute The role of fertilizers in crop production shortage fertilizers, which may impair All plants need nutrients for growth. They food security programs; a similar must obtain these nutrients from the soil situation is in Nigeria and other African or other medium in which they’re countries. growing. Gardeners can also provide However, CTA (2000) states that despite supplemental nutrients to plants by the huge amounts of public funds from applying fertilizers in the form of internal sources invested to increase composted organic material, packaged productivity levels through improved fertilizer, or a specific mineral such as product and processing technologies, iron. Soils and plants need so many more sluggish growth in many countries still nutrients than Nitrogen, Phosphorus and persists. Similarly, scientists have made Potassium (also called NPK). But more in-depth studies on most areas of research has shown that it is these three food and agriculture to alert farmers, that are the primary nutrients needed to governments, policymakers, industries produce bigger yields. To the farmer, and financial houses and donor agencies with all the expenses involved in farming, to engage in food production to avert coupled together with low crop prices, if crisis of hunger and malnutrition. Bassey

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he doesn’t produce larger yields, he very crop and they need to be replaced. The well won’t be able to make enough nutrients in the soil reserves and from money to stay in business (Berry et al., organic manures are not sufficient, 2003). mineral fertilizers provide the additional

Fertilizers, either organic or inorganic, input required for increasing crop yields. maintain soil fertility and productivity Yield increase has followed the increase through supplying/replacing essential in world population and must continue to plant nutrients and therefore make a vital do so if hunger is to be avoided (Garcia et contribution to economic crop production. al., 1990). Cultivated soils do not usually contain Plants have varying nutrient needs, sufficient amounts of plant nutrients for depending on the species, the age of the high and sustained crop yields. plant, and its location. It is not always Harvesting crops removes nutrients and if necessary to fertilize your plants or lawn, they are not replaced (through use of but if you choose to fertilize, it is fertilizers) soil mining results, yields will important that you do so properly. Too diminish, and crops will develop much fertilizer can weaken a plant, deficiency symptoms and in extreme promote disease, and invite pests, in cases, fail altogether. Fertilizers are addition to wasting money and harming necessary to support affordable and the environment. Appropriate use of sustainable agriculture. Yara has a range fertilizer contributes to good agricultural of fertilizer products to provide those practice. Mineral fertilizer applications nutrients in short supply. Optimal can increase soil organic matter through fertilizer application with the correct higher levels of root mass and crop balance of nutrients is required to ensure residues. However, incorrect agricultural the economic production of both high practices may diminish soil fertility even yielding and high quality crops. Crop where fertilizers are used: Increased growth and yield are governed by yields increase nutrient removal, and climatic conditions and the availability of those nutrients must be replaced. Poor water and plant nutrients. At harvest, rotations, with little or no return of crop nutrients are removed from the soil by the residues or manures can result in reduced

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soil organic matter content and soil including agro-processing, is expected to fertility. Fertilizers do not cause such grow from current levels of 14 per cent to changes, but can mask soil deterioration 26 per cent of GDP (Republoc of for some time. (Garcia et al., 1990). Rwanda, 2000). The use of fertilizer is

Overview of agriculture and fertilizer likely to increase in future as the challenges in Rwanda government has taken a policy decision to subsidize it and improve distribution The agricultural sector has been given a through the use of private sector. In 2007 high priority in the government’s about 21,600 tons of mineral fertilizers planning for development. The current were ordered and 13,260 tones were national thrust is for the sector to move received and distributed. About 4,200 from subsistence to commercial mode of tons of mineral fertilizers were distributed production. This strategy aims to increase under crops intensification program household incomes and lead to a 50 per (MINAGRI, 2008). Further, the main cent reduction in poverty over twenty crops fertilized include tea, potato, rice, years (MINAGRI, 2009). With its , and . The main types of projected contribution to economic fertilizers used are NPK 17-17-17 on growth, modernization of agriculture is potato, maize, , and ; seen as one of the six pillars of Vision NPK 25-5-5 on tea; NPK 20-10-10 on 2020 along with sustainable land-use ; urea on maize, rice, and wheat; management and basic infrastructure and DAP on maize, rice, and wheat. Kelly (Republic of Rwanda, 2000). Agriculture and Nyirimana (2002) estimated that less is also explicitly recognized in the than 5% of farmers use fertilizer on less EDPRS as one of the four priority sectors than 3 percent of cultivable land area in that will both stimulate economic Rwanda. The current fertilizer application expansion and make the greatest rate in Rwanda is among the lowest in contribution to poverty reduction Africa. Average fertilizer use intensity (Republic of Rwanda, 2007). By 2020, amount to a mere 8 kilograms of nutrients agriculture is envisaged to contribute 33 per hectare compared to the Continent per cent to GDP whereas industry, and Asia average of 10 and 148 kilograms

