REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
EASTERN PROVINCE GATSIBO DISTRICT
FINAL REPORT FOR GATSIBO DISTRICT TOWN LUDP
IMPLEMENTATION STUDIES
SEPTEMBER 2014
Timely and Practical Solutions GEOINFO AFRICA LTD P.O.Box 1804, TEL+250-788484141, 0788308853
1 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Table of Contents CAD: Computer Aided Design LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 2 CBD: Central Business District DDP: District Development Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 6
DTM: Digital Terrain Model 1 BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY ...... 7 RNRA: Rwanda Natural Resource Authority Reduction Strategy 1.1 Background ...... 7 ESEFP: Environment and Social Economic Framework Plan 1.1.1 Objectives of the Study ...... 7 EICV3: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 1.1.2 Historical Concept ...... 8 FGD: Focus Group Discussion 1.1.3 Location of Gatsibo District and Kabarore Town in the National and Local Context ...... 8 GIS: Geographic Information Systems 1.1.4 Study Extent...... 8 GOR: Government of Rwanda 1.2 Methodology ...... 8 GPS: Global Positioning System 1.2.1 Overview ...... 8 LIS: Land Information Systems 1.2.2 Review of Existing Data and Documentation ...... 9 LUDP: Local Urban Development Plan 1.2.3 Study Area Selection and GIS Mapping ...... 9 MININFRA: Ministry of Infrastructure 1.2.4 Consultative Meetings and Delimitation of the Study Area ...... 10 NLUMP: National Land Urban Master Plan 1.2.5 Photographing of Important Existing Infrastructure ...... 10 OSC: One Stop Centre 1.2.6 Questionnaire and Household Interviews ...... 10 OP: Operational Paper 1.2.7 Data Collection of Existing Infrastructure and Settlement Patterns ...... 10 EDPRS: Economic development and Poverty 1.3 Advantages of Location of Kabarore Town ...... 11 RTDA: Rwanda Transport Development Authority 1.4 Planning Challenges ...... 11 TIFF: Tag Image File Format 1.5 Organization of the Report ...... 12 UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator 2 SUMMARY OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF KABARORE URBAN CENTRE 12 REG: Rwanda Energy Group Ltd RHA: Rwanda Housing Authority 2.1 Background and Location ...... 12 FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization 2.2 Physical Characteristics ...... 12 BPR: Bank Populaire Du Rwanda. 2.2.1 Topography ...... 12 BK: Bank of Kigali. 2.2.2 Topography of the Selected Site ...... 12 NISR2012: National institute of Statistic Rwanda, 2012 2.2.3 Hydrology ...... 13 MINALOC: Ministry of Local Government 2.2.4 Soil Types ...... 13 VISION 2020: The Rwanda’s Vision at the 2020 Horizon 2.2.5 Flora and Fauna ...... 18 EPR2006: Environmental Profile of Rwanda, 2006 2.2.6 Mining...... 18 HD: High Density 2.2.7 Emerging Issues...... 18 MD: Medium Density 2.3 Social-Economic Characteristics ...... 20 LD: Low Density 2.3.1 Population ...... 20 WSC: Water and Sanitation Corporation 2.3.2 Economic Activities ...... 21 2.4 Infrastructure ...... 24
2 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 2.4.1 Introduction ...... 24 4.5.1. Tourism areas...... 57 2.4.2 Roads and transport in general ...... 24 4.5.2. Resettlement plan (residential neighborhoods) ...... 57 2.4.3 Health sector...... 25 4.5.3. 3D image for Massing ...... 58 2.4.4 Education ...... 25 5. ROAD, TRANSPORT AND UTILITY NETWORK ...... 58 2.4.5 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 25 5.1. Overview ...... 58 2.4.6 Electricity Connection ...... 27 5.2. Road Networks ...... 58 2.4.7 Storm Water Drainage System ...... 28 5.2.1. Purposes of Major Street Systems ...... 59 2.5 Human Settlements, Land-Use and Housing ...... 30 5.2.2. Major Factors for Planning Road Networks ...... 59 2.5.1 Introduction ...... 30 5.3. Utilities Network ...... 66 2.5.2 Land-Use and Settlement Patterns ...... 30 5.3.1. Norms for Utilities Network ...... 66 2.5.3 Land And House Ownership ...... 32 5.4.1. Storm water management ...... 66 2.5.4 Existing Plot Layout Plans ...... 32 5.4.2. Waste generation, management and public health ...... 66 2.5.5 Existing Housing Typologies ...... 32 5.4.3. Waste management ...... 66 2.6 Telecommunication and ICT ...... 33 Basic components ...... 67 3 PLANNING PRINCIPLES, VISIONING AND PROPOSED LAND-USE PLANS 34 Strategies ...... 67 3.1 Overview ...... 34 5.4.4. Norms and Standards for Clearances of Electric Lines ...... 71 3.2 Plan Typologies and Key Planning Principles ...... 34 5.4.5. Norms and Standards for Drainage, Sanitary and Water Supply Lines ...... 71 3.3 Determinants of Land-Use Patterns in Kabarore town ...... 36 6. ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK PLAN ...... 74 3.4 Determinants of Urbanization in Kabarore town ...... 37 6.1. Executive Summary ...... 74 3.5 Planning Model and Vision Based on Kabarore Settlement Patterns...... 37 6.2. Overview ...... 74 3.5.1 Basic Principles of Smart Growth ...... 37 6.2.1. Main Project Components ...... 74 3.5.2 Rationale for Smart Growth ...... 37 6.2.2. Main Implementation Activities ...... 75 3.5.3 Principles of Intelligent Urbanism as a form of Smart Growth ...... 38 6.3. Introduction and Baseline Information ...... 75 3.6 Proposed zoning plans ...... 41 6.3.1. Methodology ...... 75 3.7 Estimated Water Requirements up to the year 2034 ...... 45 6.3.7. Detailed site survey...... 76 4 HOUSING PROPOSALS ...... 47 6.5. Legal Policy and Institutional Framework ...... 77 4.1 Introduction ...... 47 6.5.1. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda ...... 77 4.2 Guiding Principles of Designing Housing Typologies...... 47 6.5.2. Organic Law on Environment ...... 78 4.3 Affordable Housing for Kabarore ...... 47 6.5.3. Vision 2020 ...... 78 4.4 Proposed Housing Typologies ...... 47 6.5.4. National Policy on Environment ...... 78 4.4.1 Definition of Terms ...... 47 6.5.5. Institutional Framework on Environment ...... 79 4.4.2 Architectural Designs for Proposed Buildings ...... 48 6.6. Nature and Design Components ...... 80 4.4.3. Commercial building ...... 54 6.6.1. Existing Land-Use ...... 80 4.5 Construction Costs ...... 55 7. Site Landscaping ...... 80 4.5. CBD restructure Plan Rules and Regulations ...... 57 6.7. Project Activities ...... 80 3 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 6.7.1. Overview ...... 80 8.2. Recommendations ...... 97 6.7.2. Site Preparation for Development ...... 81 8.3. Considerations in Future Project Implementation ...... 97 6.7.3. Excavation and Earth Works ...... 81 8.4. Capacity Building ...... 97 6.7.4. Utility Services ...... 81 REFFERENCES ...... 99 6.8. Final Inspection ...... 81 6.9. Project Material and Products ...... 82 APPENDICES ...... 100 6.9.1. Project Material ...... 82 Questionnaire on Implementation of Gatsibo LUDP ...... 100 6.9.2. Project Products ...... 82 6.10. Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 82 List of Tables 6.10.1. Overview ...... 82 Table 1: Study Area Per Village ...... 11 6.11. Social Impact Assessment Aspects ...... 85 Table 2: Emerging Issues...... 20 6.11.1. Consultations with Interested and Affected Parties ...... 85 Table 3: District Population NISR Census Results 2012 ...... 20 6.11.2. Census of Households in the Plan Implementation ...... 85 Table 4: Population, growth and comparison of Gatsibo, Eastern Province and Rwanda...... 21 6.11.3. Socio-Economic Survey ...... 85 Table 5: Emigration Trends of Kabarore Town ...... 21 6.11.4. Recording of Assets ...... 85 Table 6: Schools in the study area ...... 25 6.11.5. Stakeholders Consultation ...... 85 Table 7: Low density Residential District: ...... 41 6.12. Social Impact Aspects ...... 86 Table 8: Medium Density Residential houses...... 42 6.13. Health, Safety and Accident Prevention Plan ...... 86 Table 9: High Density Residential District ...... 42 6.13.1. Site Organization ...... 86 Table 10: Commercial district ...... 43 6.13.2. Project Team ...... 86 Table 11: Light industries district ...... 44 6.13.3. Enforcement of Standards and Legal Requirement ...... 86 Table 12: Light industries district ...... 45 6.13.4. Activities of Workers ...... 86 Table: Table 13: Land use distribution ...... 46 6.13.5. Activities by Machinery and Light Equipment ...... 87 Table 14: HD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014)...... 49 6.14. Environmental Management Plan ...... 87 Table 15: MD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014) ...... 50 6.14.1. Introduction ...... 87 Table 16: MD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014) ...... 51 6.15. Mitigation Measures...... 90 Table 17: LD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014) ...... 52 6.15.1. Overview ...... 90 Table 18: LD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014) ...... 53 6.15.2. Appraisal of Alternative Development Options ...... 90 Table 19: construction cost summary ...... 55 Table 20: Bills of quantities ...... 55 7 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, STRATEGY AND PHASING ...... 92 Table 21: CBD restructuring rules ...... 57 7.1. Introduction ...... 92 Table 22: Tourism areas Rules and regulation ...... 57 7.2 Financing priorities for public projects in the study area ...... 95 Table 23: Resettlement plan rules ...... 57 7.3 Monitoring and evaluation ...... 96 Table 24: Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q), Gatsibo roads ...... 61 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PROJECT AND Table 25: Detailed Impact Matrix for the Proposed Developments ...... 82 IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE PROJECT DESIGN ...... 97 Table 26: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures at the end of the project Life Cycle83 Table 27: Environmental Management Plan Matrix for the Proposed Development ...... 87 8.1. Conclusion ...... 97 4 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Table 28: Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 91 Figure 34: Internet Options ...... 34 Table 29: implementation plan of Gatsibo detailed implementation study: ...... 92 Figure 35: Determinants of land use patterns ...... 36 Table 30: year phasing of priority public projects ...... 94 Figure 36: Infrastructure effects on land use patterns ...... 36 Table 31: Housing and infrastructure financing plan: ...... 95 Figure 37: Determinants of urbanization...... 37 Figure 38: Transit oriented development as a form of smart growth ...... 38 List of figures Figure 39: Proposed Land use map ...... 46 Figure 1: Organization of the Study ...... 8 Figure 40: Setback for middle and corner plot (Source: KCMP, 2013) ...... 48 Figure 2: The Stakeholders Consultative Process ...... 10 Figure 41: Plot and building coverage ...... 48 Figure 3: Gatsibo District in the National Context ...... 14 Figure 42: Attached and semi-detached buildings ...... 48 Figure 4: Gatsibo District Locally map ...... 15 Figure 43: HD Site Layout ...... 49 Figure 5: Kabarore Sector map ...... 16 Figure 44: MD Site Layout ...... 50 Figure 6: Villages of the Study Area Map ...... 17 Figure 45: MD Site Layout ...... 51 Figure 7: Topographical Map of the Study Area ...... 18 Figure 46: LD Site Layout ...... 52 Figure 8: Hydrology Map of Gatsibo District ...... 19 Figure 47: LD Site Layout ...... 53 Figure 9: Gatsibo District Sector Population results (Source: Gatsibo DDP 2013-2018) ...... 20 Figure 48: Commercial building perspective ...... 54 Figure 10: Migration Trend (Source: Field surveys by Consultant) ...... 21 Figure 49: Planning guiding rules illustration together with beautification ...... 57 Figure 11: Gatsibo Urban Centre Economic Activities ...... 22 Figure 50: Storm water drainage design along the roads ...... 66 Figure 12: Gatsibo Urban Centre Employment Report ...... 23 Figure 52: Proposed Electricity Network map ...... 69 Figure 13: Houses accessibility by vehicles type. (Source: Field Survey) ...... 24 Figure 53: Proposed Water Network map ...... 70 Figure 14: Houses accessibility by vehicles type. (Source: Field Survey) ...... 24 Figure 54: soil testing ...... 72 Figure 15: Water sources in the study area. (Source: HHs Interviews) ...... 25 Figure 16: Reason for water source choice...... 26 List of Photographs Photo1: Crop Farming...... 21 Figure 17: Water Cost ...... 26 Photo2: Fish Farming...... 21 Figure 18: Solid Waste Generation on Average (Source: HHs Interviews) ...... 26 Photo3: Kabarore Business Centre...... 21 Figure 19: Existing and Proposed Power lines (Source: The Consultant 2014) ...... 27 Photo4: Retail shops at the CBD...... 21 Figure 20: Electricity ...... 28 Photo5: BK Kabarore Branch...... 22 Figure 21: Storm Water Drainage Pattern map ...... 29 Photo6: BPR Kabarore Branch...... 22 Photo7::Duterimbere–IMF, LTD...... 22 Figure 22: Linear Settlement Pattern Figure 23: Agglomerated Settlement Pattern...... 30 Photo8: Vision Finance Company...... 22 Figure 24: Basemap and Land-use Map ...... 31 Photo9: Isonga Sacco Kabarore...... 22 Figure 25: House ownership...... 32 Photo10: Light Industry...... 22 Figure 26: land Registration...... 32 Photo11: Roads under construction at the study area...... 23 Photo12: Kayonza-Kagitumba Road...... 23 Figure 27: Aerial image of unplanned Settlement Figure 28: Planned Settlement ...... 32 Photo13: Gatsibo District Hospital...... 24 Figure 29: House building Materials Figure 30: House Preferences ...... 33 Photo14: New Kabarore Secondary School...... 24 Figure 31: House typologies...... 33 Photo15: Gatsibo Model School...... 24 Figure 32: Accessibility ...... 33 Photo16: Water Tank Near Umurenge...... 25 Photo17: Own Water Storage...... 25 Figure 33: House Preferences ...... 33 Photo18: Main electricity line at Kabarore town………………………………………………...... …..27
5 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY capacity building especially at the sector level brought a very vital component which ensured that even the Cities are the magnet for the growth of the social, economic and political development of the country. It has a local person understood why the project was being undertaken. power for the development of large-scale and small-scale industries, educational institutions, administrative offices, public and commercial establishments etc. In turn it attracts more migration from the rural area to the It is important to note that the process of implementation studies of Kabarore LUDP came at an opportune time urban area, or shifting from one urban centre to another urban centre. So the population density is getting considering that the country has registered tremendous growth both in economic and social growth. Kabarore sits magnified in certain pockets of the cities. right at the centre of a commercial, rich agricultural centre, its proximity to the Akagera National Park and on the highway to Nyagatare and the border post of of Kagitumba on the Uganda-Rwanda border. There will be an incredible need for basic amenities like housing, water, sewage management and transportation. The vital on urban land availability is tremendous and there will be a certain chance of deviation in the city plan The study developed a concept and vision for the city considering that there is movement of people from all the (e.g. master plan i.e. changes in the land use). As a result there will be a categorical damage of historical, four directions; notably from the District itself, Kayonza, Nyagatare and Byumba. In line with these facts, the biological, archaeological, aesthetic and visual impacts and pollution in land, water, air and noise. There should town is conceptualized to be a vibrant commercial hub not only in Gatsibo district but also along a major therefore be a definite urban planning process to mitigate the above scenarios and proper environmental impact national highway. This vibrancy will be made possible as the country implements the vision and strives assessment for any such type of development to safeguard the city environment. towards achieving the targets set out in EDPRS II thus becoming a middle income economy growing by the year 2020. The first aspect in the study was to come up with a baseline of all physical, economic and strategic projections for the prioritized urban area of Kabarore. These strategies followed closely the national policy requirement In order to carry out planning interventions in Kabarore, a total of 667 Ha covering the cells of Kabarore (344 (Vision 2020 and EDPRS II) which is broken down at the local level through the District Development Plan Ha), Nyabikiri (115 Ha) and Karenge (208 Ha) were prioritized and demarcated for zoning purpose. Upon which further highlights the projects to be prioritized one of which is the implementation studies of Kabarore delineation, detailed plans were developed so as to ensure rational exploitation of the priority sites in each LUDP. The socio-economic assessment went hand in hand with the process of profiling Kabarore urban cell for immediate district interventions. centre in terms of the physical attributes, the demographic status, the existing infrastructure, the economic and income levels, the environmental challenges as well as social spatial challenges affecting the town. Finally, a detailed environmental protection and management plan was developed for this area especially considering that economic growth that is sustainable is the over-arching principle. The EPMP took into Secondly, development of the structure and planning concepts in order to generate a number of alternative consideration the fact that there will be implementation of roads and other public infrastructure which are planning scenarios for the town. This was done concurrently with the urban design development whose considered to be actionable in the short term and hence the need to address in advance the environmental milestone was the detailed physical development plans that formed the basis of infrastructure planning, EIA and challenges associated with development of such infrastructure. implementation strategy. In conclusion, a phasing plan was developed and a capital investment strategy developed clearly indicating
the current status of Kabarore town, where it wants to be in near future and how to achieve the set vision. Thirdly, the study addressed was the infrastructure planning which we found out that there is direct correlation Further, the plan clearly indicates the actions to be done and the persons or partners responsible to enable the between sustainable land use and infrastructure provision especially roads where we witnessed linear town achieve its urban socio-economic targets. settlement especially along such infrastructure. A network of arterial and access roads was developed to enable households access their homes. New site development and redevelopment of the built-up areas of The main recommendations in this study include curbing urban sprawl in Kabarore by orienting urban growth Kabarore ensured that this component was fully addressed. to take the form of a compact town guided by transit oriented development (TOD). Provision of basic services To develop a zoning plan, the study adopted a public participatory approach where focus group discussions such piped water for the whole town and solid waste collection system also form a strong reason for action if the with the village leaders were held and a number of consultative forums were conducted that ensured input residents of this town are to fully enjoy the urban environment. from the intended beneficiaries. This was a very pertinent part especially in development control as it raised awareness among the people of Kabarore on the importance of planning towards a sustainable future. This
6 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 1 BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Thus, the Ministry of Infrastructure (MINIFRA) through Rwanda housing authority is providing technical and financial support towards improving the urban development and management for integrated development in the 1.1 Background country. These studies are a part of that national effort.
Rwanda is a landlocked country situated in the Eastern rim of the Albertine Rift, a western arm of the Great Rift Valley, on the watershed between Africa’s two largest river systems; namely the Nile River and the Congo River. EDPRS II, District Development Plan, Vision 2020, RHA Housing Policy e.t.c all are geared towards one goal: It has an area of 26,338 sq.km and an estimated population of 9.3 million in 2009 with an overall population economic growth for the country and hence poverty eradication. This implementation study is one of the many density of over 344 persons per sq.km
1.1.1 Objectives of the Study While EDPRS I (2008‐2012) set the urban planning foundation and the desired achievement to have 10,000 developed plots throughout the national territory, the newly launched EPDRS II (2013-2018) has now set focus on The key objective of the implementation studies for elaborated Local Development Plans of Gatsibo promoting urbanization with socially-inclusive, environmentally sustainable and economically viable green District Town. integrated cities. Develop Detailed Layout Plans (Town Implementation Plan) of the project details that ensure a rational exploitation of the chosen sites for immediate district town interventions. For the above to be achieved, the government of Rwanda has embarked on promoting urbanization by Develop priority projects (at least one within each Sub Area Plan) prioritizing potential secondary cities as well as empowering other District Towns where this rapid urban growth linked with economic development will be encouraged. This is in line with the need to reduce the visible i) Develop planning scenarios for the priority projects migration pressure off from Kigali, the country’s primate city and create elsewhere economic transformation ii) Undertake feasibility analysis, site assessments, and Environmental Impact Assessments for the bases with sustainable urban living rendering more economic and job opportunities and hence stimulating their priority projects; attractiveness in vicinities where people can live and work for regional balance motives. iii) Prepare Subject Plans which show the detailed implementation of roads and all other public utilities, i.e. potable water, sewage, electricity, telecommunication. Alternative infrastructure The location of Gatsibo District Town along the corridor between Kayonza Town and Nyagatare Secondary City iv) supply concepts should be explored and proposed, and the optimum alternative shall be developed in towards Uganda and its nearness to Lake Muhazi waterfront renders opportunities for further exploration to link the detail. urbanization process with economic transformation. Young and growing as the town is, developing detailed v) Develop estimative costing for the Priority Project Plans. physical plans is an opportunity to guide and establish a new urban development vision for this District Town that Prepare a marketing and publicity tool demonstrating the vision and future development of this particular will orient it towards economic competitiveness and modernity with expanding opportunities for sustainable living District Town. and development of its citizens and the region at large.
Gatsibo Town being one of the fast growing urban centers is experiencing an accelerated development due to its geographic location. Aside from its socio-economic advantages Gatsibo town has faced the following challenges.
An ever increasing housing needs; A demand in transportation sector exacerbated by infrastructure;
The constant in out traveling activities that take a toll on the existing Infrastructure; A fast and uncontrolled spread of urban areas;
An uneven distribution of infrastructure and services that makes them inaccessible and A lack of urban planning that generates informal settlements.
7 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Figure 1: Organization of the Study Gatsibo District is one of the seven Districts making the Eastern Province. It is divided into 14 Sectors which are; Gasange, Gatsibo, Gitoki, Kabarore, Kageyo, Kiramuruzi, Kiziguro, Muhura, Murambi, Ngarama, Nyagihanga, Remera, Rugarama and Rwimbogo. It is also divided into 69 cells and 603 villages “Imidugudu”.
Phase I Determination of current context – Spreading an area of 1585, 3 km². . The District borders with the Akagera National Park in East, to the Inception and Diagnostics Report North by Nyagatare District; to the West by Gicumbi District, to the South by Rwamagana Survey existing situation: policies, plans, and Kayonza Districts. commitments, land uses, infrastructure, housing, Socio-economic & environmental conditions, NB: The Cost of land in Kabarore Town range from 2.5million francs to 5million francs depending on the location
of the land in question. (Source: Gatsibo official communication).;
Phase II Analysis and formulating goals
Impact
Conducting analysis, determination of vision, 1.1.4 Study Extent.
values, goals, & objectives, developing plan A pilot area of a minimum 670 hectares was chosen and prioritized by District authorities who are the evaluation criteria m a i n beneficiaries in consultation with the Consultant. This is the area the Consultant will prepare a Detailed Action Area Plan for implementation. Phase III Preparing, evaluating, & adopting plans
Developing alternative plans, policies, and Map2 below shows the location of study area in the District context and the Gatsibo District locally in implementation measures, evaluating plans,
relation to the neighboring districts. Localpower relationships)
public forums, conducting EIA, -
Regional Monitoring implementation - 1.2 Methodology Implementation measures, project finance, phasing, collecting data for feedback 1.2.1 Overview Four main categories of data collections tools were employed in this study, namely: literature review,
GIS Mapping and photographing, interviews (household, official and key-informants) and consultative
professional societies, NGOs), intergovernmental coordination, Conducting mandatory compliance requirements (environmental Assessment, Federal Public participation,(civic societies(CBOs, neigbourhood committees, meetings and focused group discussions.
Developing detailed urban implementation Frameworks involve the generation of ideas and the preparation of realistic design concepts based on consultation, research and analysis. Concepts may be 1.1.2 Historical Concept drawn or computer modeled, illustrating how a future outcome will look, to enable communication and testing
with stakeholders and the local community. Consultation is a key element in the development of a The city of Kabarore was developed on the main paved artery, called Gatsibo Kagitumba, and acts as a transitional Framework. To ensure community support for the strategic vision and subsequent physical projects, city. Formerly located in a hunting territory in the most western perimeter of the Akagera National Park, its consultation with stakeholders and incorporation of their feedback throughout the process is essential. current expansion is due to new settlement after the events of 1994. Its position on this trunk road gives it its role as a settlement magnet in a highly rural environment. Formerly known as Gabiro, this city was a regional military Secondly, Development of implementation plans will involve integrating different aspects and perspectives outpost at the time of the German occupation. into one cohesive and user friendly plan. To achieve this, the team will use technology that will enhance 1.1.3 Location of Gatsibo District and Kabarore Town in the National and Local Context the aesthetic representation of the proposals. The implementation process will use GIS and other technology as planning and design tools in order to assist in helping bring out the optimized results by
8 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP leveraging the advantage of spatial data manipulation techniques. This will incorporate two phases: phase Expropriation Act of 2008 one will involve coming up with a comprehensive geo‐data base followed by phase two which will develop Other relevant national documents related to land and housing reviewed so as to guide the process of applications that will help the end users to query, analyze and view the plans and designs. developing an elaborated LUDP of Gatsibo are: 1. The Vision 2020, which identifies land as the most important yet scarce resource thus ranks The execution of the contract included identifying together with the local leaders a site of 500ha for purpose the National Land Policy among the country’s vital and key policies. It is anchored on five basic of: pillars namely: Good governance, human resource development, infrastructure development, private sector development, agricultural improvement. Reviewing and updating the Gatsibo LUDP to ensure that the proposals included in the plan 2. The National Land Policy would counter the obstacles hindering efficient use and management represent the current development scenario of Kabarore city. In addition Geoinfo Africa Ltd was of land while guaranteeing safe and stable form of land tenure that would bring about a rational and expected to ensure that there were adequate land use proposals in the Master plan to meet the threshold planned use of land while ensuring sound land management which would culminate to for concise and detailed implementation work. sustainable development. Its implementation will be based on the major policies contained Undertaking social- economic survey and ground survey in order to capture the actual variants in Rwanda’s National Development Strategy by 2020 commonly known as “Vision 2020”. and factors that would give realistic outputs. From these data and information is expected to come 3. The Organic Land Law determines the use and management of land in Rwanda stating up with a diagnostic report on the prevailing condition for the city. that the state is the sole custodian of land and guarantying the right to own and use land. Other Developing detailed designs and plans for the provision and development of critical infrastructure laws derived from this law are: which include housing, roads, water provision, drainage, energy, and waste disposal. In addition the The Organic Environmental Law, designs will include aesthetic and environmental programme for the city. The Decentralization Law and Developing plans on how to engage the local people in the preparation of the plans alongside Urban Planning and Building Law providing capacity development to the local technical staff as way of imparting knowledge to National Housing policy them in order to follow up the execution of the projects and programs of the identified site. National Land use master plan Engagement with the staff of Rwanda Housing Authority to ensure that the terms of reference and the National Land registration time schedules are strictly being adhered to. Transportation policy Other strategies that have been put in place by the government towards the management of urban centers include establishment of One Stop Centers (OSC) at all urban center for issuance of building permits, the training 1.2.2 Review of Existing Data and Documentation of land surveyors and GIS technicians on NLUMP, resettlement plans among others.
To realize the objectives of this study, a review of the existing literature addressing the urban planning 1.2.3 Study Area Selection and GIS Mapping and land-use issues of Kabarore Urban Center as a whole as well as the surrounding neighborhood was As was stated earlier in 1.4 above, using aerial photographs with resolution of 0.25cm per pixel, various conducted. A comprehensive analysis of the existing land-uses within the priority cells was carried out to maps were prepared prior to the study so as to provide location and other spatial information of gain an insight into the existing situation on the ground. Some of the key documents reviewed for this project are: Kabarore. As a spatial basis for the study, a GIS basemap was developed showing the major public Gatsibo EICV3 District Profile infrastructure and utilities e.g. roads, schools, hospitals, stadia, memorial site if any etc. Other activities District Development Plan 2013 - 2018 conducted at this stage included: Rwanda National Land-use Plan Reconnaissance survey, Gatsibo/Kabarore financial plans Transect walks and field observations The Roads Act of 2012 Photographing various aspects of urban development and taking notes, All existing infrastructure and service maps Overlaying developed basemap on the existing LUDP to compare proposed land-uses versus Urban Planning policies existing situation on the ground, 9 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Surveying using Geodetic GPS to collect data and verify information, Negative bias of the local population who perceive wrongly the purpose of the questionnaire. Generating DTMs and design of topographic maps as a way of comprehending the terrain of the (e.g.: those who think the purpose of the research is land taxation); study area. Some local populations were/are normally busy and may well be reluctant to take time to answer to the questionnaire. 1.2.4 Consultative Meetings and Delimitation of the Study Area Another objective of household interviews and FGDs / consultative meetings was to make the planning exercise This was specifically esignred to map out the priority areas for the detailed implementation studies of the LUDP. for implementation of Kabarore LUDP to be both inclusive and participatory. In total there were two consultative meetings. The first was with RHA officials, Gatsibo Distrcit OSC representatives and the consultant. The second was led by the VM in charge of economic affairs with the 1.2.7 Data Collection of Existing Infrastructure and Settlement Patterns assistance from the Gatsibo OSC officials. The consultant’s team was composed of the two directors. After extensive deliberations, the consultative meetings came up with a formula of choosing the priority areas without The main source of data for existing infrastructure was through use of existing mapping and physical inspection bias, favor or exclusion. The formula used is presented in table 1 above. The table shows that all the villages given on the ground. The REG/WSC maps for their facilities became handy in this exercise. And also the physical in the contract was allocated a portion for the study. These villages were Kabarore I (100%), Kabarore II (70%), inspection and interviews from various participants. Kabingo (50%), Bihinga (5%), Kabeza (20%), Nyarubuye (70%) and Mutarama (10%). The settlements structure was obtained from the mapping done by the consultant between and 2009 and 2012. This was incorporated into the mapping done by Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA). The Participation in development planning is a process of equitable and active involvement of all stakeholders characterization of settlements patterns is given in chapter 3. in the formulation of development policies and strategies and in the analysis, planning and implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development activities (FAO, 2007). Figure 2: The Stakeholders Consultative Process
1.2.5 Photographing of Important Existing Infrastructure The aim of this exercise was to capture all major developments and natural characteristics of the study area. The photographs were important as they serve to document important features of Kabarore urban area that may not be National and Local Leaders explained without supporting accompaniments.
1.2.6 Questionnaire and Household Interviews The questionnaire and interview were used to acquire additional data on the current situation of Kabarore town. The questionnaire was administered to a total number of 180 local residents and authorities using
Administrative Community Judgment Sampling Technique: The questionnaires were distributed pro-rata into the seven (7) villages covered Other and Religious Stakeholders Consultation as mentioned above. Process Groups
In judgment sampling, the researcher or some other "expert" uses his/her judgment in selecting the units from the population for the study, based on the population’s parameters (David 2010).
Professional In the case of Kabarore Urban Center the population’s parameters were based on the facts that some Group members are thought to be better (more knowledgeable, more willing, etc.) than others to interview.
Judgment sampling technique has been adopted in this research to prevent some erroneous results that The implementation framework will take the following issues into consideration: would have been provided by the study area population due to different reasons such as: Include a comprehensive analysis of context upon which the implementation is based on. Key Lack of information about urban development matters; contextual issues identified in the Master development plan will be the basis for detailed designs. 10 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Look beyond the individual projects and seek to coordinate across projects and opportunities It is also important to ensure that the framework will be systematic, objective and sufficiently setting a project/s in its broader context. comprehensive to ensure all major issues have been considered. Incorporate and respond to information from existing strategies and studies, such as transport, heritage and neighborhood character studies. 1.3 Advantages of Location of Kabarore Town Respond to all major stakeholders by integrating their interests and concerns.
Incorporate major infrastructure issues and provide design direction for the details within infrastructure The city of Kabarore holds the following advantages: construction projects. Relay city between the cities of Nyagatare, Kiramuruzi and Kayonza; Set out an implementation strategy that looks at a range of time scales and generally includes: Presence of basic infrastructures for future urban development; Long‐term strategies and options Great potential in urbanizable areas; Intermediate‐term strategies and options Habitat that does not show migratory settlement yet; Short‐term actions that can be immediately implemented without compromising Land topography easily exploitable for the development of the urban fabric; long‐term objectives Growing services for urban development; Present analysis, principles and options for implementation in graphical and written format to a standard Willingness on the political level to strengthen and equip the urban centres; suitable for public consultation. Rapid deployment for good service in the fields of energy and drinking water; Illustrate existing constraints and available opportunities, identify different options, and provide a Attractive biodiversity; record of why particular options are selected referring to key policy objectives, urban design Great potential of urban agricultural areas; principles, etc. Proximity to the Akagera National Park.
st The consultative meeting held on the 1 of April 2014 agreed on the following areas to form part of the 1.4 Planning Challenges study site: All sites chosen are in Kabarore Sector of Gatsibo District. Below are some the key challenges facing the urban center of Kabarore:
Table 1: Study Area Per Village Increase in housing demand led by rural-urban migration
CELL VILLAGE VILLAGE AREA AREA CHOSEN COMPUTED Steady spread of uncontrolled urbanization areas (Ha) (%) AREA (Ha) A high demand of the transportation sector The constant in and out travelling activities that take a toll on the existing infrastructure; Kabarore I 34 100 34 Lack of housing models as envisioned in the housing policy of Rwanda. Kabarore Kabarore II 133 70 93.1
Bihinga 772 5 38.6 Kabingo 240 50 120 Nyabikiri Kabeza 350 20 70
Nyarubuye 245 70 171.5 Karenge Mutarama 370 10 37
Total 564
It is expected that the site identified will have unique characteristics and potential, so the preparation process will have to adapt to the identified locality.
11 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 1.5 Organization of the Report 2 SUMMARY OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF KABARORE URBAN CENTRE This inception and diagnostic report is made up of nine chapters here below; 2.1 Background and Location Chapter one deals with the background of the study, objectives and scope of the project. Physical Kabarore town is located in Eastern province and is the administrative centre for Gatsibo District. It challenges currently facing the urban center of Kabarore are also presented in this chapter. Location – both in covers an area of approximately 6,000Ha (as per the Master Plan). The town falls within two administrative the national and local context concludes the chapter. Also, this chapter provides the methodological approach sectors of Kabarore and Gitoki but Kabarore sector takes the bigger share of the urban centre. employed in this study to realize the objectives of the study. Among the key techniques used include The town has experienced fast development over the last 20 years to become one of the secondary cities in literature review, GIS mapping, household interviews, consultative meetings and focused group discussions. Rwanda requiring planning in order to control their development as outlined in Vision 2020 and EPDRS The chapter ends by presenting the organization structure of the whole report. 2008‐2012. This has been attributed to it being a relay city between the cities of Nyagatare, Kiramuruzi and Chapter two reviews the existing conditions of the study are i.e.: Kayonza, its geographical position and to its socio‐economic environment presenting real development Physical situation of the urban center. Detailed physical analysis of the study area in is addressed. potentialities. The town offers links to other small trade centers and to local agro‐breeders the outlets for their These include the natural and physical features and socio-economic analysis. products, administrative services, health and education services, and employment opportunities among Infrastructural assessment of the study area. Some of the infrastructural services addressed others. Thus playing an important role of economic development in a rural area. include education, health, roads/transport, water supply, energy and drainage.
Land and housing situation in Kabarore. The main components are the existing land-use and settlement patterns, land and house ownership, existing housing typologies, cost of house 2.2 Physical Characteristics construction and preferred housing types. 2.2.1 Topography Sanitation status at the study area. This incorporates field findings concerning collection of both solid The relief of Gatsibo District is characterized by scarcely short hills and flat land separated by valleys in East, and liquid waste. East, South East and North while the West and South West is characterized by high mountains in Chapter three identifies the key drivers of urbanization in Kabarore and captures the conceived planning administrative sector of Nyagihanga, Kageyo, Gatsibo, Muhura, Gasange and Remera which are characterized principles developed to guide the vision of town LUDP. Proposed planning interventions as well as proposed by two principal seasons: a long dry season and rainy season. plot layout and land-use plans for each cell are subject of discussion of this chapter. Chapter four defines the guiding principles of designing housing typologies in the selected priority areas and Gatsibo District is characterized in general by lowly inclined hills and flat land separated by dry allies. The also depicts the house types proposed based on economic capacity of the intended beneficiaries, consultative District is located in the granite low valley whose average altitude is 1550m spread on the plateau and the meetings with local leaders and guided by national standards and regulations for housing in Rwanda. savannah of the Eastern part of the country. This kind of topographical layout constitutes an important Chapter five provides guidance on the best practices for servicing plots – in terms of access and potentiality for modern and mechanized agricultural farming. This relief offers to Gatsibo a vocation agro interconnectivity so as to meet the basic standards of an urban neighbourhood. It also stipulates provisions on pastoral and tourism (www.gatsibo.gov.rw). water supply, sanitation and electricity planning. 2.2.2 Topography of the Selected Site Chapter six presents the EIA required during implementation of the detailed LUDP. After scoping and Gatsibo proposed urban center is located on undulating hills with a few lowlands as the rest of the district, the screening the proposed project activities, it was established that a full EIA is necessary and thus the need for altitude average ranges from 1,400 to 1695 meters above the sea level, and a relatively gentle slope varying environmental study. from 0 to 45% whereby 90% of the area has the slope ranging between 0 to 18%. Chapter seven is the last chapter of this report and brings the conclusions and recommendations based This relief is physically favorable to the implementation of different infrastructures aiming at local urban on the findings of the inception report. development such as roads network, hotels, drainage systems, etc
Steeper slopes are to be found on the hilly south east side of the study area as depicted on map4. The central part
is relatively flat. The sensitive part of the study area is towards the north where a marshy land is located.
12 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 2.2.3 Hydrology stressed climate by drying out winds blowing East. Thus the xérokaolisols in the party remains the ground Gatsibo District is known of the low rainfall and high temperatures that limit the availability of water. The type the more dominating. To the surface, they identify themselves by the narrowness of to bush-hammer hydrography of Gatsibo District is largely constituted of Lake Muhazi to the south, streams and rivers such humus-bearing brought by the grassy savannah. www.gatsibo.gov.rw as; Walfu, Karungeri, Cyamuganga,Kanyonyomba, Rwangingo, Kabahanga, Kagina, Kagende, Rwagitima and Ntende. This hydrographic network combined with the aforementioned relief offers timeliness of The grounds of Gatsibo District contain ores such as the Cassiterite, the Colombo-tantalite, the wolfram, etc. irrigation in the District (www.gatsibo.gov.rw) accessed 4th April 2014. they also contain ores of construction materials like the gravel, sand, hardcore, clay, etc.
2.2.4 Soil Types
Rwandan soils are naturally prone to environmental degradation because of the hilly terrain. District is characterized by an abundance of the humus-bearing grounds ferralisols one originating laterite of the deterioration of the shales and phyllites, accumulation of the collisions in the valleys dry Martini. The ground of granite origin cuts has texture with little red clay especially in the South – West of the District. The termite mounds are covers the biggest part of the District (www.gatsibo.gov.rw)
The combined action of the lithosphere (rock and roll mother granite), atmosphere (rains), and biosphere (man and the other living beings) developed deep grounds drank of which the fertility by the drought of the more
13 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Figure 3: Gatsibo District in the National Context
14 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Figure 4: Gatsibo District Locally map
15 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Figure 5: Kabarore Sector map
16 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP The following map shows the villages to be studied in the Sector of Kabarore
Figure 6: Villages of the Study Area Map
17 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Study area as depicted by 2.2.6 Mining. contours. Steeper slopes are Kabarore Sector has no major minerals for economic purposes. However, there are abundant natural resources to be found on the hilly south such as minerals and gravel stones, rocks and sand for economic growth in other parts of the District. The east side of the study area as District must embark on rehabilitation, innovation, protection and development of mining and quarry sites depicted on map4. The in consideration of promoting environment conservation and regulatory standards in the sites and increasing central part is relatively flat. the mining productivity. The expected results of these economic drivers is to see increased off-farm jobs, The sensitive part of the poverty reduction, quality labor force to attract private sector development and ultimately industry and study area is towards the service economic sector growth in by 2017/2018. north where a marshy land is located. 2.2.7 Emerging Issues The Contour interval is From the analysis of physical characteristics of Kabarore urban centre, it is evident that Kabarore town is a major 2.5m. transit point for the District and also the neighboring districts. The consultant is of the view that the restructuring of the town takes into account the following issues: NB: 90% of the area is 0 – 18 % slope, making Gatsibo urban centre very suitable The study herein given in this inception report covers the following cells of Kabarore Sector. for a well planned urban Kabarore (Villages selected are Bihinga, Kabarore I and II and Kabingo) centre. Nyabikiri (Kabeza village selected) . Karenge. (Nyarubuye and Mutarama villages were selected). Refer to table 1 for detailed selection model.
Figure 7: Topographical Map of the Study Area
2.2.5 Flora and Fauna The flora of the District of Gatsibo is characterized by a vegetation cover of steppe wooded. Its hills are covered by short grasses as well as small trees and shrubs. Concerning afforestation, the District of Gatsibo has access to Eucalyptus and of Pinus trees that are generally as a result of afforestation. Agro-forest is also predominant in the north – west region of the District where coffee plantations are the major cash crops.
As for the wildlife, the District of Gatsibo has access to an inheritance of the former domain of hunting from Akagera National Park with diversified birds notably the rapacious ones are sparrow hawks, the owls, the sparrows, the guinea fowls, the partridges, the heroes, the ibis, the crows, the prick beef, etc. Also the Hares, the wild boars, the monkeys and other rodents live in the hills where there are small natural shrubs. The hippopotamus are met in the river Umuvumba and in the lake Muhazi. The crocodiles exist also in certain valleys dams as to Rwimbogo. The antelopes, the buffalo, other ruminating animals occupying the Akagera National Park (www.gatsibo.gov.rw) accessed 4th February 2014. 18 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Figure 8: Hydrology Map of Gatsibo District
19 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Physical Nature Issues According to the 2012 National Census provisional results, the total population of Gatsibo District Transport and traffic flow -likelihood of traffic congestion due to the highway linking Kigali and increased from 283,456 in 2002 to 433,997 in 2012. Gatsibo District has population density of 275 persons Nyagatare. per square kilometer. The increase in the population represents a growth rate of 53.1% between 2002 and 2012. -there is a need for a bypass in the new town structure for future use. Males represent 48% of the population whereas females represent 52% of the population. Marshyland -Existence of a marshyland within the study area requires conservation as it
would be used as a source of water. This is a unique and fragile ecosystem. Table 3: District Population NISR Census Results 2012 Relief and topography -hilly southeastern part of the area requires reafforestation. Sector Men Women Sex Total Density(sq.km) Land use and plot layout -some areas have irregular land parcels. These could present planning Ratio challenges. Re-planning is mandatory so as to achieve well structured urban Gasange 8,524 9,234 92 17,758 464 centre. Gatsibo 17,594 19,225 92 36,819 600 Soils and building -Sandy soil that provides construction Gitoki 15,907 17,639 90 33,546 448 materials materials -Granite stones also used construction Kabarore 25,087 25,324 99 50,411 240 Kageyo 10,433 11,397 92 21,830 390
Table 2: Emerging Issues. Kiramuruzi 14,723 16,232 91 30,955 512 Kiziguro 14,248 15,791 90 30,039 489
Muhura 13,992 15,211 92 29,203 524 2.3 Social-Economic Characteristics Murambi 13,612 15,383 88 28,995 485 Ngarama 14,429 15,861 91 30,290 518 2.3.1 Population Nyagahanga 11,581 12,645 92 24,226 337
500,000 Remera 12,469 13,714 91 26,183 501
450,000 Rugarama 18,019 19,183 94 37,202 493 Rwimbogo 17,737 18,803 94 36,540 56 400,000 Total 208,355 225,642 433,997 6,057 350,000 Source: NISR Population and Housing Census 2012 300,000 250,000 Men According to the graph above, Kabarore Sector has the highest Population and the least populated sector in the 200,000 Women Total District is Gasange. Female accounts for 51.9% of the total population in the District while males are 150,000 48.1%. The demography of Gatsibo District can also be analyzed in relation to provincial and national level in 100,000 table 4 below. 50,000 The population change (2002-2012) is the a growth rate over the period calculated by total population in 2012 0 minus total population in 2002 divided by total population in 2002 expressed in percentages.
Figure 9: Gatsibo District Sector Population results (Source: Gatsibo DDP 2013-2018) 20 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP District 2012 Population Average Population Purchase land 39% purchased land comparison 2002 Sex Population Annual Density 18% came to work Allocated land by gov with Total Ratio Change Growth (sq.km) 17% Allocated land by GoR Other Series1 Province Population (2002- (2002- 8% Came for business Inherited land and 2012) 2012) 7% Other activites 0% 10%20%30%40%50% 6% Married National (%) (%) IN 5% Inherited land. Out Male Female Total Household member out-migrated
Gatsibo 208,355 225,642 Yes 283,456 (48%) (52%) 433,997 92 53.1 4.4 275 No 42% 58% Eastern 1,257,750 1,343,064 2,600,814 Province 1,700,137 (48.4%) (51.6%) 94 53.0 4.3 275 Figure 10: Migration Trend (Source: Field surveys by Consultant) Rwanda 8,128,553 5,074,942 5,462,280 (48%) (52%) 10,537,222 93 29.6 2.6 416 Out-
Destination migrants % Table 4: Population, growth and comparison of Gatsibo, Eastern Province and Rwanda. KIGALI 38 63% KAYONZA 3 5% (Source: Provisional National Population and Housing Census results 2012, NISR) NYGATARARE 1 2% GICUMBI 1 2% Migration UGANDA 5 8% Gatsibo district falls in the area formerly known as Umutara region which was in the past an area of natural BUTARE 1 2% KIBUNGO 1 2% reserves and hunting with low population sporadic habitat. KARANGAZI 1 2% After the genocide war of 1994, Gatsibo District hosted a large number of old and new refugees of 1994 NYAGATARE 3 5% from all neighboring countries, including Uganda, Tanzania, Congo and Burundi. In addition part of RWAMAGANA 1 2% Akagera National Park was annexed to accommodate more human settlement for purpose of accommodating KAMPALA 1 2% NYAGATARE 1 2% the huge influx of refugees. NYAGATARE/KAYONZA 1 2% GITARAMA 1 2% Kabarore Sector and especially the study area is not different from the other parts of the district in as far as the BUGESERA 1 2% migration trends are concerned. The interviews done by the consultant by way of questionnaires gave the results Total 60 100% Table 5: Emigration Trends of Kabarore Town given in figure 3 below.