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per hectare, respectively. The results of Located in the Western Province of decades of studies and assessments Rwanda and in the west part of the (IFDC, 2007; Bingen and Munyankusi, country, Nyabihu District has 12 sectors 2002; Kelly et al, 2003) into the fertilizer that are Bigogwe, Jenda, Jomba, situation in Rwanda indicate that the low Kabatwa, Karago, Kintobo, Mukamira, fertilizer use and application rates are a Mulinga, Rambura, Rugera, Rurembo, result of several demand and supply-side and Shyira. These areas are themselves constraints. divided into 73 cells and 473 villages. Taking into account its administrative 3. Materials and Methods limits, in the north there is Musanze

Presentation of the study area, sample district and the Virunga National Park, and data which separates it with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the South, The Republic of Rwanda is located in there is Ngororero and Rutsiro Districts, East-Central Africa between latitudes and in the East there is Gakenke and 1°04’ and 2°51’ South and longitudes Musanze Districts. Finally, in the West 28°45’ and 31°15’ East. It is the 149th there is . largest country on the Earth, and the fourth smallest in Africa. It is divided into Its geographical relief is characterized by five provinces (Kigali City, Southern, 90% rugged mountains with a slope of Western, Northern and Eastern more than 55% creating a high risk of provinces), 30 districts, and 416 erosion so that the need for the administrative sectors. Administrative establishment of effective mechanisms sectors are also subdivided into cells, for control and prevention of erosion and which in turn are divided into villages. other harms associated with climate With the size of 26,338 square change is very high. The characteristic of kilometers, it is bordered by the the soil is sandy and clay, laterite and Democratic Republic of the Congo to the volcanic and is very fertile. Precipitation West, Uganda to the North, Tanzania to is almost uniform over every month and the East, and Burundi to the South. close to 1400 mm per year. It has a temperate climate with an average

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temperature of 150 C favorable for the of the soil. However, there is a scarcity of growth of the agro-pastoral products land because, according EICV3, 50% of throughout the year with less risk of the population has an area less than 0.3 development of bacteria and diseases. ha. Agricultural food, industrial and

The economy of the Nyabihu District is ornamental products are grown heavily dependent on subsistence extensively. For food, there are Irish agriculture, where the majority of potatoes, corn, beans, wheat and households are smallholders. and vegetables as well. For cash crops, Approximately 74%, or 105,672 people in there are tea, coffee, pyrethrum and 143 000 of the population of the district, patchouli that contribute to economic derive their income from the exploitation development and household welfare improvement (Nyabihu District, 2013).

Figure 1. Map of Nyabihu District showing Kabatwa Sector Source: Nyabihu District (2013); www.nyabihu.gov.rw accessed on November 16, 2015 at 9:47 am.

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This study was conducted in Kabatwa respondents. Subsequently, a semi- Sector, Nyabihu District, Western structured questionnaire was administered province. Kabatwa is one of 12 sectors of and the collected information was related Nyabihu District as depicted by Figure 1. to season 2014 B compared to the The geographical coverage of this sector situation before the adoption of fertilizers. 2 is estimated to 52 km , with a population Method of data analysis of 18,951 inhabitants and the population Besides descriptive statistics, inferential 2 density is 364 inhabitants per km (NISR, statistics were used to test whether there 2012). With fertile volcanic soil, the exist a statistically significant different major food and cash crops include potato, between two mean scores of the same corn, vegetables, and pyrethrum. Even group at two different points in time. In though the land is normally fertile, this line, a paired sample t-test was used farmers area stiil producing at low level to determine if there is a difference far from the potential yield. It is therefore between mean scores and whether or not very crucial to enhance land productivity that difference is statistically significant to meet the needs of increasing or different from zero (Jackson, 2009; population conditional upon proper Singh, 2006; Hurst, 1995). The paired agricultural practices. sample statistic t is given by the Formula With the intent of data collection, the 2. sample size was determined using the  Yamane’s (1967) formula. The formula is d d t    ------2 2 set as follows: nd 2  d  S / n N n 1 n  ------Formula (1) 1 N(e)2 Formula (2) where n is the sample size, N the  d population of study, and e the precision where is the mean difference between 2 level. for sample size determination. two samples, S stands for the sample n n 1 Applying the formula (1) to N=18 951 variance, is the sample size, is the t and e=0.10, we get n=99.48, which was degree of freedom, and is the paired rounded up to get a sample of 100 samples t-test. This technique was used

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just to compare mean scores of potato potato production. The research results yields considering two points in time, that indicate that 94% of the respondents have is, before and after the practice of confirmed that fertlizers have positive fertilizer among potato growers in the effects on potato production in the study area of study. area, whereas a small number of only 4% reported that there is no effect of

4. Results and discussion fertilizers on potato production. The former have reported that fertilizers have Farmers’ perceptions on fertilizers’ enhanced the increase in potato effects on potato production production, whereas the latter have said The table 1 summarises the farmers’ that the use of fertlizers has not induced perceptions on the effect of fertilizers on the increase in potato production.