2.3.2 Economic Activities Economic activities of Gatsibo urban centre of Kabarore, like many a Rwandan rural town is mainly agricultural supported by small scale retail businesses. According to the EICV 3 (2011), the employment rate in Gatsibo
21 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP District is at 82.9% compared to 80.9% at the national level. Unemployment is 0.3% less than the 2.4% of the The outcome shows that 27% of the respondents are engaged in business especially retail trade. Still a big number national level. (19%) is unemployed. Agriculture and Livestock According to the EICV 3, 84.9% of the population is employed in agriculture sector, 12.3% is waged labor while 72.2% are independent farmers. Off-farm employment accounts for 15.5% out of this, 8.9% are waged Agriculture in terms of crop production and or paid, 5.7% independent employment and 0.9% are unpaid. Over 81.7% of the District's working population is livestock a n d is the principle economic engaged in informal private sector, with the formal public sector of 8.4% and 2.4% are employed in parastatals activity. According to EICV3, 84.9 % of Gatsibo and 2.5% in other sectors. In terms of gender both male and female working population are predominantly small population both men and women basically depend scale farmers with 63.9% male and 78.7% female respectively. More male population is engaged in waged off- on agriculture whom, at least 80% use traditional farm employment compared to women; of the male working population 13.6% are in paid off-farm agriculture practices. employment while only 11.3% of female working population is in paid off-farm employment. Fish farming is a new concept amongst the people of Kabarore.
The main economic activities of Kabarore people are but not limited to: Photo1: Crop Farming Agriculture
Commercial i.e. Wholesale and retail businesses Formal Employment Financial Services Transport business Small / light of craft business and
Figure3 below shows the economic activity of the population living in the study area. The survey conducted by the Consultant shows that the residents of Gatsibo urban centre have diversified their income generation activities. The EICV 3 report differs from this because of the area covered. This inception report concerns itself with the urban center of Kabarore. Photo2: Fish Farming (New concept) Photo3: Kabarore Business Centre
Economic Activities Commerce 26% 27% Kabarore town is the CBD of Gatsibo District. People in the urban centre engage in business activities. The main 17% 19% commercial activities include: 9% 2% 0% Wholesale and retail shops Restaurants,
Figure 11: Gatsibo Urban Centre Economic Activities
Source: Field survey by the Consultant.
22 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Vision Finance Company and SACCOs
Photo4: Retail shops at the CBD
Employment Photo5: BK Kabarore Branch Photo6: BPR Kabarore Branch
Figure 12: Gatsibo Urban Centre Employment Report
Occupation
Unemployed 19% Self Employed 65% Company employee 5% Government Employee 12%
Source: Field survey by the Consultant Photo7: Duterimbere–IMF,LTD Photo8: Vision Finance Company
From the figure above, Gatsibo urban dwellers are mostly self-employed with 65% of the respondents being self- employed.
Financial Sector Financial sector is an important sector in transformation of the economy. This sector caters for saving mobilization for capital investments, expanding access to credit and financial services. It is the heart of the economy as it includes all activities of financing and investments. A well-functioning financial system will lead to a rapid accumulation of large capital investments, enhance technological innovations and therefore lead to economic growth and poverty reduction. Photo9: Isonga Sacco Kabarore Photo10: Light Industry Gatsibo urban centre has a few banks, Sacco and other financial institutions. The banks found at Kabarore town are: Other sources of income for Kabarore urban people are transport services (PSVs and Motorcycles) and small scale Bank of Kigali and light industries. Banque Populaire du Rwanda. Micro financial institutions are: Duterimbere – IMF Ltd 23 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 2.4 Infrastructure The current situation in Kabarore town 2.4.1 Introduction is that nearly all roads are under This section 3.4 gives an overview of infrastructure facilities of Kabarore urban center, and specifically the study serious construction and upgrading. area. These are education facilities, health, roads, water supply, power supply and storm water drainage. The roads are also being accompanied 2.4.2 Roads and transport in general by proper construction of drainage Currently, many roads within the town centre of Kabarore are under construction. The District is traversed by a systems. single tarmacked road Kayonza-Kagitumba. There are no modern car parks in the District. The status of existing road network is insufficient and is uncomfortable and damaged which need rehabilitation. According to EICV3, 0.6% of HHs has their own means of transport with cars, 1.8% with Motorcycles and 28% with Bicycles. In terms walking distance to nearest public transport stage, 14.4% of population use from 0 to 19 minutes’ walk, 28.6% use 20 to 59 minutes’ walk while 27.8% use 60 to 119 minutes’ walk and 29% take more than 120 minutes’ walk. The study area is different from the above scenario given its proximity to the main road and a major taxi park in the District.
number of houses accessible to vehicle per type Photo11: Roads under construction at the study area (Source: Field Survey by the Consultant) 141 144 130 92
24
No Access at all Two wheels vehicle Small size car All passenger car size Trucks and buses
Photo12: Kayonza-Kagitumba Road (Source: Field Figure 13: Houses accessibility by vehicles type. (Source: Field Survey) Survey by the Consultant)
Figure 14: Houses accessibility by vehicles type. (Source: Field Survey)
Time to access the nearest road From Fig6, 75% of the Kabarore Road surface town takes between 0 – 10 30 min and plus 1% minutes to the nearest bus stage. 2% Others 2% Highly rough surface 0%
20 to 30 min 9% 20% Stones paved road 11% 10 to 20 min 13% 74% Muddy and slippery in… 23% 0 to 10 min 75% Fig9: Roads types in residential and business areas in
the study area. (Source: Field Survey) 24 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 2.4.3 Health sector Academy Kabarore Kabarore I Church) A health population is fundamental in economic growth of any District. Gatsibo District has 19 health Table 6: Schools in the study area establishments and 3 hospitals of K a b a r or e , Kiziguro and Ngarama, 11 health posts are available with
2,412 health community workers which implies that each administrative village have got 4 health community workers and one District pharmacy. The District boasts of the new state of the art hospital at the town of Kabarore.
Photo13: Gatsibo District Hospital (Source: Field Survey by the Consultant)
Photo14: New Kabarore Secondary School Photo15: Gatsibo Model School
2.4.5 Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Supply 2.4.4 Education The District has 567.5 km of water pipelines and out of that 189 km are operational. The rural water coverage According to administrative data, Gatsibo District has 85 primary schools which are geographically equitably is 49.2% (WSC 2012). In fact Gatsibo District is considered the first water-scarce District in the Eastern distributed in all administrative Sectors with 106, 025 pupils out of which 53,991 are female while 52,034 Province. This means that majority of the population use dirty water from streams, dams, valleys or swamps. are male with 1,521teachers while the pupil teacher ratio is 69:1. According to EICV3, gross enrollment rate is 151.4% above national average while Net primary enrolment rate (7-12 years) is at 90.4%. (Gatsibo District The town of Kabarore is supplied with water by two independent main water networks: Development Plan 2013-2018) The Rwasama Water supply with the source at the Muhura Sector of Gatsibo District and its mainly
gravitational supply system. It’s the old water supply system to the town of Kabarore and its environs. There are seven schools in the study area. These are: The second supply system was launched early August 2013. The Ministry of Infrastructure, in partnership SCHOOL TYPE Cell Village OWNERSHIP with World Vision Rwanda and Gatsibo District launched Water and Biogas projects in Kabarore and Kabarore Secondary School Rwimbogo sectors. The water supply system that was inaugurated was Kanwiriri-Kabarore with a total Kabaroe (New, not yet given a name) Seconadry Bihinga Public length of 12.4 Km. 7,844 households, 2 health centers, 10 schools and other community centers such as G.S. Bihinga Pry + Sec Kabaroe Bihinga Public Banks, Police stations and Kabarore trading center in general benefited from getting safe and clean water. Nyarubuye Pry. Sch Primary Karenge Nyarubuye Public Gatsibo Community Model Sch. Secondary Kabarore Kabarore II Public In the study area, 52% of those interviewed get water from WSC public tap. 24% use water from their own Gabiro High School Secondary Karenge Nyarubuye Private (EAR) sources e.g. own water storage (rain water). While 24% use spring water and other sources. We also asked people Kabarore Mustard Seed Nursery and Private(Kabarore why they prefer various water sources. The chart below gave reasons as to why. Majority (85% said its because of Primary Kabarore Kabarore I Reveletion distance to the source) Church) The Pearl of Morning Star Bright Primary Private (EAR Figure 15: Water sources in the study area. (Source: HHs Interviews)
25 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Water source Other 14% Spring 10% Public tap 52% Own tap 24%
Although rain-water harvesting is an initiative being advocated for by the Government, most residents are yet to embrace this idea because of high cost of installing the necessary infrastructure i.e. water tank Photo16: Water Tank at Umurenge Offices Photo17: Own Water Storage and piping. Sanitation Status Assessment Figure 16: Reason for water source choice. The EDPRS target on sanitation is to have nationally 65% of the total population with hygienic sanitation by 2012. Gatsibo district has achieved this target. Reason for water source choice Among the Eastern Province districts, Gatsibo is ranked fifth out of seven districts in terms of the percentage of Others 8% Personal/family reasons 7% households with improved sanitation. Only tap 1% Only source 3% Availabilty 14% Kabarore urban center is undergoing rapid urbanization and therefore strategic environmental management plans Reliability 5% are required. Construction of new housing units is on the rise, inevitably increasing pressure on the urban Quality 10% Cost 30% infrastructure and other services. Provision of sanitation facilities is definitely one of the major challenges facing Distance 85% the town.
No Is water charged? 11% Baskets of wastes per household In the course of this study, the Consultant, in collaboration with the 1.5 1.1 relevant authorities propose a site for Yes 1.0 0.6 89% the landfill that would take care of 0.5 0.2 0.1 the solid wastes disposal. 0.0 Food Other Plastic Metal The new solid waste disposal site is
wastes wastes wastes wastes shown on the basemap page 40. : Figure 17: Water Cost Which we found not to be the best Figure 18: Solid Waste Generation on Average (Source: HHs Interviews) location for such facility. The consultant will strive to propose the best location and present in the draft report. 26 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 2.4.6 Electricity Connection The study area is traversed by one high voltage power line shown on the map below.
Figure 19: Existing and Proposed Power lines (Source: The Consultant 2014)
27 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
House connected to electricity? From the HHs interviews, the Photo18: Main electricity line at Kabarore town consultant found out that 61% of the respondents are connected to power. No The high voltage power line near 39% While 39% are not yet connected. Yes Kabarore Umurenge office. 61% The main reason for not being This is the main power line supplying connected is financial while 33% have the town of Kabarore town and its no power lines near their houses. environs. Power outage is also rampant in the Reasons of not having electricity area, with 51% saying they experience power cuts once every week. 65% Power sufficiency was also verified where the Consultant found out that
33% 82% are satisfied while 18% prefer to have an increase in power supply, especially for street lighting around 2% 0% their houses.
Financial No power Nearest Others Fig14, 15, 16, 17: Electricity Issues. reasons lines around power line reasons my place saturated 2.4.7 Storm Water Drainage System
The study area of Kabarore town centre is falls into two main storm water drainage parts. One side drain into the Vey Power cut frequency occasionnal swamp NE of the study area while the other drainage part is in the general direction of SW into the rice fields west ly of the study area. Map11 shows the two major drainage systems defining the study area of Kabarore town centre. 6% Amost every day 43% At least once a week 51%
Is power sufficient?
Yes, 82% No, 18%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Figure 20: Electricity
28 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Figure 21: Storm Water Drainage Pattern map
29 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Land Land is the basic property upon which all buildings, infrastructure, economic activities, etc sit on. Kabarore land is The District Authorities is currently constructing the secondary roads in the town plus drains to help curd soil basically used for settlement and other uses. The various land uses include but not limited to: erosions and other related effects of un-channeled drainage systems. The photos no. 15, 16 and 22 below show the Residential, current scenarios in the town. Agriculture, Infrastructure facilities, Administrative Educational Commercial and financial services Religious and Wetlands.
2.5.2 Land-Use and Settlement Patterns Infrastructural development has attracted some residents to live along transport corridors, as a result, there basically two types of settlements here; 1) Linear and 2) agglomerated settlements.
Photo19: Earth Drainage.
2.5 Human Settlements, Land-Use and Housing
2.5.1 Introduction A country’s population and how it is geographically distributed can influence the state of the environment through the rate of growth and household formation, access to basic services and infrastructure, age distribution and employment opportunities, rural and urban environment and wealth of natural resources. The impact of human needs on available resources, in the context of emerging economies, poses a strain on available public infrastructure, limited land and natural resources, for instance forests and water bodies.
Land and housing are the two major components of this study. The government of Rwanda through the recently launched EDPRS II (2013-2018) has now set focus on promoting urbanization with socially-inclusive, environmentally sustainable and economically viable green integrated cities. Figure 22: Linear Settlement Pattern Figure 23: Agglomerated Settlement Pattern
(Source: RNRA) – Top Right Hand Gatsibo town of Kabarore experiences a significant amount of pressure on land and housing alike. Though majority of the population live in the rural areas of the District, the population concentration in town is high.
Land use pattern in Kabarore is such that a big percentage of the study area is mixed use i.e. residential and
agriculture. The map below shows various land uses in the study area.
30 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Figure 24: Basemap and Land-use Map
31 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
Housing Household composition and size provide information on shared infrastructure, economic resources available per dwelling, and growth opportunities per household. This allows estimates on potential impact on the environment
2.5.3 Land And House Ownership Land ownership in Gatsibo urban centre is like any other secondary towns of Rwanda. From our household interviews, 80% of those interviewed own the houses they stay in while 20% pay rent.
Figure 25: House ownership.
House ownership Rented 20%
Own house 80%
Figure 26: land Registration. Figure 27: Aerial image of unplanned Settlement Figure 28: Planned Settlement For land ownership and especially Land registration (Source: RNRA) – Top Right Hand land registration, the respondents
Not yet gave the results shown on fig18. registered, 3% 97% have registered their lands 2.5.5 Existing Housing Typologies while 3% were/are not sure of registration status. The types of houses in the study area can be classified according to the construction materials used and the kind of Registered finishing. These include permanent dwelling buildings, semi permanent and temporary dwelling buildings. 97% Permanent buildings are those built out of construction materials (for the roof, foundation and wall) that can maintain their stability for more than 15 years. Semi permanent buildings include those built with a combination of permanent and temporary materials. While temporary dwelling units, are those that are built
with materials that cannot maintain their stability for more than three years.
2.5.4 Existing Plot Layout Plans According to the above classification, and based on the results from the answers to our questionnaires, the Existing plot layout is given below, where the parcels are well organized is the areas where the owners followed following figures were obtained. planning done by Geoinfo Africa (The Consultant) between 2008 and 2012. Maps 15 and 16 show the different plot layouts in the area.
32 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Figure 29: House building Materials Figure 30: House Preferences We also collected data on various items of housing units as shown on figure20 above. 92% of the houses have 3 bedrooms and above. All other details are given as shown on the figure. House materials Housing preferences The preferred housing type according to our research findings is bungalow. Figure 21 shows the housing 70% Houses with… 98% 62% preference, where 62% of the population preferred bungalow type over the rest. 60% Roof with steel or… 99% 50% 2.6 Telecommunication and ICT 40% Houses with Cement… 77% 28% The key objectives of ICT sector are to transform Rwanda into an IT-literate nation; promote and encourage 30% the deployment and utilization of ICT within the society; improve the civil and public service efficiency; Houses with lintel 32% 20% 7% 10% 3% improve the information and communications infrastructure; make Rwanda a regional ICT hub; transform Houses with bricks or… 82% 0% the educational system and enhance skills development. ICT is expected to generate opportunities across Houses with… 92% Bungalow Mansion Apartment Row housing all sectors and acceleration of the country’s socio-economic development process.
Gatsibo urban centre has already positioned itself into this sector by setting up the Gatsibo District Business From the results above, we can conclude that the houses in Kabarore urban centre are fair and good. With a few Development Centre. The main objective is to develop ICT capacity building; awareness and penetration of qualifying to be said they are very good. ICT skills and knowledge at local government level to fast track the District’s transformation into a The following photos give a glimpse into the state of the buildings in Kabarore town centre, knowledge-based population. From the HHs interviews, we got to learn that lack of skills is the main issue why the Kabarore population don’t use internet and other IT related facilities and services. Figure 22 shows the outcome of the interview.
Figure 32: Accessibility
Do you have access to internet? Yes, 38% No, 62% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Photo20: Housing Types at Kabarore Town Centre Figure 33: House Preferences
Reasons of no Internet access Figure 31: House typologies Others 5% 18% Feels too old 9% Houses Parts 48% No need 4% Houses with +3 bedrooms 92% 5% No internet option available Houses with storeroom 71% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Houses with bathroom 71% Houses with Kitchen 69% Houses with sitting room 91%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
33 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 3 PLANNING PRINCIPLES, VISIONING AND PROPOSED LAND-USE PLANS Internet Options
Other 1% 3.1 Overview Mobile Telephone , PAD 8% Urban planning is an activity carried out to guide socio-economic and spatial developments of a planning During travel(hotel, airport,…) 1% Voluntary organization 2% area. In principle a planning task takes as its prime goal the objective of the people who inhabit the area that Internet or Cyber café 33% Governement office 4% is being planned. However, due to the longevity and spatial dispersion of effects of plans, planners should Friends' or neighbors' house 1% consider the interests of various stakeholders (both current and future) over an area greater than the Local Telecenter 11% work 12% jurisdiction of a single urban area. The preparation of an urban plan assumes the existence of a hierarchy School 27% of development frameworks at national and regional levels. This Guideline is basically limited to urban plan preparation at single urban area level, irrespective of the grade of an urban area Figure 34: Internet Options
Land use patterns can be viewed as a reflection of various factors including zoning regulations and environmental and social influences. Land use pattern and its changes are determined by both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types, vegetation, etc. as well as human factors such as population density, technology, infrastructure and institutional reforms.
It has been suggested that urbanization is both a mirror of broad socio-economic changes in society and an instrument of socio-economic change (Chandra, 1996). Other necessary requisites responsible for socio-economic change in society which also serve as catalyst of urban growth include technological change in industry, transportation, communication and building techniques (Bracken, 1981). In this case, rapidly increasing urban population means changes in economic, social, spatial and environmental issues for the betterment of society.
The literature on planning shows that urban areas in various parts of the world have been developing Photo21: Gatsibo ICT Centre with some guiding principles, though not written in most cases. Planning in its formal sense implies having
the power to guide the future development of an area. Hence planning cannot be practiced in a political
vacuum. Then, it is logical to conclude that planning has been following the footsteps of political ideals in
the determination of the future and the means to achieve it. Plan types, planning methods and principles are
ideals and modes for the expression of ideals.
3.2 Plan Typologies and Key Planning Principles The literature on planning shows that urban areas in various parts of the world have been developing with some guiding principles, though not written in most cases. Planning in its formal sense implies having the power to guide the future development of an area. Hence planning cannot be practiced in a political vacuum. Then, it is logical to conclude that planning has been following the footsteps of political ideals in the determination of the future and the means to achieve it. Plan types, planning methods and principles are ideals and modes for the expression of ideals.
34 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Principles are general assumptions, fundamental rules, paradigms that guide the spirit of planning policies, 6. Strategic approach in plan preparation increases relevance of urban plans. proposals, standards and implementation measures. Principles should be based on community values, a) Identification of critical elements during planning enhances the adoption of better- generally accepted good planning practices, technological level of a community, and planning performing plans objectives. Principles serve the preparation of plans but need not be included in the plan itself. Principles b) Identification of critical elements increases public preparedness for unavoidable should take contextual situations; but there are some basic ones that emanate from higher policy frameworks consequences. such as the Constitution, general development plans, federal urban development policy, etc. The following 7. Urbanization viewed as a potential for development main principles were considered for all cases of this planning study preparation and implementation. a) Urbanization is an irreversible process, it should be managed rather than try to curb its development. 1. The health, safety and property rights of citizens, environmental sustainability, efficiency in resource b) Urbanization is positive development for a well-prepared urban administration. use, and transparency in management of affairs will be promoted with planned development. 8. Policy formulation is iterative. 2. Participatory approach in planning enhances the relevance of development plans and the chance of a) Plan preparation and implementation should be a continuous process plans being implemented. b) Shortening the revision time of plans increases the relevance of plans a) Identification of stakeholders at an early stage of the plan preparation process will shorten c) Learning through practice and a reflective-practitioner promotes local contexts. the preparation and approval of plans. d) Planning is process oriented. b) Involvement of stakeholders in plan preparation increases plan implement-ability. 9. Proper consideration of plan implementation capacity of institutions is necessary. c) All inhabitants of a planning area are stakeholders, albeit at varying intensity and capacity. a) The adoption of less complex plans without compromising long-term benefits increases d) Devising proper methods for public participation promote level of participation. relevance of policies and chance of implementation, 3. Planning should aim towards sustainable development. b) Well-trained staff is cost-effective in the long term. a) Resources are finite; planned uses promote effective use of resources. 10. Planning policies seen in the light of Federal arrangement envisages b) Plans should promote opportunities for current inhabitants without compromising the need of appropriate decentralization at local level and strategic control at the centre. future generation a) Decentralization without proper empowerment is ineffective, c) Promotion of public participation in development and equitable distribution of resources b) Conducive financial, manpower and institutional frameworks should support promotes the objectives of sustainable development. decentralization. d) Plans should address the visions and interests of stakeholders at all levels. 11. Mixed use and social integration promote viability of plans. e) Providing due consideration for environmental issues increases the life span of natural a) Mixed use creates cross-subsidy and better resource distribution, resources. b) Mixed use increases the chance of urban areas to be active throughout the day. 4. Financially feasible development plans are easy to implement. c) Mixed use planning helps the development of socially integrated area. a) Plans should consider financial implications at the planning stage. 12. Phased, flexible and targeted development approach increases the viability of b) The user-pays principle promotes responsibility; however, the government should urban plans. support socially and economically disadvantaged section of society. a) Properly phased development creates positive feedback to the system c) The public must benefit from planning gains. b) Flexible approaches increase the relevance of plans. However, flexibility should not be 5. Spatial integration at national/regional/local levels promotes overall development laissez faire. of society. c) Targeted approach economises on resource use and promotes measurability of a) Hierarchy of plans should be consistent with higher level plans/and policies and other development policies. related policies in other sectors. 13. Equitable distribution promotes social justice in development. b) Integrated planning and implementation economises on resource requirements while at the a) Planning that promotes job creation contributes to the poverty reduction policy. same time it increases the multiplier effect of positive components. 35 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP b) Promoting the participation of inhabitants in economic activities through the creation of micro to the town because they often believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better than in rural and small enterprises increases the production wealth and its equitable distribution. areas. People also hope for well-paid jobs, the greater opportunities to find casual or ‘informal’ work, better health care and education.
3.3 Determinants of Land-Use Patterns in Kabarore town 3.3.1. Infrastructure
The nature of transportation network has generally led to changes in urban form. The more radical the changes in From the study carried out by the consultant on the area of study, there are five main factors which determine transport technology, the more the urban form has been altered. land use patterns in the study area. These are:
natural environment, Among the most fundamental changes in urban form is the emergence of new clusters and linear patterns demographic and economic factors, expressing new urban activities and new relationships between elements of the urban system. Infrastructure, Figure 36: Infrastructure effects on land use patterns land ownership and management, Policy regulations and management.
Figure 35: Determinants of land use patterns
Demographic Natural and Economic Infrastructure Environment Factors
Land Ownership Policy
and Regulations and Management Management
3.3.2. Land Ownership, Policy Regulations and Management
Gatsibo District authorities pursue urban land policy objectives, and they rely on a vast range of policy tools and
institutions to achieve them. Examples are master plans, zoning, subdivision regulations, building codes, and other Natural Environment public policies to shape development. These regulations are normally adopted to help protect the urban and natural Aspects of the natural environment that may affect urban land use include climate, topography, insurmountable environment, gear infrastructure investments with development, and maintain and enhance property values. This barriers (e.g., mountains or rivers) and water sources. The topography of Kabarore which is characterised by in turn also affects land ownership pattern and use of the land. fairly flat terrain with over 80% of the study area having between 0-6% gradient.
Demographic and Economic Factors
Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas. The ‘push’ factors are stronger here compared with the pull’ factors. People living in rural areas are pulled’
36 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 3.4 Determinants of Urbanization in Kabarore town 3.5 Planning Model and Vision Based on Kabarore Settlement Patterns.
Figure 37: Determinants of urbanization The planning of Kabarore town was done using SMART GROWTH model. Smart Growth model is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walk-able urban centers to avoid sprawl. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented, walk-able, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices. Economic Rural Factors Smart growth values long-range, regional considerations of sustainability over a short-term focus. Its sustainable Urban Envelopment development goals are to achieve a unique sense of community and place; expand the range of transportation, Migration employment, and housing choices; equitably distribute the costs and benefits of development; preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources; and promote public health. Physical incorporation of The concept of "smart growth" emerged in 1992 from the United Nation's adoption of Agenda 21 at the UN existing settlements Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Driven by "new guard" Urbanization previously beyond Factors the built up area. urban planners, architects, developers, community activists, and historic preservationists, it accepts that growth and development will continue to occur, and so seeks to direct that growth in an intentional, comprehensive way. Smart growth principles are directed at developing sustainable communities that are good places to live, to do
Tracking different land uses over time and space provides a history of their development, the dynamics of which, business, to work, and to raise families. Some of the fundamental aims for the benefits of residents and the once understood, can be useful for future urban planning. A number of factors that are important in determining communities are increasing family income and wealth, improving access to quality education, fostering livable, land use patterns. In the case of Kabarore urban centre, it is important to determine the forces that bring safe and healthy places, stimulating economic activity (both locally and regionally), and developing, preserving change over time to create spatial dynamics. The main factors are migration, envelopment and economic factors, and investing in physical resources. as explained below; 3.5.1 Basic Principles of Smart Growth
Rural‐urban migration (in‐migrants minus out‐migrants) is the primary driver of urbanization in most There are 10 accepted principles that define smart growth; developing countries. Residents of the neighbouring sectors of Kabarore have migrated to the urban center as it provides many opportunities for commerce and trade due to its strategic location along Kayonza – Nyagatare 1. Mix land uses highway. 2. Take advantage of compact building design 3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices Envelopment is the physical incorporation of existing settlements previously beyond the built up edge of the city 4. Create walk-able neighborhoods into extended urban regions through spatial expansion. Although the periphery of Kabarore urban centre is 5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place mainly agricultural land, much of it is gradually being absorbed into the urban neighbourhood as a result of 6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas urban sprawl. 7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities 8. Provide a variety of transportation choices Economic factors. Aspects of the economy that can affect urban land use include: level of economic 9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective development; economic structure; land markets; differences in household incomes; degree of employment 10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions decentralization; level of development of real estate finance markets; level and effectiveness of property taxation; 3.5.2 Rationale for Smart Growth and cycles of high inflation. Land use is often regarded more as a product than as a driver of economic It’s an alternative to; performance. All these economic factors play a role in growth of Kabarore. urban sprawl,
37 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP traffic congestion, appropriate technology, disconnected neighborhoods, and infrastructure-efficiency, placemaking, "Social Access," urban decay transit oriented development, and Principles of Intelligent Urbanism regional integration, human scale, and institutional-integrity.
3.5.3 Principles of Intelligent Urbanism as a form of Smart Growth
Figure 38: Transit oriented development as a form of smart growth 3.5.3.1 Principle one: a balance with nature
A balance with nature emphasizes the distinction between utilizing resources and exploiting them. It focuses on the thresholds beyond which deforestation, soil erosion, aquifer depletion, siltation and flooding reinforce one another in urban development, saving or destroying life support systems. The principle promotes environmental assessments to identify fragile zones, threatened ecosystems and habitats that can be enhanced through conservation, density control, land use planning and open space design (McCarg: 1975). This principle promotes life cycle building energy consumption and pollutant emission analysis.
3.5.3.2 Principle two: a balance with tradition
Balance with Tradition is intended to integrate plan interventions with existing cultural assets, respecting traditional practices and precedents of style (Spreiregen: 1965). This urban planning principle demands respect for the cultural heritage of a place. It seeks out traditional wisdom in the layout of human settlements, in the order of building plans, in the precedents of style, in the symbols and signs that transfer meanings through decoration and motifs. This principle respects the order engendered into building systems through years of adaptation to climate, to social circumstances, to available materials and to technology. It promotes architectural styles and motifs
designed to communicate cultural values.
3.5.3.3 Principle three: appropriate technology A transit-oriented development (TOD) is a mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A TOD neighborhood Appropriate technology emphasizes the employment of building materials, construction techniques, infrastructural typically has a center with a transit station or stop (train station, metro station, tram stop, or bus stop), surrounded systems and project management which are consistent with local contexts (situation, setting or circumstances). by relatively high-density development with progressively lower-density development spreading outward from the People's capacities, geo-climatic conditions, locally available resources, and suitable capital investments all center. TODs generally are located within a radius of one-quarter to one-half mile (400 to 800 m) from a transit temper technology. Where there are abundant craftspeople, labor-intensive methods are appropriate. Where there stop, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for pedestrians, thus solving the last mile problem. is surplus savings, capital intensive methods are appropriate. For every problem there is a range of potential technologies, which can be applied, and an appropriate fit between technology and other resources must be Principles of Intelligent Urbanism (PIU) is a theory of urban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended established. Proponents argue that accountability and transparency are enhanced by overlaying the physical spread to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs. They are intended to reconcile and integrate diverse of urban utilities and services upon electoral constituencies, such that people’s representatives are interlinked with urban planning and management concerns. These axioms include: the urban technical systems needed for a civil society. This principle is in sync with "small is beautiful" concepts environmental sustainability, and with the use of local resources. heritage conservation,
38 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 3.5.3.4 Principle four: conviviality glass-covered gallerias, arcades, courtyards, street side cafes, river- and hill-side stroll ways, and a variety of semi-covered spaces. The fourth principle sponsors social interaction through public domains, in a hierarchy of places, devised for personal solace, companionship, romance, domesticity, "neighborliness," community and civic life (Jacobs:1993). 3.5.3.7 Principle seven: opportunity matrix According to proponents of Intelligent Urbanism, vibrant societies are interactive, socially engaging and offer their members numerous opportunities for gathering and meeting one another. The PIU maintain that this can be The PIU envisions the city as a vehicle for personal, social, and [economic development], through access to a achieved through design and that society operates within hierarchies of social relations which are space specific. range of organizations, services, facilities and information providing a variety of opportunities for enhanced The hierarchies can be conceptualized as a system of social tiers, with each tier having a corresponding physical employment, economic engagement, education, and recreation. This principle aims to increase access to shelter, place in the settlement structure. The main considerations are; health care and human resources
A place for the individual: A goal of Intelligent Urbanism is to create places of solitude. These may be in urban Intelligent urbanism promotes opportunities through access to: forests, along urban hills, beside quiet streams, in public gardens and in parks where one can escape to Basic and primary education, skill development and knowledge about the urban world; meditate and contemplate. According to proponents, these are the quiet places wherein the individual Basic health care, potable water, solid waste disposal and hygiene; consciousness dialogues with the rational mind. Urban facilities like storm drainage, street lights, roads and footpaths; A place for the neighborhood: Smaller household domains must cluster into a higher social domain, the Recreation and entertainment; neighborhood social group. Good city planning practice sponsors, through design, such units of social Transport, energy, communications; space. It is in this fourth tier of social life that public conduct takes on new dimensions and groups learn Public participation and debate; to live peacefully among one another Finance and investment mechanisms; Land and/or built-up space where goods and services can be produced; A place for communities: The next social tier, or hierarchy, is the community. Historically, communities were Rudimentary economic infrastructure; tribes who shared social mores and cultural behavioral patterns. In contemporary urban settings Intelligent urbanism provides a wide range of zones, districts and precincts where activities and functions communities are formed of diverse people. can occur without detracting from one another.
A place for the city domain: The Principles of Intelligent Urbanism call for city level domains. These can be 3.5.3.8 Principle eight: regional integration plazas, parks, stadia, transport hubs, promenades, "passages" or gallerias. These are social spaces where everyone can go. These domains would include all freely accessible large spaces. These are places Intelligent Urbanism envisions the city as an organic part of a larger environmental, socio-economic and cultural- where outdoor exhibits are held, sports matches take place, vegetables are sold and goods are on display. geographic system, essential for its sustainability. This zone of influence is the region. Likewise, it sees the region as integrally connected to the city. Intelligent Urbanism sees the planning of the city and its hinterland is a single 3.5.3.5 Principle five: efficiency holistic process.
The principle of efficiency promotes a balance between the consumption of resources such as energy, time and 3.5.3.9 Principle nine: balanced movement fiscal resources, with planned achievements in comfort, safety, security, access, tenure, productivity and hygiene. It encourages optimum sharing of public land, roads, facilities, services and infrastructural networks, reducing per Intelligent Urbanism advocates integrated transport systems comprising walkways, cycle paths, bus lanes, light household costs, while increasing affordability, productivity, access and civic viability. rail corridors, under-ground metros and automobile channels. A balance between appropriate modes of movement is proposed. More capital intensive transport systems should move between high density nodes and hubs, which 3.5.3.6 Principle six: human scale interchange with lower technology movement options. These modal split nodes become the public domains around which cluster high density, pedestrian, mixed-use urban villages (Taniguchi: 2001). An abiding axiom of urban planning, urban design and city planning has been the promotion of people friendly places, pedestrian walkways and public domains where people can meet freely. These can be parks, gardens, 39 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 3.5.3.10 Principle ten: institutional integrity
Intelligent Urbanism holds that good practices inherent in considered principles can only be realized through accountable, transparent, competent and participatory local governance, founded on appropriate data bases, due entitlements, civic responsibilities and duties. The PIU promotes a range of facilitative and promotive urban development management tools to achieve appropriate urban practices, systems and forms (Islam: 2000). None of the principles or practices the PIU promotes can be implemented unless there is a strong and rational institutional framework to define, channel and legalize urban development, in all of its aspects. Intelligent Urbanism envisions the institutional framework as being very clear about the rules and regulations it sponsors and that those using discretion in implementing these measures must do so in a totally open, recorded and transparent manner.
Karenge Cell proposed plan based on the following principles as mentioned above: Environmentally friendly, Balance with tradition, Appropriate technology Efficiency Compact city
Opportunity matrix Regional Smart growth development can be applied for the case of Kabarore urban center whereby transit movement – integration especially for trucks and vehicles plying Kayonza – Nyagatare – Kagitumba, is common. The principles of Institutional smart growth to be utilized in the implementation of the LUDP are: integrity amongst others. Walkability: more buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking. Connectivity: interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking and high quality pedestrian networks.
Mixed used and diversity: a mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site, mixed-use within neighbourhoods. Mixed housing: housing composing a range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity.
40 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Quality Architecture & Urban Design: The town should contain a range of uses and densities Table 7: Low density Residential District:
within 10-minute walk with highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. More diversity and smaller, unique shops and services with local owners who are involved in community. Category Regulation Green transportation which promotes pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of 1.0 Use bicycles, scooters, and walking as daily transportation. Permitted Uses Single family houses (all types) Sustainability: minimal environmental impact of development and its operations, eco-friendly Low rise apartment, townhouse & cluster technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems, energy efficiency, more walking and less bungalow development Complementary clubhouse for housing driving. cluster Prohibited uses Residential apartments exceeding 2 storey 3.6 Proposed zoning plans height
3.6.1. Importance of zoning General commercial uses Industrial uses A zoning plan regulates the types of uses, the development intensity, the setting and heights of buildings on Major infrastructure any plot. It serves as an effective planning tool to guide development in a logical and orderly manner. The Conditional uses Standalone food outlet with less than 50 seats Hotels (incl. its ancillary uses) zoning plan is meant to provide landowners and developers with a clear picture of what can and cannot be Public facilities developed on any particular plot. Convenience stores not exceeding 60m2 of A zoning plan is made up of a zoning map and a set of zoning regulations. The zoning map specifies zoning floor area Home Office areas within the planning area based on the land use, the expected intensity and building height for that Video halls with soundproof area. Zoning regulations tabulate the uses into three categories: permitted, conditional, and prohibited uses. Ancillary uses Car parking garage Zoning regulations Guard house Maids’ quarters 3.6.2. Permitted use: Outdoor kitchen Use complies with the intended use for the particular zoning code, permission to develop is unconditional Store rooms Minimum lot size 625 m2 but development will have to comply with other regulations like building height, floor area, floor ratio, and Maximum lot size 750 m2 urban design guidelines. 2.0. Coverage 3.6.3. Conditional use
Conditional uses are usually activities that may create significant traffic, noise or other impacts on the surrounding neighborhood. Such identified uses can be permitted conditionally within a zone requiring the Maximum Building Coverage 60% Maximum
development to confirm to a set of conditions and standards as per the regulations which must be met at all Minimum Landscaping coverage 10% Minimum
times. These conditional regulations should not only be on use but on intensity of works especially those Maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 1.0 Maximum
that are likely to generate much dust. 3.0. building area 3.6.4. Prohibited use Maximum Number G+1+P These are uses that are deemed prohibited, and includes activities that have been found to be incompatible of Floors G (ancillary buildings with the particular zoning district. For example, industrial uses are prohibited within the residential zones. Floor to floor height 4 m Maximum
Building Form Detached villas Low density residential houses Aesthetic enhancement of the front elevation of the building Description: The Low density residential district is a residential zone specially designed for the people 4.0. Building Setbacks (Minimum) with high income earning capacity. Is the zone located in distant space from the commercial zone as its inhabitant can have means to go to the business area without difficulties. 41 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Building (Above Grade) Detached Buildings Minimum Landscaping coverage 10% Minimum
Front: 7 m (min) Maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 1.0 Maximum Side: 3 m (min) 3.0. building area Rear: 3 m (min) Maximum Number G+1+P Semi-Detached Buildings of Floors G (ancillary buildings Front: 7 m (min) Floor to floor height 4 m Maximum Side: 3 m (min) Building Form Detached villas Common Side: 0 m Semi Detached villas Rear: 3 m (min) Aesthetic enhancement of the front elevation (Corner plots require Side setback of 3m min) of the building 4.0. Building Setbacks (Minimum)
Table 8: Medium Density Residential houses Building (Above Grade) Detached Buildings Front: 7 m (min)
Side: 3 m (min) Category Regulation Rear: 3 m (min) 1.0 Use Semi-Detached Buildings Permitted Uses Single family houses (all types) Cluster bungalow development Front: 7 m (min) Complementary clubhouse for housing Side: 3 m (min) cluster Common Side: 0 m Prohibited uses Residential apartments exceeding 2 storey Rear: 3 m (min) height (Corner plots require Side setback of 3m min) General commercial uses
Industrial uses Major infrastructure High density residential district Conditional uses Standalone food outlet with less than 30 seats Description: the High Density residential district has been designed to provide dwelling convenience to the people Hotels (incl. its ancillary uses) Public facilities with low incomes within Gatsibo district. The design of the houses is that we allow semi-detached houses in these Convenience stores not exceeding 60m2 of neighborhoods to promote efficient land use in the district but also promote compact cities development in the floor area district. Home Office Ancillary uses Car parking garage Table 9: High Density Residential District Guard house Maids’ quarters Category Regulation Outdoor kitchen 1.0 Use Store rooms Minimum lot size 400 m2 Permitted Uses Semi-detatched Single family houses (all types) 2 Maximum lot size 500 m 2.0. Coverage Prohibited uses Residential apartments Low rise apartments
General commercial uses Maximum Building Coverage 50% Maximum Industrial uses Major infrastructure
42 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Conditional uses Standalone food outlet with less than 20 seats Small shops Category Regulation Public facilities Convenience stores not exceeding 60m2 of 1.0. Use floor area Permitted Uses Shopping centers Home Office Offices Ancillary uses Car parking garage Hotels Guard house Serviced apartments Maids’ quarters Leisure and entertainment centers (e.g. Outdoor kitchen cinemas ,bowling alleys) Store rooms Galleries Minimum lot size 300 m2 Commercial schools Maximum lot size 400 m2 Multi-family Housing Prohibited uses 2.0. Coverage Industrial Uses Major Infrastructure Installations Houses for high density district Maximum Building Coverage 60% Maximum Conditional uses Public Facilities Petrol stations Minimum Landscaping coverage 10% Minimum Residential flats with commercial at ground
Maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 1.0 Maximum floor
Transport Interchange 3.0. building area Plots less than 600 m2 can be developed as Maximum Number G+1+P single family houses (for consideration by G (ancillary buildings district of Floors Ancillary uses Electrical substation Floor to floor height 4 m Maximum Refuse area
Building Form Detached simple housesvillas Minimum lot size 700 m2 Semi Detached houses 2 Aesthetic enhancement of the front elevation Maximum lot size 900 m of the building 2.0. Coverage 4.0. Building Setbacks (Minimum) Maximum Building Coverage 70% Maximum
Minimum Landscaping Coverage 10% Minimum
Building (Above Grade) Detached Buildings Maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 3.0 Maximum
Front: 7 m (min) Side: 3 m (min) 3.0. Building area Rear: 3 m (min) Maximum Number of Floors G+2 maximum
G (ancillary buildings) maximum Semi-Detached Buildings
Floor to floor height 4 m Maximum Front: 7 m (min) Side: 3 m (min) Building Form Free standing attached or detached buildings Common Side: 0 m Existing buildings Additions and alterations necessary to retain Rear: 3 m (min) an existing approved legally non-conforming (Corner plots require Side setback of 3m min) building and its use in good order and repair will be allowed, subject to: No material change in use which does not Table 10: Commercial district comply with the prevailing zoning
43 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP regulations; Circulation No further increase in floor area of the existing on-conforming use Pedestrian 2m(min) covered publicly accessible Aesthetic enhancement of the front elevation pedestrian walkway/ covered arcade shall be of the building provided along the perimeter of the buildings fronting the main roads 4.0. Building Setbacks (Minimum) Pedestrian circulation shall link all buildings Building (Above Grade) Front: 7 m (min) along other roads and amenities on site Side: 3 m (min) Throughout the site development, all Rear: 3 m (min) pedestrian linkages shall be a minimum 1.5m wide All pedestrian circulation shall be accessible Setback for plots smaller than 600m2 (single to the disabled family houses) Public Transit The use of public transit should be encouraged through the integration of a
public transport stop into the commercial Front: 3m development lot Side: 2 m (min) Minimum 1 taxi stand for at least 2 taxis Rear: 2 m (min) shall be provided within lot boundary. Loading docks Loading docks, if any, shall be located to the A pedestrian linkage should be provided rear or side of the building. from the main building to the bus shelter Where the rear of the building faces located in front of the commercial lots residential uses, the loading area must be (where applicable) appropriately screened so as not to be visible from residential uses Light industries Parking General Description: The Light Industrial District is specialized land areas carefully located close to Location Required parking stalls shall be provided within the lot boundary for Commercial residential area with easy vehicular access to offer residents proximity to a range of non-polluting developments industrial services. It is also established to create a clean and light industrial environment that could No onsite parking is required if shared parking for the entire Commercial cluster is blend with the surrounding residential area. Industrial zone can have Clean Industries, Business Parks provided for or Light Industries. Surfacing Parking shall be hard surfaced and provided with
adequate drainage Table 11: Light industries district Minimum Required Commercial – 2 Parking Lot for the first 200 m2 commercial space and 1 Parking Lot per Parking Stalls subsequent 200 m2 commercial space shall be provided Category Regulations Apartment – 1 Parking Lot per 2 dwelling Use units Food Outlet -1 Parking Lot per 10 seats shall Permitted Uses Petrol stations be Provided Car wash Hotel - 1 Parking Lot per 200 m2 shall be Minor automotive repair shops provided Non-pollutive industrial uses Warehouse Disabled Parking Where required, at least 1 parking stalls per Dry cleaning / laundry service public entrance shall be designated for the Business Parks, Science Parks disabled Prohibited uses Commercial Uses The location shall be immediately adjacent to Residential Uses the building entrance/access Major Infrastructure Installations 44 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Conditional uses Religious Facilities Use Workers’ Accommodation Permitted Uses Botanical gardens, arboretums and Sundries / grocery shop conservatories. Fast food outlet ( 200 seating) Outdoor recreational facilities, such as hiking Ancillary uses Electrical substation (ESS) and bicycle trails, greens and commons, Refuse area sitting areas and picnic areas. Minimum lot size 250 m2 Park related public facilities such as public
2.0. Coverage toilet/ changing room.
Maximum Building Coverage 60% Maximum
Prohibited uses All types of industrial uses Minimum Landscaping Coverage 10% Minimum All types of residential uses
Maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) N/A All types of commercial uses
All types of major public facilities 3.0. Building area Major infrastructure installations Maximum Number G+2 maximum Conditional uses Minor Public Facilities Restaurants of Floors G (ancillary buildings) maximum Small kiosk not exceeding 100 m2 Floor to floor height 4 m Maximum Ancillary uses N/A
Building Form Detached Buildings(can also be flatted) or Minimum lot size N/A
attached buildings Existing buildings N/A Estimated water requirements for Kabarore up to the year 2034 4.0. Building Setbacks (Minimum) 3.7 Estimated Water Requirements up to the year 2034 Building (Above Grade) For Detached Development: . Assumption considered for water planning Front: 7.0 m (min) average family size at 6 persons Side: 4.5 m (min) Rear: 4.5 m (min) Population Projection Land use plan For Attached Developments Topographic information and available water sources Front: 7.0 m (min) 20 ltrs per capita per day (VC/d) is needed by an individual per day Side: 0 m (min) Rear: 0 m (min) Table 12: Light industries district
YEAR Popn Estimates No. Of HHs Water Estimates
2012 50,411 Recreation district: 2014 57,171 9,529 1,715,130
2020 77,451 12,909 2,323,530 General Description: Passive Recreational District is the zone established to provide recreational and 2025 94,351 15,725 2,830,530 leisure facilities and activities in selected areas that have unique features (including visual corridors, 2030 104,491 17,415 3,134,730 environmentally sensitive areas, buffer areas, or along significant routes). These parks can include 2034 118,011 19,669 3,540,330 recreational commercial or public facilities at the neighborhood, community, and regional level.