Table 1: Farmers’ perceptions on fertilizers’ effects on potato production Farmers’ perception on fertilizers’ effects Frequency Percent Cumulative percent Increase in potato production 96 96.0 96.0 No increase in potato production 4 4.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 -

Fertilizers are not used for fun but Comparison between production before because people (farmers) hope that and production after the adoption of fertilizers increase the productivity of the fertilizers soil. There is always a hope for higher Following the information contained in output when fertilizers are applied than the table 5, the average potato production when the farmer cultivates the land or output after application of the naturally. On the same piece and size of fertilizers (2,055 kgs) was much higher land, the farmers provided information on than the average potato production before their production before and after the the application of fertilizers (900 kgs). application of fertilizers.

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In the attempt of comparison of the (1,155 kgs) is statistically different from production levels before and after the zero following that the corresponding p- adoption of fertilizers to determine value (as observed in last column of the whether the average potato productions table 2 labelled Sig. 2-tailed) is 0, that is before and after the adoption of fertilizers smaller than 0.05. This also confirms the are statistically different, a paired- information contained in the table 5 samples t-test was conducted. The results indicating that the average production from the paired-samples t-test in the table after the adoption of fertilizers (2,055 2 show that the difference between the kgs) is greater than the average average potato production after and the production before (900 kgs). The t-test average potato production before the shows that the former average is adoption of fertilizers in the study area statistically different frm the latter.

Table 2: Paired-samples t-test of potato production before and after the application of fertilizers 95% Confidence Parameter Mean Std. Interval of the T-test Df Sig. Dev. Difference (2-tailed) Lower Upper Potato production after fertilizer use – Potato 1155 35.32 1084.9 1225.1 32.7 99 0.0000 production before fertilizer use

The major problems related to fertilizer utilisation

While analyzing the major problems farmers and suppliers (30%), late delivery linked to fertilizer use in the study area, of fertilizers to the farmers by the the respondents reported that the cost of is suppliers (10%), insufficient knowledge high (34%), the long distance between of the correct use of fertilizers (10%), and

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land fragmentation or exploitation of small plots (10%). The constraints of the the best use of fertilizers are well described in the table 3.

Table 3: Constraints of fertilizers utilization among potato growers Constraints identified Frequency Percent Cumulative percent High cost of fertilizers 34 34.0 34.0 Long distance to fertilizer market 30 30.0 64.0 Late delivery by suppliers 10 10.0 74.0 Insufficient knowledge on appropriate use of 10 10.0 84.0 fertilizers Land fragmentation (small plots) 16 16.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 -

Discussion of the findings productivity gains come from the The results of this study revealed that appropriate use of fertilizers, and Chen potato growers have positive perceptions (2006) who underlined the role of of the effects of fertilizer practice on chemical fertilizers for the plant growth. potato production. This may be due to the This is also in line with Cantore’s (2011) fact that they have observed an increase finding that improved inputs are among in potato yields. This finding sustain the primary determinants of productivity. Marenya et al. (2008) who specified that Thes results also support Maniriho and the farmer’s perception on fertilizer Bizoza (2018) whose study revealed that practice is primarily driven by observed the fertilizers are among the primary crop yields. Another majour finding is drivers to scale up the crop production. that the practice of fertilizer contributed The last finding is that the high cost is the to significant increase in potato challenge that hinders the potato growers production in the study area. This to practice appropriately the fertilizers on supports Lal (2006) who stated that their lands. The same challenge was also

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highlighted by Berry et al. ( 2003) who exploitation on small plots, late delivery reported that the farmer should do all the of fertilizers, and insufficient knowledge best to produce larger yields to cope with of the correct use of fertilizers as it was the high expenses involved in farming reported by 34%, 30%, 16%, 10%, and and manage low crop prices. 10% of the respondents respectively. Further, the comparison between the 5. Conclusion and average crop production after and the Recommendations average crop production after the This research assessed the effects of adoption of fertilizers indicates a fertilizer adoption on land productivity in difference of 1,055 kgs which is Kabatwa Sector, Nyabihu District, statistically different from zero given the Western Rwanda. Data were collected that p<0.05 following the results of through a field survey conducted to paired-samples t-test. All the results gather information for season 2014B. A indicate that the adoption of fertilizers has well structured questionnaire was positively contributed to land productivity administered among 100 farmers selected in the study area. randomly in the study area. Descriptive Based on the research findings here above statistics and paired-samples t-test were presented, it was recommended that used to analyse data. The respondents regular training of farmers on the best use comprised 55% of males and 45% of of fertilizers. Farmers’ cooperatives females. The results show that 73% of the should also be enhanced to enable respondents have highly appreciated the farmers to cope with late delivery and contribution of fertilizers to land unnecessary costs involved by the productivity whereas 27% have middleman. Finally, the government depreciated the effect of fertilizers to land should keep on investing in the productivity. A number of factors have subsidization of improved agricultural been identified as the constraints to the inputs. correct use of fertilizers. These include the high cost of fertilizers, long distance Acknowledgements between farmers and suppliers,

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The authors acknowledge the Mechanism with support from the contributions of potato growers who World Bank. Available online at provided needed information to complete URL: http://www.global- successfully this study. They also mechanism.org/edocman/download.p recognize the inputs of anonymous hp?fname=cost-of-land-degradation- reviewers to reshape this article. case-studies.pdf accessed on April 11, 2015 References Bingen J. and Munyankusi L. (2002).

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