NB: This gives an estimate of 3,540 M ³ of water per day. We propose two locations for water tanks that can Category Regulation supply the town that amount of water per day.
45 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 3.5.3.11. Land use distribution in the study area
Table: Table 13: Land use distribution
LAND USE AREA (Hectare)
Commercial zone (Hotels, markets, supermarkets, shopping mall and 64.84663303 shops) Residential zone (High density, medium density and low density) 235.2877573 Recreational zone (proposed stadium, play grounds for different 7.458411672 sport activities) Open spaces zone: (green spaces, forest areas, greening and 88.47858103 beautification) Light industries zone (Agaciriro, and other cottage non-polluting 4.453521484 industries) Health facilities zone (Hospital, health centers, clinics, etc) 1.124155057 Education facilities zone (nursery, primary, secondary schools, 55.95307203 university, Technical and Vocational Training centers, and colleges) Protected zone (wetland) 32.42876478 Administration zone (district, sector, cell, police, courts, fire station, 9.845112777 and other government offices) Taxi park 1.656890096 Religious facilities zone 3.277460462 Infrastructure (roads, drainage networks, and others) 158.407657 Community facilities (community halls, cinema halls, etc) 9.282868882 Mixed zone (commercial, residential, light industries, urban 5.603328591 agriculture) TOTAL 674.8267537
Figure 39: Proposed Land use map
46 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 4 HOUSING PROPOSALS Average household size is about 3-4 persons; Average number of bedrooms per dwelling range from 2-4; 4.1 Introduction Average bedroom area is 12-22 m2; The Government of Rwanda recognizes that housing is a basic right for its citizens as stated in Average kitchen area is12-15 m2; international declarations such as the Istanbul Declaration of June, 1996, the Millennium A living room area range from 14-22 m2. Development Goals (February, 2002), and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (July-August,
2002). This is clearly captured in the various legislations and policies that are concerned with improving the 4.3 Affordable Housing for Kabarore housing conditions of citizens e.g. NLP (2004), Organic land law (2005) and EDPRS 2 (2013). The overall Spatially efficient cities/towns can deliver housing that is both affordable and accessible to employment, objective is to facilitate citizens’ access to decent affordable housing and basic infrastructure facilities. To realise schooling and places of leisure. For example, high-desnity development clustered around transit sations enables this, controlled housing development and the sustainability of human settlements both in urban and rural areas is lower cost housing (land costs per unit area lower) and accessibility. Effective land use management ensures being implemented gradually by designing development plans e.g. Kabarore LUDP and capacity building of the security and social cohesion as benefits to the urban poor, especially women and children, who are otherwise often respective implementing organs. In the end, it is aimed that a socially integrated society, where the basic isolated (WBI 2014). rights of all people are met; particularly the rights of women, children, handicapped people, and people living in poverty, the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. As articulated in the EDPRS 2, the aim of any affordable housing typology is to boost economic growth and reduce poverty by providing suitable and sustainable housing units for better settlement in both rural and urban To achieve the above-stated goals, the government through RHA seeks to integrate the component of areas of Rwanda (EDPRS2 – 3.31). affordable housing in the implementation of LUDPs. It is therefore in this regard and in line with the policy statements that support access to affordable in Rwanda that this study proposes different housing models that For the case of Kabarore urban centre the following key factors have been put into consideration in designing affordable housing: will gather for the different income groups in Gatsibo urban center. The cost of constructing the proposed house models range from Rwf. 12 million to Rwf. 50million. These amounts were arrived at through a The country’s vision of becoming a middle income economy by 2020 through various multi-faceted approach which involved household interviews, FGDs with cell and imidugudu leaders and strategies which are already bearing fruit for example EDPRS II, expert knowledge from the consultant. The house models seek to provide urban housing for a cross section of The strategic location of Kabarore which is a transit town along Kayonza – Nyagatare – the population as set out in the TOR. The proposed categories include low (Rwf 13 – 20 million), medium Kagitumba highway. (Rwf 21 – 35 million), high (Rwf. 36 – 75 million). These guiding principles for proposing the housing typologies in Kabarore are elaborated herein below. The predominant housing types in the selected priority sites of Kabarore are flat-roof houses and bungalows made 4.2 Guiding Principles of Designing Housing Typologies of varying materials, ranging from raw brick walls to burned bricks and cement blocks for walls. Roofing is The Building Control and Regulations of 2009 is the standard reference document for the regulation of mainly done using iron sheets although use of tiles is also common (Photo20: Housing Types at Kabarore Town building design and house construction in Rwanda. The proposed house typologies for the case of Kabarore Centre). While old-type mud-walled (rukarakara) bungalows still dot the urban and peri-urban areas, modern LUDP are subject to this regulation. The major benefits to be gained in applying this document is that it will ones made of pre-cast concrete blocks and tiles are slowly taking root due to economic activities of the residents. harmonize building construction industry not only in Kabarore but also in all other urban centres of Rwanda It is against the information collected during household interviews and field observations that new housing where urbanization is happening at varying rates. It will also curtail mushrooming of informal settlements typologies are proposed in the selected areas for pilot implementation of Kabarore LUDP once the study is so as to ensure well planned, well-maintained, safe, cost effective and decent building developments complete. Below are examples of the existing predominant house types in Kabarore. and housing settlements throughout the country (Rwanda Building Control and Regulation 2009). Based on 4.4 Proposed Housing Typologies socio-economic survey for housing, market analysis, FGDs and expert knowledge on affordable housing, the following key standards are applied in proposing housing typologies for Kabarore: 4.4.1 Definition of Terms Building Setback: means the minimum distance (in plan) by which a building must be offset from One family per household and dwelling; the plot line, except for any permitted intrusions or structures. 47 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Front Setback means the minimum required setback as measured from the plot line fronting any road Figure 41: Plot and building coverage
to the external main wall of any primary or ancillary building. Rear Setback means the minimum required setback as measured from the plot line directly opposite of the front plot line. Side Setback means the minimum required setback as measured from the plot line that extends between the front and rear plot lines. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) means the gross floor area of the building or buildings on any plot divided by the plot area.
Gross Floor Area (GFA) means the sum of the gross horizontal areas of all the floors of a building,
measured from the exterior face of exterior walls or mid-point of common or party walls. The "floor area"
of a building includes basement floor area, staircase blocks, planter boxes and ledges, public areas such
as landings and common lobbies. It excludes floor area used for parking facilities. Basements not
utilized for any habitable or commercial purposes are exempt from gross floor area calculations. Balcony & bay window areas are excluded from the GFA calculation. Plot Area means the total horizontal area (in square metres) included within the Plot boundary lines.
Plot Coverage means the percentage of a Plot area occupied by the ground area of primary and all ancillary buildings, structures and driveways, aisles and parking spaces.
Semi-detached building is one that abuts on one side of the plot line or building on an adjacent plot and
for which no side setback is provided while attached building is a freestanding building that does not abut any other building or adjacent plot and for which open space is provided around all sides of the Figure 42: Attached and semi-detached buildings building and the plot lines.
4.4.2 Architectural Designs for Proposed Buildings
The following housing typologies are proposed for the various zones of Kabarore (Kabarore, Nyabikiri and
Karenge cells).
a) HD Three-bedroom bungalow (detached)
b) MD- Three bedroom (semi-detached)
c) MD-Four-bedroom maisonettes
d) LD-Four bedroom bungalow
e) LD-Four bedroom (Storied)
f) Commercial building (storied)
Figure 40: Setback for middle and corner plot (Source: KCMP, 2013)
48 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Figure 43: HD Site Layout
CONSTRUCTION COST SUMMARY
ITEM ELEMENT DESCRIPTION AMOUNT(FRW)
1 PRELIMINARIES 157,991
2 SUBSTRUCTURE 1,437,734
3 SUPERSTRUCTURE 3,896,188
4 ROOF STRUCTURE 3,051,661
5 DOORS AND WINDOWS 1,030,424
6 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 116,993
6 PLUMBING INSTALLATION 339,879
7 FINISHES 1,892,331
8 EXTERNAL WORKS 1,461,421
9 LABOUR 3,346,156
10 OVERHEADS 669,231
GRAND TOTAL 17,400,010
Table 14: HD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014)
49 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP MD- Three bedroom (semi-detached)
Figure 44: MD Site Layout
CONSTRUCTION COST SUMMARY
ITEM ELEMENT DESCRIPTION AMOUNT(FRW)
1 PRELIMINARIES 392,255
2 SUBSTRUCTURE 3,569,547
3 SUPERSTRUCTURE 9,673,294
4 ROOF STRUCTURE 7,576,537
5 DOORS AND WINDOWS 2,558,294
6 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 290,465
6 PLUMBING INSTALLATION 843,838
7 FINISHES 4,698,201
8 EXTERNAL WORKS 3,628,356
9 LABOUR 8,307,697
10 OVERHEADS 1,661,539
GRAND TOTAL 43,200,024 Table 15: MD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014) 50 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
MD-Four-bedroom maisonettes (Storied)
Figure 45: MD Site Layout
CONSTRUCTION COST SUMMARY
DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (RWF) SUBSTRUCTURE 8,984,007 SUPERSTRUCTURE 9,473,301 ROOFING 8,674,182 SPLASH AP, WINDOWS & IRON MONGERY 4,571,640 CURTAIN BOXES, PRECAST WDW CILLS, STELL DOORS & THEIR IRON MONGERY 1,145,894 TIMBER DOORS, PLASTER & TILING 7,074,338 CEMENT SCREED, WALL PLASTER & TILING 2,762,721 SANITARY FITTING, DRAINAGE & WATER SUPPLY 3,156,543 ELECTRICAL WORKS 664,173 ELECTRICAL WORKS CONTD 1,099,764 PAINTING 796,136 EXTERNAL WORKS 8,576,415 TOTAL 56,979,113 Labour 25% 14,244,778 71,223,891 Contingencies 5% 3,561,195
GRAND TOTAL 74,785,085 Table 16: MD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014)
51 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
LD-Four bedroom bungalow
Figure 46: LD Site Layout
CONSTRUCTION COST SUMMARY
ITEM ELEMENT DESCRIPTION AMOUNT(FRW)
1 PRELIMINARIES 312,351
2 SUBSTRUCTURE 2,842,417
3 SUPERSTRUCTURE 7,702,809
4 ROOF STRUCTURE 6,033,168
5 DOORS AND WINDOWS 2,037,160
6 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 231,296
6 PLUMBING INSTALLATION 671,945
7 FINISHES 3,741,160
8 EXTERNAL WORKS 2,889,247
9 LABOUR 6,615,388
10 OVERHEADS 1,323,078
GRAND TOTAL 34,400,019 Table 17: LD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014)
52 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
LD-Four bedroom (Storied)
Figure 47: LD Site Layout
CONSTRUCTION COST SUMMARY
ITEM ELEMENT DESCRIPTION AMOUNT(FRW)
1 PRELIMINARIES 588,320
2 SUBSTRUCTURE 5,353,756
3 SUPERSTRUCTURE 14,508,411
4 ROOF STRUCTURE 11,363,607
5 DOORS AND WINDOWS 3,837,037
6 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 435,651
6 PLUMBING INSTALLATION 1,265,623
7 FINISHES 7,046,559
8 EXTERNAL WORKS 5,441,960
9 LABOUR 12,460,231
10 OVERHEADS 2,492,046
GRAND TOTAL 64,793,201 Table 18: LD Cost Estimate (Source, Consultant 2014)
53 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 4.4.3. Commercial building Commercial building have been designed is such a way that the first two floors can be used as commercial while the upper floors used as residential to promote the mixed use in planning. This concept will help our business community to minimize the cost of transportation from the residential areas to the commercial zone.
Figure 48: Commercial building perspective
Fig 48: Site plan of the commercial building
54 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 4.5 Construction Costs foundation 5 200 x 200mm thick reinforced concrete Table 19: construction cost summary plinth columns Cm 1.41 300,000 421,979 6 400mm thick approved rubble stone walling bedded and jointed with cement mortar Cm 56.08 65,000 3,645,165 ELEMENT 7 200 x 200mm thick reinforced concrete ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT(FRW) Ground beam Cm 2.51 300,000 753,826
8 100mm thick hard core filling Sm 603.28 5,000 3,016,396
1 PRELIMINARIES 2,000,000 9 50mm thick plain insitu concrete Cm 30.17 70,000 2,111,669 10 50mm thick surface blinding Cm 2.34 45,000 105,085 2 SUBSTRUCTURE 12,130,068 11 Hessian bituminous felt damp proof course Lm 116.90 1,000 116,898 3 SUPERSTRUCTURE 33,666,086 S/total 12,130,068 C SUPERSTRUCTURE 1 200mm thick cement block walls Cm 98.15 55,000 5,398,493 4 ROOF STRUCTURE 7,571,360 2 200mm thick well burnt clay brick walls Cm 28.20 55,000 1,551,011
3 200 x 200mm thick reinforced concrete DOORS AND 5 WINDOWS 11,678,424 columns Cm 12.88 300,000 3,863,358 4 450 x 200mm thick reinforced concrete
ELECTRICAL beams Cm 14.74 300,000 4,420,534 6 INSTALLATION 1,311,000 150mm thick reinforced concrete slab 5 propped
ready to receive concrete Cm 39.52 300,000 11,856,371 PLUMBING 6 INSTALLATION 5,735,000 6 Sawn soft wood timber formwork to edges and soffits of beams and columns Lm 311.57 2,500 778,919
Sawn soft wood timber formwork to soffits 7 FINISHES 16,356,692 7 of slab Sm 603.27 4,500 2,714,726 8 Plain concrete ventilators N° 1.00 1,000 1,000 8 EXTERNAL WORKS 18,500,000 16 Reinforced concrete staircase Cm 9.35 300,000 2,806,363 17 Metallic balustrades and handrails Sm 36.71 7,500 275,310
9 LABOUR 27,237,157 S/total 33,666,086 III ROOF STRUCTURE 10 OVERHEADS 5,447,431 1 60 x 40mm hollow steel trusses Lm 108.00 9,500 1,026,000 2 Ditto 60 x 40mm struts and ties Lm 116.00 9,500 1,102,000 3 Ditto 60 x 40mm ties beams Lm 84.00 9,500 798,000 GRAND TOTAL 141,633,218 4 Ditto 40 x 40mm roof purlins Lm 221.00 7,500 1,657,500 5 Ditto 60 x 60mm wall plates Lm 62.00 9,500 589,000 Supply and fix heavy Gauge Resin Coat / Table 20: Bills of quantities Iron sheets with all necessary assesories and 6 matching coppings & valleys Sm 200.84 10,000 2,008,400 Total Cost 8 Metallic gutters Lm 39.91 8,500 339,249 ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY P.U (frw) (frw) 9 PVC down pipes Lm 17.07 3,000 51,211 A Preliminary works ff 1.00 2,000,000 2,000,000 S/total 7,571,360 S/Total 2,000,000 B SUBSTRUCTURE IV DOORS AND WINDOWS 1 Excavate for strip foundation 600mm 1 Softwood timber (flush) door N° 42.00 65,000 2,730,000 wide and to a depth n.e 0,8m Cm 118.00 2,500 295,000 2 Softwood timber battened door N° 15.00 65,000 975,000 Excavate for pad foundation size 1500 x 3 Double leaf metallic door Sm 40.15 50,000 2,007,471 2 1500mm 4 Single leaf metallic glazed door N° 4.00 94,500 378,000 but not exceeding 1.5m deep Cm 54.78 2,500 136,938 5 Double leaf metallic glazed door N° 2.00 210,000 420,000 50mm thick blinding layer in strip and pad 3 fdn Cm 5.26 45,000 236,595 6 Metallic louvred window Sm 2.00 50,000 100,000 4 300mm thick reinforced concrete pad Cm 4.30 300,000 1,290,517 7 Metallic glazed window with BRC wire Sm 48.34 18,200 879,846 55 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP mesh Metallic glazed window with with burglar 13 1,5m diam. Soak pit and to a depth not 8 proofing Sm 57.72 50,000 2,885,911 exceeding 12m N° 2.00 300,000 600,000 9 Softwood timber battened window Sm 2.00 35,000 70,000 14 Septic tank (15 users) N° 1.00 1,000,000 1,000,000 10 3mm thick ordinary quality clear glass glazed to metal work with putty Sm 49.26 8,500 418,752 15 Allow a provisional sum of Rwandan 11 Prepare and apply one coat of undercoat Francs to liaise with ELECTROGAZ and three coats of gloss paint on for water connection SUM 1.00 375,000 375,000 metallic casement windows and doors Sm 179.57 4,000 718,265 Prepare and apply two coats of mahogany 12 vanish S/TOTAL 5,735,000 on hardwood timber doors (on both sides) Sm 43.26 2,200 95,179
S/total 11,678,424 VII FINISHES V ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 1 20mm thick plaster on burnt clay brick walls 1 6-way main consumer unit MCB type N° 2.00 40,000 80,000 internally a Sm 533.62 4,500 2,401,284
1 4-way main consumer unit MCB type N° 2.00 35,000 70,000 2 Rendering/rough cast on soffits of slab and 2 Plate switch one gang one way N° 10.00 4,000 40,000 plastered walls applied in two layers Sm 570.85 4,500 2,568,805 3 13A socket outlet single N° 14.00 4,500 63,000 3 300 x 300 x 6mm white glazed ceramic floor 4 1200mm single fluorescent fitting N° 44.00 7,000 308,000 tiles bedded and jointed with clear adhesive on prepared backings Sm 304.03 20,000 6,080,590 Allow a provisional of Rwandan Francs to 5 cover 4 150 x 150 x 6mm white glazed ceramic floor the cost of other accessories like electric tiles bedded and jointed with clear adhesive wires on prepared backings Sm 40.56 15,000 608,387 Mk boxes, junction boxes, saddles, plastic conduits etc including a sum to liaise with 20 x 120mm high skirting finished with Electrogaz for electricty connection Sum 1.00 750,000 750,000 5 ceramic tiles Lm 23.35 1,500 35,028 S/total 1,311,000 VI PLUMBING INSTALLATION 6 Softwood timber battened ceiling finish Sm 258.42 9,500 2,454,967
1 Steel plate squating type W.C complete with 7 Prepare and apply one coat of undercoat all accessories N° 10.00 80,000 800,000 and three coats of emulsion paint on plastered walls internally and externally Sm 533.62 2,200 1,173,961 2 Vitreous China clay W.C suite complete with all accessories N° 4.00 180,000 720,000 Prepare and apply one coat of mahogany 8 vanish
Shower tray basin complete with all on ceiling finish Sm 258.42 4,000 1,033,670 2 accessories N° 4.00 70,000 280,000 S/total 16,356,692 4 Vitreous China clay wash hand basin with all accessories N° 8.00 75,000 600,000 VIII External works Single dish single tray stainless sink 5 complete 1 Perimeter Fence ff 1.00 12,000,000 12,000,000 with all accessories N° 8.00 60,000 480,000 2 Parking ff 1.00 4,500,000 4,500,000 7 Toilet paper roll holder N° 8.00 7,500 60,000 8 Chromium plate towel rail N° 8.00 7,500 60,000 3 Garden ff 1.00 2,000,000 2,000,000 S/Total 18,500,000 10 Soap and brush tray N° 8.00 75,000 600,000 11 400 x 800mm mirror sight box N° 8.00 20,000 160,000 56 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 4.5. CBD restructure Plan Rules and Regulations 4.5.2. Resettlement plan (residential neighborhoods) Table 23: Resettlement plan rules Table 21: CBD restructuring rules Class of residential Rules and regulations Component Rules and regulations neighborhood Zoning Only the defined land use in the zoning plan is accepted within the specified area. High density residential zones Plot sizes of Max 600m2. The houses shall be semidetached units with Any changes in the specified land use will require special permission from the District one sanitary facilities inside the house stop center. Medium density residential zones Plot size of 600M2. The houses shall be bungalows with at least 3bedrooms. No further land subdivision is allowed No human settlement is allowed on protected areas including riparian reserves and Low density residential zones Minimum plot size of 600M2with mansion of at least 3 bedrooms and a wetlands separate servants quarter unit. No polluting industries allowed in the residential areas Plots The plot layout in the priority sites shall be as specified in the plot subdivision plan. In all the above categories, land pulling is encouraged in order to fully implement the condominium law and No further plot subdivision is allowed achieve efficient land use in Kabarore town. Roads The roads within the priority sites shall be laid in accordance to the road layout plan
specifications.
No human activities shall be allowed on the road reserve. Buildings Buildings within the priority sites shall be constructed in accordance with the specified designs, materials and space requirements Buildings shall be used for the specified purpose only. Figure 49: Planning guiding rules illustration together with beautification The building height within the CBD shall not exceed four floors. (i.e. G+3) Hygiene within buildings shall be the responsibility of the owner Service Water, sewerage, storm water and fiber optic lines shall be laid along the road reserve. Infrastructure High voltage transmission power lines shall not traverse areas of high human activity including commercial, industrial and residential areas. Solid waste shall be disposed at the designated site only and where possible should be recycled.
4.5.1. Tourism areas
Table 22: Tourism areas Rules and regulation
Components Rules and regulations From the figure above; development sites are designs in such a way that densification is done where possible to Roads All roads must be laid in accordance to the plan recommended standards accompanied by avoid urban sprawl and implementation of the condominium law to enable people access housing spaces. Building the specified services on the shoulders. heights in commercial areas of Kabarore are set at 4storeys units with mixed uses of office spaces, residential and Tourist resorts Tourist resorts shall be constructed only in the specified areas. commercial units being on the ground floor. Walkways are grade separated with parking spaces in between them Other approved tourism activities may be allowed on the dam reserve or artificial lake and the carriage way. Trees are planted along the roads for beautification and greening while continuation of street subject to approval by the District authority. lighting will be done from the existing ones. Street furniture are places along walkways to make the streets
57 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP pedestrian friendly. Open spaces are integrated within residential and urban development and apartment 5. ROAD, TRANSPORT AND UTILITY NETWORK developments are proposed to be occupied by all the income groups to avoid segregation. 5.1. Overview
4.5.3. 3D image for Massing The development of sustainable urban infrastructure is one of the greatest challenges of today. Urban growth is placing enormous pressure on existing infrastructures and the ability of governments to cater for all citizens in terms of housing and services. Innovative thinking is needed to help African cities keep pace with urban growth – important considering that more than a third of African inhabitants reside in cities.
African governments need to increase their spending to bridge the infrastructure gap and create scope for further growth. Currently, the pace of urbanization in Africa has exceeded the delivery of infrastructure – there’s a very definite need to be more productive and improve the living conditions of their growing populations.
The importance of urban basic services for the sustainable development of cities can hardly be overstated. As engines for economic growth, cities are dependent on basic urban services to create wealth. Transport networks, for example, connect people to jobs, goods and services. The growth of industrial and service sectors is dependent on the quality, reliability and cost of services such as water supply, sanitation, energy and transport. Basic urban services also sustain the health, livelihood and the general living environment of the city workforce. Equally important, basic urban services are the cornerstone of a municipal government’s compact with its residents.
5.2. Road Networks
In general roads have two basic traffic service functions. The foremost one is to provide traffic mobility while the subsequent one is to release access. These two functions in turn have inverse relationships. The one with deep and long distance traffic with high and uniform speeds and uninterrupted traffic flows is directly correlated with mobility. Limited pace and episodic flows are purposes of roads. There are three levels of access controls: Full access control- except providing access connections with public roads, authority to access control is given to through traffic Partial access control- provides private access connection in addition to the public ones Unrestricted access control- preference is given to local traffic.
The term road includes any road and street installed or to be installed in the inner or the peripheries of the urban centres.
Based on this level of access controls, roads can be classified as: 1. Expressway 2. Arterial 3. Collector streets Local streets
58 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
It is to be noted that the characteristics of this classification, in addition to level of access control, are basically in accordance with design speed and ceiling speed.
5.2.1. Purposes of Major Street Systems Express way: It provides for expeditious movement large volumes of through traffic b/n area and across the city not intending to provide land access. Arterial Street It provides for the through traffic movement b/n areas and across the city and divert access to the abutting property subject to necessary control of entrance exit and curbs. Collector Street It provides traffic movement between major arterial and local street system and direct access to the abutting property.
Local Street It provides direct access to the abutting property.
5.2.2. Major Factors for Planning Road Networks
The most important factors for planning road networks of urban centers are the followings: • Traffic considerations • Land use features • Physical and topographic features • Social and environmental features • Cost
5.2.3. Sample of road designs
59 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP
60 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Bills of quantities for roads
Table 24: Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q), Gatsibo roads
Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q), Gatsibo roads
Road G7=548.503 m Pay Item Description Unit Qty Rate Amount Item (RWF) (RWF) No Bill No.1 : Preliminaries and general
1.1 Mobilization item 1 500,000 500,000
1.2 Demobilization item 1 500,000 500,000
1.3 Clearing of vegetation Lm 548.503 278 152,484
1.4 Clearing drainage path Lm 548.503 3,671 2,013,280
TOTAL BILL NO. 1 3,165,764 Bill No.2 : Earth Works 2.1 Roadway excavation necessary for construction of roadway and drainage includes dressing, trimming and compacting the cut formation
a) Cut Cum 2,448.337 2,800 6,855,344
b) Fill Cum 421.732 7,230 3,049,122 2.2 Excavation of culvert Cum
TOTAL BILL NO. 2 9,904,466 Bill No.3 : Sub base ,Base course and Asphalt Works
3.1 Sub Grade preparation Sqm 3291.018 800 2,632,814
3.2 Sub base course preparation Cum 493.6527 9,150 4,516,922
3.3 Base course preparation Cum 493.6527 34,100 16,833,557
3.4 Prime coat Sqm 3291.018 1,930 6,351,665
3.5 Asphalt wearing course Cum 164.5509 230,650 37,953,665
TOTAL BILL NO. 3 68,288,624 Bill No.4 : Parking 4.1 Sub Grade preparation Sqm 0 61 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 800 - laid on a compacted base and
4.2 Sub base gravel Cum 0 9,150 - joint filled with mortar of 1:4 mix. Lm 548.503 25,500 13,986,827
4.3 Base course preparation Cum 0 34,100 - 5.4 Retaining Wall Lm 137.13 25,500 3,496,707
4.4 Prime coat Sqm 0 1,930 - TOTAL BILL NO. 5 42,457,231
Bill No.6 : Reinforced concrete structures 4.5 Asphalt wearing course Cum 0 230,650 - 6.1 Pipe Culverts TOTAL BILL NO. 4 - a) Diameter 800 mm Lm 12 64,000 768,000 Bill No.5: Masonry Works 5.1 Conrete Curb b) Diameter 1000 mm Lm 12 75,000 900,000 Supply and fix 15x25 cm shaped d) Manhole for Culverts Pce 2 122,300 244,600 concretecurb,30 to 50 cm long each, 6.2 Precast slab for: between pavementand sidewalk,
along both sides of the foot way a) Car passing Cum 109.7006 307,000 33,678,084 with a cement mortar base of 1:4 mix b) People passing Cum 307,000 -
TOTAL BILL NO. 6 35,590,684
Bill No.7 Road Signs and Marking
7.1 Vertical Road Signs No 2 130,000 260,000 and backed with C-15 concrete on the external sides of the road, for support, 8.1 Horizontal Road Signs Sqm 82.275 3800 312,647 as shown in the design and fill TOTAL BILL NO. 7 572,647 joints withcement mortar of 1:4 mix.
Total 159,979,416 Additional hand tools for this Lm 1097.006 9,830 10,783,569
5.2 Side walk 18% VAT 28,796,295
a) Preparation of sub base Cum 106.958085 9,150 978,666 GRAND TOTAL 188,775,711
b) Preparation of base course Cum 106.958085 34,100 3,647,271
c) sand course Cum 71.30539 16,630.00 1,185,809 Cross section of roads:
d) finishes of the side walk pavement Sqm 713.0539 11,750 8,378,383 5.3 5. Storm Water Drains (c)Curved Stone Side Drains Supply and fix 50x30 cm chiseled curved stone drains to drain rainwater, where necessary, the curved part is 5 cm is deep out of the10 cm thickness, length of the stone piece is 30 to 50 cm and to be
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65 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 5.3. Utilities Network Figure 50: Storm water drainage design along the roads
5.3.1. Norms for Utilities Network
Utility facilities are to be accommodated on right-of-ways of roads (underground, surface, and overhead) and should satisfy the required institutional standard and should not adversely affect road safety, construction, maintenance, or operation. Sidewalks shall be in principle occupied (as in right-of-ways) by all facilities, unless the occupancy creates problems and obstruction for others, and/or difficulty of excavation. Installation should be of minimal obstruction (both visual and physical). Right-of-way width for accommodating utility lines should be minimized.
Safety against damage on utility lines and hazard on the users should be provided. The storm water systems proposed for construction are along the roads network of Gatsibo district which will In the construction of utility lines, minimum spacing between utility and their respective depth ultimately discharge the storm water to the streams that lead to the wetland. The proposal here is that storm water should be respected and properly executed. should be managed and treated before being discharged to the streams and wetlands. Storm sewer should be located on opposite side of the street from the water line. The first storm water management strategy is by harvesting rainwater from buildings so as to reduce runoff this Utility lines should be located with proper plan to minimize need for latter adjustments. will enable residents to access clean usable water for domestic purposes. Conduits should be provided for utilities like road lighting, traffic signal, etc. at the initial construction The other storm water management strategy is whereby the speed of storm water is reduced through use of stage. gabions to minimize soil erosion. The storm water that has to be realized to the streams and wetlands must pass Utilities requiring future servicing, such as water supply, gas lines, should be encased or installed in through the storm water treatment plant. tunnels for servicing without disrupting traffic flow
To the extent feasible and practical, utility line crossings of roads should be on a line generally 5.4.2. Waste generation, management and public health normal to the road alignment
The horizontal and vertical location of utility lines within the right-of-way limits should confirm to Most of the solid wastes generated from households are mostly organic given the rural nature of the study area and the specific conditions of particular road section/s. mainly comprises of banana, cassava and other plant peeling generated from the kitchen. Cow dung and food Where it is feasible and reasonable utility lines should be located separately from bridge structures remains also contribute to the organic wastes and are mostly disposed of in garbage pits at the household level for (attachment to bridge structures should be avoided). decomposition after which the compost manure is used as farm fertilizer. This in the short- mid-term is an Power cable/s shall be located so as to reduce possibility of damage by traffic and to prove safe access efficient way of household organic waste disposal but in the long term as the population increases and the for inspection and maintenance of the structure. generation of wastes increases there is need for the provision of waste disposal site in the area. Despite the fact that inorganic wastes comprise of a relatively low proportion of wastes generated, this is bound to increase over 5.4. Waste management time with the increasing urbanization of the District and the change in the consumer goods including plastic 5.4.1. Storm water management packaged products such bottled water and canned cooking oil. 5.4.3. Waste management Kabarore town has a high problem of storm water collection due to increased surface run-off as a result of the flat topography. Is the "generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes". There are various types of solid waste including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage
66 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP sludge). The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally It is therefore important to consider the implications prior to implementation, if sustainability of the service is to undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. The aim is to assist planning be achieved. areas in implementing a waste- management plan that will enable them to deal with waste as economically and The methods utilized at the moment have been found to be inefficient and not well managed. safely as possible. Waste produced by any urban community may, if left uncontrolled, not only be an aesthetic Strategies This will require cooperation with waste authorities to identify opportunities for introducing new waste capacity, problem, but also pose serious health risks. This can be aggravated if hazardous material is present within the including strategically important sites for waste management and treatment, and resource recovery waste. It is therefore important that waste is collected from all sources as efficiently as possible, and disposed of in parks/consolidation centers, where recycling, recovery and manufacturing activities can co-locate. controlled disposal facilities. In the context of urban development, waste management at landfill sites is Proposed waste management followed these criteria: considered a bulk service. As there will be a number of disposal facilities in operation, it is necessary to Location suitability of the proposed site; Proximity to the sources of waste; The environmental impact on understand the importance of proper disposal and the influence of landfill sites on the service provided and the surrounding areas, particularly noise emissions, odor and visual impact and impact on water resources and The full community as a whole. The level of service is dependent on financial inputs and can therefore vary. transport impact of all collection, transfer and disposal movements.
The following are to be supported: Basic components a. Generation Developments for manufacturing related to recycled waste Any changes at this level - such as source separation be effected, consideration must be given to appropriate type Developments that contribute towards renewable energy generation, in particular the use of technologies and capacity of on-site storage required; changes to collection procedures; reduction in landfill volumes; and that produce a renewable gas i.e. biogas sustainable markets for recyclable products. Developments for producing renewable energy from organic/biomass waste. b. On-site storage Developments adjacent to waste management sites should be designed to minimize the potential for Any changes to on-site storage options mean that consideration must be given to: waste volumes; waste types; and disturbance and conflicts of use. collection vehicles. Suitable waste and recycling storage facilities are required in all new developments. c. Collection Protecting and facilitating the maximum use of existing waste sites, particularly waste transfer facilities and It is the transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. Waste collection also landfill sites and identifying sites in locally Significant Employment Areas includes the curbside collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion The team is therefore proposing that every household be provided with waste disposal means which can be a program. container so that the household waste can be collected and disposed off in a single site. This will ease waste management. d. Transfer stations/systems The team also proposes that households can be educated on waste management methods some that will include Regardless of their degree of sophistication, transfer stations can assist in the reduction of haulage costs; reduce reuse, reduction and recycling. This will lead to minimized waste production. the congestion of traffic at the landfill; and provide opportunities for recycling. The team is also proposing creating a cooperative for waste collection and urban dwellers be charged a small e. Incineration amount of money for the cooperative to transport the wastes to the designated landfill Large-scale incineration is capital-intensive, but has the advantage of: reducing the volume of waste needing final Reuse will basically entail repeated utility of the waste products that may include empty containers whereby disposal, with a resultant reduction in land use; combating the spread of disease; and providing a potential energy households instead of throwing them away can use them to package some products. source. Reduction is about ensuring that each and every product is optimally utilized to avoid any wastage. These may for f. Recycling example mean that households need to prepare just enough food to avoid any wastage. Before considering a recycling program it is necessary to consider the involvement of the general public recycling Recycling involves the utility of any waste to produce other products. For example any metal waste can be agencies; entrepreneurial development; education of the community; secure markets; and economic viability. collected and later be used to produce containers through the recycling process. g. Disposal The team further proposes that any waste before being disposed off by the households should be separated. This With land filling being the final step in the waste management cycle, consideration should be given the method will mean that households have to utilize reuse, reduce and recycle system to separate waste and can even go used which would reduce cover material requirements; reduce both windblown litter and vermin; reduce leach production; and influence the type of landfill equipment needed on the site. 67 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP further to separate bio degradable wastes from non-degradable waste. This will further come in handy in ensuring that we protect the environment from harmful wastes.
Benefits of waste management Waste is not something that should be discarded or disposed of with no regard for future use. It can be a valuable resource if addressed correctly, through policy and practice. With rational and consistent waste management practices there is an opportunity to reap a range of benefits. Those benefits include:
1. Economic - Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities. 2. Social - By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practices, the resulting consequences are more appealing settlements. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities. 3. Environmental - Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environmental through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can provide improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse emissions. 4. Inter-generational Equity - Following effective waste management practices can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.
Waste management in the changing societies is a dynamic process, in terms of both collection and disposal. It is the responsibility of the local authority to ensure the service is provided to its communities. Gatsibo Town engineers therefore need to be vigilant in identifying changes, and be innovative in making the service affordable, while meeting the standards expected by these communities.
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Figure 51: Proposed Electricity Network map
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Figure 52: Proposed Water Network map
70 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Content When the power cable is crossing the asphalted road, the cable encased in concrete pipe with a 5.4.4. Norms and Standards for Clearances of Electric Lines diameter of 20 cm shall be buried at a depth of 100 cm.
The vertical clearance of the overhead current conductor from the surface of the ground shall at least be • High-tension line leading to 5 MW sub-station requires a corridor of 32 m. • 450 cm for 0.4 KV bare overhead line • 400 cm for 0.4 KV aerial bundled conductors 5.4.5. Norms and Standards for Drainage, Sanitary and Water Supply Lines • 600 cm for 15 KV bare overhead line
The vertical clearance of the overhead current conductor from growing trees under the line shall be at least: In no case shall a sanitary sewer be placed above a water main • 250 cm for 0.4 KV bare over head line A minimum depth of 2 to 2.5m below ground level is sufficient for sanitary sewer in parts of the city • 250 cm for 15 KV bare over head line where basements are frequent. • In cases where the vertical clearance is lower than the above mentioned figures, the horizontal A depth of 1.25m of sanitary sewer line may be sufficient to provide protection against clearance shall be at least 400 cm superimposed loads. • When the horizontal clearance of the overhead current conductors of low voltage line from any part of Manholes of drainage system are required wherever a drain changes size, slope or alignment also a building is less than 200 cm, its height above the referred part should at least be 300 cm. where a tributary drain joins a main line; and at intervals of not more than 150 m along a line. • When the horizontal clearance of aerial bundled conductors from any part of the building is less than 50 Fire hydrants should not be more than 150 m apart to avoid excessive head loss in small diameter cm, its height above the referred part should at least be 200 cm. hose. • The horizontal clearance of a 15 KV over headlines from buildings shall at least be 300 cm. Minimum design requirement to locate water supply lines is 3 m from the nearest sewer or gas • The clearance of a dead-ended line to a building i.e. a current conductor from a window or other similar main. opening as well as from eaves of roof sloping towards the line shall be (in the dead-end point of the line) at Water wells are recommended to be at minimum distances of 15 m from septic tanks and sewers, least: 30 m from drainage fields, and 45 m from cesspools. o 100 cm for 0.4 KV bare overhead line Storm sewers should generally be located at one-third the distance from the curb line to the o 50 cm for 0.4 KV aerial bundled conductors centreline of the streets. • It is prohibited to dead end an overhead line below a window intended to be opened, or other openings.
• The vertical clearance of the overhead current conductor from the surface of a main road and railways shall at least be: o 800 cm for 0.4 KV bare overhead line o 800 cm for 0.4 KV aerial bundled conductors o 850 cm for 15 KV bare overhead line
• The vertical clearance of the overhead current conductor from the surface of public street and private driveways shall at least be:
ο 550 cm for 0.4 KV bare overhead line
ο 500 cm for 0.4 KV bundled overhead line
ο 600 cm for 15 KV bare overhead line
• The minimum distance (clearance) of the overhead line with supports or stays shall be 90 cm. However, when it is possible, distance of 200 cm is recommendable
• When the underground power line is encountered along the pedestrian area, the cable shall be buried at least to a depth of 100 cm and the horizontal clearance from the edge of a road shall be 90 cm. Table Of
71 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 5.5. SOIL TESTING:
The sample of soil tested within the study area indicates that the soils of Gatsibo will have enough bearing capacity of the proposed housing and infrastructure. The soils were taken from different locations in order to be sure of different parts, and to have a representative sample.
Figure 53: soil testing
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73 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 6. ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK PLAN
6.1. Executive Summary This section summarizes identified Environmental and Social Impacts arising from proposed implementation of Gatsibo Local Urban Development Plan on Kabarore sites. It also outline project activities, materials, products, possible environmental and social impacts, recommended mitigation measures to reduce consequences of negative impacts, while improving on the positive impacts
6.2. Overview The primary objective of the proposed project is the Implementation of Gatsibo Local Urban Development Plan which entails Understanding development needs and aspirations of Gatsibo District Development of general layout plan of the selected areas covering 500 hectares in terms of producing the plans and the development of plot details that will ensure rational exploitation and intervention by the District. Preparation of draft CAD plans for roads and other utilities that will form the basis of actual works in the exploitation and intervention of these areas. Preparation of final implementation plans for roads, electricity, drainage, fiber optic, sewerage, and housing among other utilities.
6.2.1. Main Project Components The proposed development consists of the following key components- Layout plans Kabarore area and proposing land uses based on compatibility and suitability Layout of roads and grading of the same Infrastructural utilities- electricity, water reticulation, fiber optic, communication networks Parking spaces Sanitation proposals-Sewerage, Septic tanks, Pit latrines Housing alternatives together with proposed building materials and location of the settlement Greening, aesthetics of the plots and settlements Solid waste management systems and sites together with foul water/waste water treatment areas Light industries (non-polluting) Resettlement, resettlement sites and their social impacts Informal settlement upgrading Social-Economic impacts to Gatsibo and surrounding area
Access to basic services
Disasters caused by natural hazards obstruct development in the District as well as in Rwanda, and efforts to
address disaster risks prevention and climate change adaptation are key priorities in the DDP for the next
74 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP five years. In this regard, the District has taken a big step by establishing strategies to address the The following steps were followed in undertaking the environmental Impact assessment (EIA) process for the disaster issues. The consultant intents to partner with the district during the implementation study. Climate preparation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA): change and disaster management will be mainstreamed in the DDP through the following strategies: Project description and design (based on previous detailed Feasibility Study, ESIA TOR and discussion with the Project Proponent/team) Increase afforestation from the current 121,732ha to 122,732 ha as total area forest plantations in Formal Stakeholders’ Workshops in Gatsibo which included local communities from the study areas as well as the District; NGOs Ensure forest biodiversity and critical ecosystems sustainably managed; Reduced pollution and vulnerability to climate change; Scoping and bounding of environmental investigations based on Feasibility Study and Stakeholders Environment committees and clubs be supported at all levels in the District; Workshop. Large capital projects to incorporate EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment); Field investigations in which local communities were employed to assist with socio economic surveys, Rehabilitation and management of the existing forest resources will be given a lot of heritage and ecological investigations. emphasis; Environmental baseline description. Development, protection and rehabilitation of the existing mining and quarry will be Description and assessment of impacts emphasized; Environmental Management Planning Environment conservation and regulatory standards will be promoted in the process of Mitigation and enhancement building a clean environment in mined sites; Environmental monitoring Implement public places greening initiatives. Institutional support Preparation of an ESIA Throughout the above process, the Consultant attended regular monthly community meetings in Kabarore to take 6.2.2. Main Implementation Activities note of any concerns raised by local community.
The EIA process was based principally on the Environment Acts and regulations The main project activities include, but not limited to the following:
– Site preparation, including site clearance and leveling for roads and other infrastructure lying 6.3.3. Scoping – Excavation works for main building, access roads, and infrastructure works
– Construction of building foundation works – Construction of superstructures works Scoping was the process of identifying, defining and prioritizing the environmental components addressed in the – Installation of fittings, internal/utility services EIA. The method of scoping used for this EIA is based on: – Development of external works- lighting, water supply, sewerage, drainage, parking Feasibility which considered the engineering, economic and environmental aspects of the Project. It provides a – Landscaping, greening and leveling of sites summary of the environmental and social issues identified during the Feasibility Study. – Final inspection of works – Decommissioning of works 6.3.4. Literature review:
Reviews of all available engineering and environmental documentation on the subject of the plan; 6.3. Introduction and Baseline Information 6.3.5. Source of Information and Data Analysis
6.3.1. Methodology The methodologies outlined in the following Sections have been formulated on the basis of: Relevant documents, including REMA directives, guidelines and other documents; relevant International, national and local legislation, policy papers and guidelines of’ Rwanda 6.3.2. The Environmental Assessment Process
75 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 6.3.6. Available survey plans and related reports. The implementation project is proposed for a site in Kabarore sector that sums up to 670 Hectares in Gatsibo district. Practical considerations including timeframe for Environmental Social Impact Assessment, and the accessibility of the study area Site visit and consultations with local officials and affected people The Developers The project developers are many but the key stakeholders include the local authorities of Gatsibo district, Gatsibo 6.3.7. Detailed site survey Residents, Rwanda Housing Authority, Rwanda Roads and Transport Development Authority, REMA, REG/WSC, Private Sector Federation, RSSB amongst others. a) Interviews with government authorities, relevant institutions and NGOs Land Tenure b) Settlement Plan investigations The properties are under varied tenure system but the ultimate owner of the land are the people leasing it up to c) GEO-INFO AFRICA also carried out site reconnaissance for vegetation cover, forest, topographical and more than 20 years and others 99 years depending on the location. geological maps, soil maps, aerial photographs, and previous survey work undertaken d) Data collection relied on both primary and secondary sources, and included an environmental factors survey Area size for discussion with selected samples of local residents and project affected persons who have knowledge of the The total area of the sites is 670 hectares. local ecosystem. Site location maps 1 and 2. e) The data collected was validated by experts in the team. Site Physical Conditions
The main output was to: Relief Identify environmentally sensitive areas and to assess the area’s sensitivity to negative effects from The relief of the District of Gatsibo is characterized to the East by scarcely weak hills separated by valleys that are construction and operation of the plan and associated works. dry during a big period of the year. To the West, Gatsibo has an injured relief. The region of Gatsibo is located in Assess impacts and changes that may be induced by the Project, and identify mitigation measures to avoid or a granite depression of which the average altitude is of 1550 Mr. The District of Gatsibo spreads itself on the lessen the negative impacts. plateau and the savannah of the East of the country. The topography of the zone is not largely mountainous and constitutes a potentiality for the introduction of the agricultural mechanization and human settlement. The
agricultural development of the District on the part will necessitate well heard fitting installations for the Terms of Reference (ToR) protection of the grounds. This relief offers to Gatsibo a vocation agro pastoral and tourist.
The TOR of this EIA Project Report for the proposed Master Plan implementation plan addresses the following Drainage key objectives: The drainages utilized in the sites are mostly along the roads
- Review existing legal and institutional framework related to proposed project. Rocks/Soil Condition - To collect and collate baseline information relevant to the proposed development
- To analyze collected primary data through observations, interviews and public consultations. The area is covered by rich volcanic soils ideal for agricultural production. There are areas rich with rocks for - Identify and assess positive and negative impacts of the proposed project quarrying while the soils are also suitable for brick production. - Identify and analyze possible options for the proposed project
- Develop mitigation measures and cost estimates for the negative impacts of project. Climate - Design an Environmental Management Plan (including cost estimates) The District of Gatsibo is characterized by two principal seasons: a long dry season of which the annual average - Design monitoring framework for the environmental impact assessment of the project. temperature varies between {PN20,3° CPN} and 21,7° C. The rain season is short and influences negatively - Site Location
76 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP hydraulic availability for the activities agro-sylvo one-pastoral. The center forecast of Kiramuruzi a trump of Population and Demography followed by the microphone climate of the region. Kabarore sector where the detailed studies for the implementation of Gatsibo LUDP will effected will have in 2020 a population of approximately 80,000 Rainfall Average annual rainfall is 1200mm, which may actually vary from 500mm to more than 1100 mm. Need of the plan Thunderstorms, may occur, nearly always during the afternoon or evening, during most months of the year but Due to the rapidly growing population in the Kabarore urban area, demand for a well functioning urban system is they are rare during the period June/August. Hailstorms are common here. on the rise to cater for the needs of the population. This has brought about the need to implement the Master Plan i. Temperature of Gatsibo district on an area of a minimum of 500Ha.
o o Average, daily temperature varies from 22 C in January to March, to 30 C in July/ August. The maximum daily range of temperature is 21 o C to 26 o C in May and February respectively. Employment Trends in the Neighborhoods There are many employment opportunities in Gatsibo urban area together with the ever increasing commercial
activities especially in agricultural products and in the service industry. Many people move into the region to ii. Wind Patterns seek for employment. This has led to increased demand for services in the town hence service provider’s move A significant feature of the climate is the frequency with which the wind comes from the South East. These are into the region resulting to an increased demand for various facilities. South East Monsoon, which blow very steadily but without high intensity. The mean wind speed is at maximum in
December. Wind speed also remains high during January, February and March which coincides with the period of Socio-Economic Importance of Office Development higher potential evaporation. The strongest winds occur during the dry season just prior to the “Long Rains” when Accessibility to services is a significant input in the process of economic production. Urban areas are where speeds of 15 to 20 miles per hour are not uncommon from Mid-Morning to early afternoon; at other times of the people take refuge as suitable grounds for increased economic production. Development of a functional urban year winds speeds are usually 6 to 12 miles per hour. During the night the wind is usually light. system is vital in socio-economic development hence the need to implement Gatsibo Local Urban Development iii. Sunshine and Solar Radiation Plan. Solar radiation and sunshine are considered together since they are so closely connected. The region experiences a total of about 2,450 hours of bright sunshine per annum, which is equivalent to annual mean of approximately 7 6.4. Economic Importance of implementation of Gatsibo LUDP hours of sunshine per day. December to May is characterized by cloudiness and during these months the average Urban development and construction industry plays a very important role in the economy. Indeed construction daily sunshine in the county is 6 hours. Frequently there are several days in succession when the sun fails to index is one of the indicators of overall economic performance. Construction plays an important role in the penetrate the thick stratocumulus cover. economy - it is a labor intensive activity that utilizes both skilled and unskilled labor. iv. Smog It also makes use of locally available materials both from the formal industry and informal industry.
Smog is common during the rainy season. This is mostly associated with the development of towering cumulus The construction industry creates a lot of forward and backward linkages. It also means that money spent in a and cumulonimbus clouds. There is the formation of low stratus clouds during the early morning. construction project circulate in the local economy. v. Heat Balance 6.5. Legal Policy and Institutional Framework On hot sunny days, when the wind is light, considerable turbulence is experienced in the first few 80 feet above 6.5.1. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda the ground due to differential heating of the surface. Dangerous down droughts frequently occur in areas where
the configuration of the ground is uneven. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04.06.2003, as amended to date, provides that:
Every citizen has the right to live in a safe and satisfactory environment, Land Use of the surrounding The surrounding depicts commercial use being the Nyakarambi town centre. There are also pronounced residential Every person is obliged to protect, safeguard and ensure environment promotion, and surrounding agriculture activities. The sites are proposed for mixed uses according to the Master Plan. The State ensures environment protection,
77 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Every person has the right to have a private, individual or collective property (art.29 al.1); Kyoto Protocol to the Convention Framework on Climatic Changes of March 16, 1998.
Private, individual or collective property is inviolable and it shall not be interfered with except in public interest, in cases and manner established by the law, and after payment of a fair and prior compensation. (art. 29 al. 2-3); 6.5.3. Vision 2020 Environment protection and management rank among the main pillars of vision 2020. By 2020, the Government Land ownership and other real rights governing the land are granted by the State. intends to have built a nation where pressure on natural resources mainly lands, water, bio-rnass; biodiversity will 6.5.2. Organic Law on Environment have reasonably been decreased and the pollution process and environmental degradation reversed. The management and protection of these resources and environment are more rational and strictly under control in The legislative framework of environment management was set up by the Government of Rwanda by organic law order to preserve and conserve for the future generations a basic heritage which is likely to ensure sustainable No 4/2005 of April 8, 2005 establishing modes of protecting, safeguarding, and promoting environment in Rwanda. This law governs environment in the broadest sense of the term (lands, agriculture, forests, water, development. biodiversity, etc.). It focuses on the following principles: Therefore, with regard to natural resources and environment protection and management, the Government of the 1) The whole population must contribute to the protection and efficient management of environment in all its components, Republic of Rwanda has set on mission of decreasing the percentage of households involved in direct exploitation of primary agriculture from 90% to 50%; setting up efficient and updated regulations which are appropriate for 2) A particular emphasis must be put on education and sensitization on environment preservation at all levels, sustainable protection and management of natural resources and environment; decreasing within the national especially among women and the youth energy assessment rates of diseases related to environmental degradation and firewood from 60% and 94% to 50% 3) Prevention rather than rehabilitation must be seen as a priority, each. 4) Impact studies must be efficiently conducted before any activity regarding swamps development or slopes,
5) The principle of fair sharing of benefits from efficient environment conservation and resources sharing must 6.5.4. National Policy on Environment be respected and explained to all people concerned, Rwanda National policy on Environment (NPE) of November 2003 provides for sustainable environment 6) Advantages of local, national, regional and international interdependence drawn from efficient environment protection and management. The policy is benchmarked on the following principles among others that: management must also be explained and made understood to all the people countrywide. It is every person’s right to live in a safe and stable environment, but on the other hand, they must keep it salubrious Moreover, the country adheres to several international agreements, treaties and conventions, though management legal tools are not yet well developed. Among other conventions ratified by the Republic of Rwanda, the most a) The national economic growth must be based on rational use of resources and take into account environmental important ones which have influenced or influence the national policy with regard to environment are: dimensions
Convention on Biological Diversity of June 10, 1992 ratified on March 18, 1995. b) Active and effective participation of the whole population for environment protection and management.
United Nations Convention Framework on Climatic Changes of June 10, 1992 ratified on August 18, 1998. c) A special emphasis must be laid on environmental education and sensitization program at all levels with more involvement of women and the youth, United Nations Convention on Desertification Control of June 17, 1991 and ratified on October 22, 1998. d) Environmental impact is to be analyzed while conducting studies of development projects. Vienna Convention on Ozone layer Protection of September 22, 1987 and Montreal Protocol on substances impoverishing Ozone layer of September 16, 1987, ratified on December 6, 2000. With regard to health and sanitation, the NPE proposes among others:
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) adopted and ratified by the Presidential Order to set up a system of waste collection, transport, disposal and elimination, No 78N) 1 of July 8, 2002. to establish norms of zone protection between dumps, human buildings and water sources, Basic Convention on Dangerous Wastes, adopted on March 22, 1989 in Basic and by the Presidential Order To set up an appropriate canal and evacuation system for waste waters and rainwater in towns and No 29 ‘Vl of August 24, 2003 establishing Rwanda adhesion. resettlement sites “imidugudu”.
RAMSAR Convention on February 2, 1971 on wetlands 78 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 6.5.5. Institutional Framework on Environment As regards biophysical environment management throughout the whole country, the entire responsibility is entrusted to REMA whose main mission is the implementation of the national policy on environment. This institution has In Rwanda, institutional responsibility as regards environment and natural resources management falls under among other duties: several ministries, decentralized entities (districts and sectors), local and International Non-government Organizations (NGOs), research institutions and’ or higher learning institutes. To coordinate various environment protection activities which are carried out by environment promotion organs,
and promote integration of environment issues into various development policies, projects, plans and programs 6.5.6. Districts in a bid to ensure appropriate management and rational use of environmental resources basing on sustainable With the recent administrative reforms, districts have been entrusted with new powers in terms of environment production to improve the welfare in Rwanda. management and this will certainly have a positive impact on environment and natural resources management in To co-ordinate the implementation of government policies and decisions taken by the Board of Directors, and Rwanda. Therefore, the new organic framework within districts provides a post of a professional in charge of ensure an efficient integration of environment issues into the national planning, services and institutions within environment and natural resources at each level with the following duties: the government. To follow up the implementation process of plans and master plan of land in terms of their usage (agriculture, livestock, housing, natural reserves, etc) with regard to environment protection and natural To advise the government on legislation and other measures relating to environment management or resources conservation; implementation of conventions, treaties, and relevant international agreements in the environment domain
To develop a sensitization program on environment protection for the benefit of the population; wherever necessary.
To develop sensitization programs for private entrepreneurs so that they invest in activities aimed at To make proposals relating to environmental policies and strategies to the Government. environment protection; To set up pollution control mechanisms; Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources To control mine exploitation; To promote new energy renewable sources; MINAGRI is mainly mandated to develop, transform and modernize the Rwandan agriculture in general (including To promote rational use of energy and water, fishing and livestock). It includes 3 units namely the planning unit, finance and internal resources management unit To receive and analyze bids on mine and carry extraction; To check up whether laws and regulations relating to activities of mine and quarry exploitation are and ICT unit. In addition, this ministry supervises 2 new merged agencies namely NAEB (National Agriculture respected; Export Board), and RAB (Rwanda Agriculture Board) To set up development programs for swamps and conservation; To warn competent authorities in case of breach of environment related regulations and disasters that Ministry of Infrastructures (MININFRA) constitute a threat to environment quality, To check up whether recommendations from studies on environmental impact are respected during the MININFRA is in charge all public infrastructures (buildings, roads, etc.), energy, transport and communication. execution. This ministry is also in charge of housing and town planning. MININFRA mainly gets involved in environment Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forests and Natural Resources management through urban planning and development.
RDB Department of Tourism and National Parks MINIRENA is responsible for land use development policies (including research, land classification, agrarian Laws, and land regime), development of environmental policies and procedures (including impact evaluation); Rwanda Development Board’s Department of Tourism and National Parks (ORTPN) under Rwanda Development natural resources protection (water, land, flora and fauna), environmental legislation, biodiversity and other Board was established by the decree of 18/611973 which was confirmed and modified by Decree-law of environmental aspects. 26.)4/1974 but the department was later merged with other institutions to form RDB. The overall mission of The ministry is headed by a minister and two Secretaries of State- one in charge of lands and environment, and the department is to preserve the valuable biodiversity and values of protected areas, and ensure the long run other in charge of water and mines. promotion of tourism in collaboration with all parties involved in the benefit of bordering communities and the
Rwanda population in general. Rwanda Environment Management Authority 79 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP The department is responsible for preserving the Rwandan precious biodiversity to ensure the national sustainable The average water demand rate of 250 litres / day, with an estimated population of 80,000 the proposed development, and as an international heritage, by applying efficient ecological principles and the promotion of development will have water demand estimated at 20,000,000litres per day. strategic partnerships with local communities and other partners. RDB is responsible for making tourism more The proposed development will be connected to the town WSC water supply. The project will also have profitable to all Rwandans through the development of a unique tourist product including natural and cultural complementary water supply from springs, wells, boreholes and rain water harvesting. attractions and by facilitating the creation, marketing and promotion of high quality educational experiences for 2- Foul Water Drainage the targeted tourist customers, and by ensuring sustainable development through efficient environment The proposed development plan will generate about 1,354,159L/ day of waste water. The proposed developments conservation. Other institutions include: IRST, NGO will be connected to a central sewer network and complementary pit latrines and septic tank in the planning areas.
3- Storm Water Drainage
6.6. Nature and Design Components The proposed development storm water will be channeled to the storm water drainage along roads and more drainage will be constructed 6.6.1. Existing Land-Use
The site are characterized by residential, commercial, administrative and infrastructural development 4- Waste Disposal Proposed Development o The actual project works and activity components include- The per capita waste generation stands at 0.5kg/day. The proposed development will generate about 3257 kg/day of solid waste. The solid waste will be collected regularly by the local authority, or their agent, for final treatment Excavation works for main buildings and infrastructure works at the disposal plant. Development of residential houses for different income groups together with commercial blocks. The refuse collected on site is then transferred to public collection points after which the local authority will
Development of schools, health facilities transport it to the designated land fill Development of parking area. 5- Electricity Supply
Development of water supply and rainwater harvesting. The proposed developments will be connected to REG electricity supply line. Considering the frequent power stoppage in the region, plan proposes diversification of energy sources to include biogas, solar panels and wind Development of septic tank and sewerage networks and treatment plant power. In the long run there will be installation of solar panels of all building rooftops. Development of surface water drainage system 6- Telecommunication
Development of electricity supply, lighting Both fixed landline and cell phone services are available in Gatsibo for connection. Site landscaping and trees/grass cover etc. 7. Site Landscaping Development of the site for light industries The site development involves landscaping with excavated soil and rock material. Excess material will be
Clearing of debris and construction waste disposed off-site. The site will be landscaped with adequate green cover- trees, shrubs, and grass.
Resettlement of some households Reforestation 6.7. Project Activities
Parking Spaces 6.7.1. Overview 2 Parking space provision will be 1 parking lot per 80m floor space. - The proposed project will include the following activities– Utilities and Services - Site preparation 1- Water Supply - Excavation works for housing, access roads, and infrastructure works - Construction of building foundation works 80 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP - Construction of superstructure works The installation of electrical wiring and fittings will cater for lighting, appliances, and heating system. The - Installation of fittings, internal/utility services installation will also cater for internal communication, telecommunication, television and alarm system. All - Development of external works- street lighting, water supply, sewerage, drainage, parking installations shall be to REG approval. - Landscaping - Final inspection of works 6.7.5. Works - Decommissioning of works i) Parking Paved parking shall be constructed to give motor vehicle traffic proper surface on which to move and to avoid 6.7.2. Site Preparation for Development dust that can cause diseases to dwellers. i. Fencing ii) Water Supply All sites will be fenced and secured before construction work starts using a specified quality dust net and The development will be connected to the WSC Ltd water supply line available in the neighborhood. Rainwater protection from falling objects. harvesting will also be incorporated. iii) Foul Water Drainage ii. Site Clearance Kabarore site will be connected to sewer system and will allow households a septic tank and pit latrines etc. The site clearance entails removal of any obstructions on the way of the intended construction activity. In the however, all commercial buildings will be required to have their own improved waste treatment plants where all proposed project, site clearance will not involve the use of heavy machinery or explosives. the refuses from homes will be treated. This will solve the sanitation issues in the short run pending the centralized iii. Laying Out the Sites treatment plant that is too costly. The site will then be laid out to identify the location of the proposed building structure unit on the site. The corner iv) Surface Water Drainage points and edges of the proposed building units will be established accordingly. The marking out will use stakes Surface run off from the proposed development site will be collected in the storm water network. The drainage and strings as well as chalk lines. system will discharge into the existing storm water drains along the roads. v) Solid Waste Disposal 6.7.3. Excavation and Earth Works Households will procure a disposal can and a cubicle will be provided for storage of solid waste for a group of 10 In order to develop the proposed development, excavation and earth works are involved. The main method of households. The storage capacity is one week and waste will then be collected by the local authority twice a week excavation to be used is trenching in order to accommodate the building foundation / footing and the for final disposal. In addition, the local authority will build dustbins along the main roads and avenues where infrastructural levels. The sites are on stable soil as found out by the soil tests carried out, well drained and pedestrians will be putting the rubbish especially papers pending their collection. underlain by shallow rock. Construction of the Foundation vi) Landscaping The concrete is to be mixed on site and poured using simple pulley system. Minimal amount of ground water is In cases of landscaping, it is to be landscaped to plan. This will entail planting of trees, shrubs, grass and related expected to accumulate below the ground surface thus installation of sub-surface drainage system will not be ground cover. The common lawn/garden will be planted with continuous bed of grass lawn and provide required. aesthetically pleasing view. It’s planned that 10% of every plot will be reserved for landscaping. vii) Perimeter Fence, including Gate/Guard House 6.7.4. Utility Services A perimeter fence is to be constructed. This fence will be enhanced and covered by planted green shrubs and/or 1. Plumbing System flowers. Access gate and guard house are to be provided at the entrance. a) Water Supply The internal water supply will have cold water system. Since the supply is under pressure, the whole water viii) Clearing of Site The sites will be given a general cleaning, and any leftover material and debris will be carted away. Similarly, supply system is designed leak proof and has valves to control the flow of water. any tools and equipment still on site will be removed. b) Waste Water Drainage The waste water drainage system consists of both drain and vent pipes. These pipes also incorporate traps, gullies 6.8. Final Inspection and other assorted fittings. Final inspection is undertaken to ensure that the project has been done properly and according to the terms of the 2. Electrical System contract. The inspection team will normally include the project proponent/client, the architect, the engineer, town planner, and EIA expert, QS and the contractor or their representatives.
81 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP - Increased solid waste generation 6.8.1. Decommissioning - Increased traffic (motor vehicle, cycle, and pedestrian traffic) Upon certification of the development project for use, and upon receipt and consideration of necessary legal and other relevant documentation from the contractor, the project proponent will file a formal ‘Notice of Completion’. 6.10. Potential Environmental Impacts The project will then be handed over to the proponent. 6.10.1. Overview
6.9. Project Material and Products Construction of the proposed development is likely to present several environmental impacts. These are either
6.9.1. Project Material positive or negative environmental impacts. The main material input in the project include – Table 25: Detailed Impact Matrix for the Proposed Developments
- Natural stone Potential Positive Impacts Negative impacts - Concrete- coarse aggregates, sand, cement Impacts Insignificant Moderate Significant Insignificant Moderate Significant - Crushed stone - Gravel (Minor) (Major) (Minor) (Major) - Soil - Timber Fire out break - Steel (reinforcement, casement, wiring, pipe etc)
- Roofing sheets, tiles - Glass - PVC material (tiles pipes, conduits and fittings) Architectural - Concrete tiles and paving blocks distortion of - sand - Paint the - Plant material – grass, tree seedlings etc. neighborhood - Water Proliferation of - Fiber optic etc uncollected solid and 6.9.2. Project Products hazardous/toxic
The main products from the project are – wastes - Residential spaces Inadequate - Commercial disposal of - Public facilities- Schools, hospitals, human waste - Public utilities during - Recreation spaces construction - Roads, car parks, pedestrian walkways etc. phase - Landscaped site planted with grass, shrubs and tree cover Modification of - Gate and guard house micro-climate - Increase surface water runoff and disruption - Increased foul water discharge of vegetation
82 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Increased Mushrooming development of food kiosks without commensurate services Insecurity Air pollution generated by Creation of dust during employment construction opportunities Noise pollution Increased tax generated by revenue to construction central and activities and local generator governments during operation phase Improved Workers aesthetics accidents during construction Optimal use of Increased land in the area flooding leading to flooding from Increased land paved ground use stock and expansive roofs Pressure on infrastructure Table 26: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures at the end of the project Life Cycle and services, e.g., traffic Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for related Impacts Mitigation conflicts, water, power Air pollution by dust The demolition exercise will be limited at day time only Project proponent and sanitation, All personnel working on the project will be trained Gatsibo District generated during prior to commencing the demolition exercise on REMA demolition process methods for minimizing negative impacts on air quality.
83 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Construction vehicle drivers will be under strict stages of the exercise instructions to minimize unnecessary trips, refill petrol All workers, pursuant to labour laws, shall be fuel tanks in the afternoon and minimize idling of accordingly insured against accidents. engines. All workers will be instructed to wear protective All active demolition areas will be watered at least twice clothing and head helmet during demolition. a day to reduce dust. Demolition work will be limited to daytime only avoid All trucks hauling demolition debris/wastes shall be workers accidents due to poor visibility covered. Careful screening to contain and arrest demolition related dust will be adopted Exposed demolition debris of e.g. dust and sand, will be Themes Possible aspects to consider Interventions/mitigations enclosed, covered, and watered daily before transported to disposal site. Demolition activities will be suspended when wind Mining. extraction of minerals There will be extraction of rocks Backfilling of quarries with suitable speed exceeds 25 mph. for construction and excavation from quarries for building materials and compaction is Windbreakers will be installed at the windward side of the construction site. materials. recommended All workers on the site will be required to wear protective helmets and clothing while on duty Clay soils will be utilized for Noise pollution by Explosives will not be used during the exercise Project proponent demolition activities. Portable barriers will be installed to shield compressors Gatsibo District brick production and other small stationery equipment where applicable. REMA Continued extraction is discouraged, Use of equipment designed with noise control elements Water extraction (surface- and will be adopted where necessary. natural water points should be given at groundwater) for consumption by Trucks used during demolition exercise on site shall be least 8 hours a day to revitalize routed away from noise sensitive areas in the the population together with neighborhood, where feasible. Water use and management major construction. Sound barriers are to be installed for pile driving Waste waters especially from activities. Waste water discharges to rivers, construction sites should be discharged Idling time for pickup trucks and other small equipment streams, swamps will be minimized to limited time. to a central point awaiting tests before Use of very noisy equipment will be limited to daytime only. being discharged further All workers operating in noisy areas or operating noisy equipment will be provided with earpieces to protect All plans proposed must be approved by against extreme noise. Land use planning – Land management stakeholders with the guide of land use The demolition exercise will be limited at day time only incompatibility and sustainability Proliferation of Private contractor will be engaged to collect demolition Project Proponent planning experts debris/wastes Gatsibo District uncollected All debris/wastes to be collected regularly to control air RHA Forest extraction should be limited to a demolition debris pollution and injury etc Receptacles will be provided for storage of light few chosen trees. Permission from the and related wastes demolition products e.g. timber, plastics tiles etc Forest extraction district and REMA officials at the Refuse collection vehicles will be covered to prevent Forest exploitation. Use of TFP (non-timber forest scatter of waste by wind. district must be acquired before any A licensed operator will collect demolition debris and biodiversity products), Fires forest is harvested. It is proposed that avoid illegal dumping at unauthorized sites. Introduction of alien species All persons involved in refuse collection shall be in full alternative sources other than timber protective attire. should be used for construction Workers accidents All workers will be sensitized before the exercise Project proponent begins, on how to control accidents related to the during demolition demolition exercise Energy production and use Sources of energy Connection to the national grid is process A comprehensive contingency plan will be prepared Energy consumption proposed to the site to minimize burning before demolition begins, on accident response. Adherence to safety procedures will be enforced at all 84 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Energy efficiency of fossil fuels and use of wood products. 6.11. Social Impact Assessment Aspects Utility of energy efficient gadgets is Information collected for the SIA was acquired through a range of qualitative and quantitative methods, as also recommended for example the use described below. of energy saving bulbs 6.11.1. Consultations with Interested and Affected Parties All plans for urban development are recommended for implementation and Discussions were held with a range of stakeholders during the course of the study. The consultations entailed: Urban growth and sprawl, urban Urbanization, urban boundaries should be respected. The community meetings and group discussions in villages around the Implementation sites, as well as in selected planning. dams, roads, major infrastructure and Further development on agricultural areas around the sites that may be affected (through temporary land occupation) by the transmission pipelines. infrastructure, polluting industries land is discouraged and all development This included attendance of the periodic district meetings. industries, tourism should be approved by the district 6.11.2. Census of Households in the Plan Implementation before commencement.
The consultation process registered general consensus to the implementation of the plan with the district Waste production should be minimized encouraging the stakeholders to adopt the plan. and any waste generated should be separated as per the types. Collection for 6.11.3. Socio-Economic Survey recycling and reuse should be given This survey was conducted through literature review, GIS mapping and associated technologies such as remote priority and collection should be sensing through satellite and aerial images, GPS, and social economic surveys through administration of systematic and timely Waste production questionnaires and structured interviewing of key informants. The sampling procedure utilized for household Waste management questionnaires was probability sampling that enabled each HH to have a chance of being chosen, thus minimizing Any development that generates Waste disposal and management Public behavior and practices, bias. The team further utilized systematic random sample. The sample size for household questionnaires was 100 hazardous waste should be located away existing systems, hazardous households from settlement and licensed handlers waste management should be contracted. 6.11.4. Recording of Assets The exercise went further to record assets of those people who may be affected by resettlement All commercial buildings including hotels are required to have their own 6.11.5. Stakeholders Consultation treatment plants where the wastes from During the field survey for the proposed development, public consultation formed an integral part of project toilets, bathrooms will be treated. development; this was done pursuant to the provisions of REMA. The following sections present the results of the
Emissions of greenhouse gases Harmful emissions are not allowed in public consultation: and ozone- the area. Any development that may 6.11.6. Public Consultation in the Neighborhood depleting substances lead to production of harmful gases During the field survey, the residents consulted have no objection to the proposed development as long as the Atmospheric emissions Air pollutants affecting local or should not be licensed to operate until developer will adhere to the zoning regulations of the area. Others felt they be educated on what the regional air quality they adequately put in place measures to implementation entails. curb these emissions 6.11.7. Creation of Employment
85 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP During the field survey, the residents consulted have no objection to the proposed development because it will 6.13. Health, Safety and Accident Prevention Plan create employment opportunities and raise the living standard in Gatsibo district 6.13.1. Site Organization
To ensure health and safety conditions and prevent accidents on site, efforts will be made to have a clear site 6.11.8. Length of Stay in the Area organization plan. These include: The respondents who were consulted during the survey have stayed in the neighborhood for appreciable length of time. They felt that this development will enhance property free of the area. - Developing a clear organization plan and construction schedule - Delivery and storage of material at appropriate locations Summary - Right size of staff/workers with clear work schedule and appropriate dress gear From the foregoing, it is noted that: - Control staff and vehicle movement on the sites and keep out unwanted persons The proposed project has actively involved the key neighborhood stakeholders who did not object the - Site office with safety kit development. - Accessible sanitation facility The proposed project does not pose adverse environmental impacts and where they are; mitigation measures have - Adequate water supply for both construction work and worker use. been developed, and are an initiative towards increasing office space supply in the town.
6.12. Social Impact Aspects 6.13.2. Project Team
In order to ensure proper organization of activities during planning, design and construction of the project, there 6.12.1. Quality of life must be appropriate project team. This team includes- Once again, there is no doubt that increased access to facilities is a major contributor to the enhancement of the quality of life of the hundreds of individuals in the recipient populations. For those living in the vicinity of - Project Manager Kabarore, the situation is more complex, with a mixture of factors both positive and negative. Elements that will - Town / physical planner result in a deterioration of the quality of life during the construction phase include such stressors as dust, - Environmental Impact Assessment Expert combustion gases, noise, the increased risk of road traffic accidents, a likely increase in the incidence of - Project Architect HIV/AIDS and STI, a probable deterioration of the general safety conditions in the area, as well as the loss of - Structural / Civil Engineer some resources such as agricultural land, trees, medicinal plants. 6.13.3. Enforcement of Standards and Legal Requirement Elements contributing positively to the quality of life of the local population are related to compensations that will be paid for the loss of resources in restructuring, the temporary employment during the construction phase of The project must ensure that appropriate standards and legal requirements are met. These include: the project, the expected boom in local businesses during the same period, as well as the long-term improvement - That building works is in accordance to approved drawings and plans of the local road and other infrastructure. It can be seen from this mixed set of positive and negative elements that - That building operations to meet the building code specifications the nature of the mitigations measures that will be implemented as well as their efficient application will be a - That requirements of the Factories and other places of Work Act are followed major factor in the balance between an improved or worsened quality of life for the local population. - That requirements of the Public Health Act are followed
- Those requirements as outlined in the Environmental Action Plan are observed. Culture, traditions and heritage Impact on the culture and traditions is evident. Implementation of the plan will mean opening up of Gatsibo for 6.13.4. Activities of Workers people from different walks of life. The cultural inclination may change due to adoption of new ways of doing The following activities by workers are clearly identified and must be closely monitored and organized to ensure things but the community is sensitized not to be too quick in changing ways of life. health, safety and accident standards on site: - High level construction - Excavation using pick axes and shovels - Pushing of wheel barrows - Hand packing of stones on road surface 86 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP - Lifting and laying of building material – stone, concrete etc. during quality impacts during REMA construction. inspectors - Plastering of walls and ceiling construction Construction vehicle drivers MINIRENA - Bending, cutting and laying of reinforcement steel process. will be under strict instructions to minimize - Other general building work activities. unnecessary trips, refill petrol fuel tanks in the afternoon and minimize 6.13.5. Activities by Machinery and Light Equipment idling of engines. All active construction areas will be watered at least twice The activities of machinery and plant must also be properly organized and monitored in order to ensure health and a day to reduce dust. safety conditions and prevents accidents. All trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials The project proponent and building contractor will take appropriate insurance cover for the various project shall be covered. activities and personnel and/or workers This includes all paved parking areas and staging 6.14. Environmental Management Plan areas at construction site. Traffic speed of construction/other vehicles 6.14.1. Introduction will be restricted to not more Integrating environmental issues in business management, such as those related to real estate development is that than 15 mph. Use of dust nets to reduce it increases efficiency while enhancing the project proponent financial and environmental management. spreading of dust Use of low sulphur diesel Table 27: Environmental Management Plan Matrix for the Proposed Development Careful screening of construction site to contain Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibilit Monitoring Agent Frequency for and arrest construction- Impacts y for Monitoring related dust. Vegetation will be replanted Mitigation in disturbed areas as soon as Modification of Careful layout and Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks possible. orientation of buildings to proponent officials Exposed stockpiles of e.g. Micro -Climate respect microclimate: wind Public Health dust and sand, will be and sun direction. Officer enclosed, covered, and The project will use REMA watered daily, or treated with minimum reflective building inspectors non-toxic soil binders. materials and finishes for MINIRENA Excavation and grading roof, walls and paving. activities will be suspended when wind speed exceeds 25 mph. Increased The proposed development Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks Windbreakers will be will strictly adhere to the Proponent officials development installed at the windward conditions attached to its Public Health side of the construction site. density likely to approval such as zoning Officer All workers on the site will guidelines that include REMA adversely affect be required to wear plot/ground coverage and inspectors protective clothing while on ecological floor index/plot ratio. MININFRA duty carrying Noise pollution Portable barriers will be Project Gatsibo district Periodic and installed to shield proponent officials capacity. by construction surprise checks activities. compressors and other small contractor Public Health Air pollution All personnel working on the Project Gatsibo district Periodic and stationery equipment where Officer project will be trained prior proponent officials applicable. REMA and dust surprise checks to starting construction on Public Health Use of equipment designed inspectors generated methods for minimizing air Officer with noise control elements Ministry of 87 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP will be adopted where Labor Waste should be disposed off necessary. at a designated site/landfill. Trucks used at construction Provide collection bins at site shall be routed away designated area from noise sensitive areas in All persons involved in the neighborhood, where refuse collection shall be in feasible. full protective attire. Sound barriers are to be Workers All workers will be Project Gatsibo district installed for pile driving sensitized before proponent officials accidents activities. construction begins, on how Public Health Idling time for pickup trucks during to control accidents related Officer and other small equipment to construction. REMA construction will be minimized to limited A comprehensive inspectors time. process. contingency plan will be Ministry of Use of very noisy equipment prepared before construction Labor
will be limited to daytime begins, on accident response. only. Accordingly, adherence to All workers operating in safety procedures will be noisy areas or operating enforced. noisy equipment will be All workers, pursuant to provided with earpieces to labour laws, shall be insured protect against extreme against accidents. noise. All workers will be Use of manual labor as much instructed to wear protective s possible clothing during construction, Workers Adequate collection and Project Gatsibo district Periodic and including helmets. storage of waste will be proponent officials Construction work will be accidents and surprise checks provided on site, and safe Public Health limited to daytime only hazards when transportation to, and display Officer Increased Surface run off and roof Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks methods at designated areas. REMA water will be harvested and proponent officials handling surface run off All receptacles for storing inspectors stored. Public Health hazardous hazardous wastes shall be Ministry of leading to Storm water management Officer adequately covered. Labor plan that minimizes REMA wastes. flooding, from All employees will be impervious area increases inspectors required to wear protective paved grounds infiltration by use of MININFRA clothing when handling recharge areas, and use of and expansive hazardous wastes. retention, and/or retention All workers will be roofs. with graduated outlet control adequately insured against structures, will be used. unforeseen accidents. Proliferation of Private contractor will be Project Gatsibo district Periodic and Pressure on Delivery and collection Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks engaged to collect solid Proponent officials uncollected surprise checks hours by service vehicles proponent officials waste generated. Public Health infrastructure will be limited to off-peak Public Health solid waste. Wastes to be collected Officer and services, hours. Officer regularly to control air REMA Service deceleration line will REMA pollution and vermin/insects inspectors i.e. traffic be provided at the entry inspectors etc. MINIRENA related point. Ministry of Resource recovery will be Connection to Council water Labor encouraged once the project conflicts, water, supply line takes off so as to shrink power and Adequate roof and water waste stream and recover storage tanks will be non-recyclables. sanitation. provided. Refuse collection vehicles Promote recycling of water will be covered to prevent Installation of solar panels scatter of wastes by wind. Standby generator will be 88 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP installed to ensure Environment uninterrupted power supply. Responsible Contractual al Impact I Mitigation Measures Location Timing Mushrooming Pursuant to the relevant laws Project Gatsibo district Periodic and Organization Clause and policy, development proponent officials Issue of informal surprise checks control is to be enforced Public Health business around the project site. Officer Implementatio REMA Supervision I Monitoring inspectors n MINICOM Water supply Regular inspection and Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks Only licensed quarries and maintenance of water and proponent officials and sewer system. Public Health sand suppliers shall be used. sewer/storm Before construction begins, Officer Obtain consent for borrow pit it will be determined where REMA water sewer and water pipes are inspectors operation from the land Before the breakdown. located to avoid reticulation REG/WSC owner prior approval of the commencem break down. MININFRA Clearances. rehabilitation proposal of the ent of Project site Contractor Engineer Inadequate As provided for by the Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks Approvals and borrow areas from the construction Building Code, a temporary proponent officials human waste Permits Engineer Throughout latrine will be provided on Public Health disposal by site to be used by Officer Provide a copy of all contact construction workers REMA workers during necessary permits to the period inspectors construction Ministry of Engineer Labor process Adhere to all permit terms REG/WSC Fire Outbreak All occupants to be trained Project Gatsibo district Periodic checks and conditions. on fire fighting proponent officials
Regular fire drills to be Public Health Obtain written permission conducted to enhance Officer As required emergency response REMA from private landholders to prior to Fire extinguishers and inspectors conduct activities on their All work related equipment to be MININTER commencing Contractor Engineer
strategically installed within MIDIMAR land prior to commencing sites the intended the building these activities, and provide Building to be adequately activities insured against fire copies to the Engineer Instructions on how to respond during fire Complete all necessary land emergencies to be strategically placed in the and building acquisition in building accordance with Plan and Before the Building to be regularly Acquisition of Areas of inspected to ensure that all Entitlement Framework prior commencem land, building impact Land office standards related to fire to the commencement of any ent of Land office disaster control are adhered and other Area of Engineer to construction works. construction assets impact Adequate water storage will Provide copies of land be maintained for fire fighting acquisition details to the Engineer and Contractor.
89 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Acquisition of Before the vehicles Vehicle construction, Provide a list of affected land, building Area of commencem depot property owners to the district Land office Land office and other impact ent of and Contractor. assets construction
Organize environment management and safely training, At least 1 Training On site Supervision Lands office 6.15. Mitigation Measures Contractors and Construction month prior Consultant’ to Supervisor’s should attend 6.15.1. Overview the training A careful assessment affirms that most of the potential negative impacts in the project can be mitigated with significant level of success. Preparation of Contractor Implementatio Environments Management Before 6.15.2. Appraisal of Alternative Development Options n of Plan commencem No Development Investment Contractor Engineer Environmental Establish Panel of Experts to All work ent The nil intervention describes a situation in which the proponent does not undertake the proposed development.
Management oversee social and sites of This option would imply economic loss to the proponent, local and national economy. The project site is currently Requirements environmental management construction underutilized while there is substantial demand in the area, yet the supply side has been limited. This means that if issues. the current status is to prevail it will not be commensurate to the area value. In case the authorities such as REMA settle for no development intervention, the project proponent would lose in Preparation of a health and terms of heavy financial commitments already made in design and planning of the project. The option would Safety Plan for workers and similarly make the jobs that the project envisioned to create to be forgone. The local and central government will impacted communities also lose the tax income that the project would generate if implemented. Needless to add that the nil projects will addressing issues including: lead to uncontrolled development. • Measures to prevent the
spread of HIV/AIDS such as Before 6.15.3. Relocation Option Health and free condoms, awareness All work commencem Health Contractor The other option available for the project implementation is for the proponent to relocate it to an alternative site Safety Issues campaign sites ent of officers either within or outside the town. At the moment, the Gatsibo district does not have an alternative site. The • Education of workers and construction proponent will need to re-engage professionals like valuers, EIA lead/audit experts and physical planners to assess impacted communities the viability of the new site. New costs will also arise from seeking an EIA approval from REMA for the new site. • Provision of safety Additional costs will arise from the design and approval of the architectural drawings for the new site. By the time equipment for workers the proposal is approved by authorities, economic parameters such as cost of building materials would have • Use of child labor to be changed. This would lead to a situation like zero option and the project may no longer be viable leading to eventual prohibited abandonment.
Construction Constructio Before Trial run on the plants, Contractor Engineer Plants, n commencem machinery and Camp ent of
90 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 6.15.4. Exploration of Alternative Land uses machinery The development could change uses for the sites such as institutional, commercial, or industrial development. If Oil Leak and Spills Use well serviced machinery No servicing of machinery on site studies establish that these are better suited to the site in functional and economic sense, then the developer could Proper storage of petroleum products. apply for change/extension of use to allow for such development. These options do not offer significant advantages Noise and Vibration Usage of manual labor as much as possible Avoid unnecessary hooting of vehicles over the current proposal. Ensure all generators and heavy machinery are insulated or placed in enclosures to minimize noise levels 6.15.5. Preferred Development Option Increased Water Demand Buildings to have water harvesting and storage All the alternative options analyzed have implications, which make the current design options proposed for facilities. Kabarore to be more viable economically, socially and environmentally. It is concluded that: Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as possible. The alternatives are likely to reduce the returns to investment that the proponent would have realized if the current Detect and repair broken water pipes. Install water conservation taps that turn off proposed design were to be approved automatically when water is not in use. Prime land in the town is scarce and costly. Because of this, the proposed project may not be relocated to an Increased Waste Water Production Provide adequate capacity septic tank alternative site. Increased Solid Waste Production All waste should be disposed off at designated disposal site/land fill. There are several development of the same nature approved. The proposed development will therefore blend Re use or recycle packaging material such as easily with the current development trend in the neighborhood. cartons and plastic containers Provide collection bins on site at designated
area.
Engage private contractor to collect solid waste 6.15.6. Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures Increased vehicular traffic Provide paved local access road network The potential negative impacts and possible mitigation measures for the proposed building development are Increased pedestrian/cycle traffic Provide paved walk way /cycle path network summarized below –Table 10. Increase surface water runoff Provide adequate storm water drainage system. Table 28: Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures Increased electricity demand Connection to REGL supply line Potential Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Provide solar panels supply system Installation of a generator
Worker accidents and health risks Employ skilled and trained workers Architectural incompatibility leading to distortion Harmonize building scale with existing Educated workers on construction site safety development in neighborhood. of neighborhood aesthetic and image procedures. Harmonize detail, material and finishes for Provide workers with protective clothing and roofs and walls with existing development in head gear. the neighborhood Prepare clear work schedule and the Disruption of existing natural environment and Development restricted to approve density – organization plan. building line, plot coverage and plot ratio. modification of micro-climate: Have adequate worker insurance cover Careful layout and orientation of buildings to Enforce occupational health and safety -Increased development density respect wind and sun direction. standards. -Increased glare/solar reflection -Minimum use of reflective building material Increased human conflict Encourage formation of community policing and finishes for roof, wall and pavement. Establish neighborhood association. -Reduced natural ground cover and increased Adequate provision of green and open space Loss of property/income Compensation for loss of investment surface run-off planted with grass, shrub and tree cover. Create awareness on alternative employment activities Air Pollution and dust generation Use of dust nets to reduce spreading of Early Notification to affected victims generated dust.
Sprinkling of water on dusty spots Use of well maintained trucks and machinery that do not produce excess fumes.
Use low sulphur diesel for diesel operated
91 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 7 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, STRATEGY AND PHASING public at large on how to initiate and finance development. It’s noted that, MINALOC and MININFRA through structures at Gatsibo district will oversee the implementation of the proposed projects. However, the funding of the projects attempts at evolving the innovative ideas other than the tradition sources of funds that the district 7.1. Introduction authorities can use in implementing the proposed projects in the study area (Kabarore).
To ensure that proposals made within Gatsibo LUDP implementation study are as well actualized, it’s vital that the implementation roadmap is well thought out. Some of the key components that ensure that the implementation Table 29: implementation plan of Gatsibo detailed implementation study: is actualized after the detailed planning has been completed and agreed upon is the availability of resources for Type or category of investment Investment initiative Source of funding and action funding the projects, lobbying of private participation in the implementation of the detailed master plan, and plan selling of the plan to international investors and organization for effective participation. Whereas it’s not possible Basic infrastructure investment to have all the necessary resources at once, it’s necessary that a clear analysis of likely sources of funding for Roads including pedestrian Public RTDA, RHA, RLDSF and investments which at times do not appear obvious to the implementation agencies is undertaken at the onset and a walkways and drainages District’s own revenues from taxes scheduling roadmap is developed to guide implementation. and non tax revenues In May 2000, the government of Rwanda adopted a decentralization policy whose main thrust is to ensure Bus park Public Money from bus park charges, managerial, social, economical, political, administrative and technical empowerment of the local entities to uproot parking fees, and district. poverty by participating in the management and planning of the development processes. Committed to the success Water and sanitation including Public WSC, district, other international of the decentralization policy, functions of the local government and budgets have been evolved. water tank organizations that are involved in The Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework (RDSF) that was adopted in 2007, provides the basis for water supply like JAICA, RLSDF, furthering decentralization process in a coordinated and comprehensive manner the vehicle to drive RDSF was and the community using rain elaborated as Decentralization Implementation program (DIP) with the purpose of reaching a sustainable water harvesting techniques economic growth and social development in an endeavor to achieve efficient, equitable and pro-poor services and Energy supply Public REG, international donors, local development in a good governance environment. RLSDF, and the community Both RDSF and DIP aim at reinforcing coordination and harmonization in the use of resources around a common ICT Public/Private Laying of optic cables by RDB, ground. In addition, it aims at achieving efficiently decentralization policy objectives. Here, efficient development of ICT park by RDB, implementation of the fiscal and financial decentralization policy represents a key priority through establishment construction of internet café’s by of the Rwanda Local Development Support Fund (RLDSF) whose main mandate is to provide budget support for the private investors. development financing at local level. The aim of RLDSF is to merge different funding and aid modalities under its Commercial development Private Government to moderate the land umbrella. markets, government land to be National resources supporting decentralization policy implementation are channeled through a number of different allocated to well vetted capable systems: investors, District to issue - National budget allocation to different institutions contributing to decentralization process implementation construction permits to only - Inter-governmental fiscal transfers to local government for services delivery and development (block grants and earmarked) projects meeting the zoning - Local governments’ own revenue (tax and non-tax revenue) proposals of this detailed - Public funds allocated to DIP basket fund implementation study and RHA to Funding framework of the implementation study in the study area: monitor all the above. Based on the urban audit for Gatsibo district conducted in 2012 to analyze the financial capacity of town, district Hotels development Private Private investors, infrastructure in and the region, different possible scenarios for investment have been tabulated to guide the authority and the the site to be provided by
92 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP government as source of incentives district to build schools using own Industrial estate development Public/private MINICOM. RDB District, and revenues from taxes, and RHA, land to be serviced with international donors, are infrastructure in order to attract encouraged to provide funding for investors, schools. And the community Petrol Station services, Private Private investors, REG to help in encouraged to build schools provision of power and district to especially during Umuganda. coordinate the issuance of permits Community centers/halls, youth Public/private NGOs, Private investors, district to petrol stations. centers and other entertainment own revenues, and the community. Housing development Public, private and cooperatives Gatsibo district, RHA, RCA, RDB, centers like cinema halls etc MINALOC, RSSB, and all Health facilities Public/private MINISANTE, RHA, District, financial institutions including Private investors and international SACCOs. Government through organization; the government MININFRA to help servicing the provide incentives for the private site for housing development to to build hospitals, MINISANTE lower down the costs. extends budget through earmarked Markets development Public/private/cooperatives Gatsibo district, MINICOM, and transfers to district to build private investors. People to be hospitals, health centers and the encouraged to form cooperatives district using its own revenues. to build markets as a case of Kigali Sports ground Public/Private MIJESPOC, MYICT, RHA, city, there must public private District and private investors. The partnerships in markets government provides free land to developments. private investors and there is Social/rural housing development Public/private/cooperatives, RHA, MINALOC, District, partnership between the two FARG, Banks and community through BOT (Built, Operate and government to encourage Transfer) framework. individuals to form cooperatives, Recreation parks Public, RHA, and district through individuals to consolidate their beautification and urban greening lands to enable the development of campaign. semi-detached housing, banks to provide soft loans, and It’s to be noted that there will be two types of investment in the implementation of Gatsibo detailed studies; one government to provide free land to will be private driven either based on individual or corporate which cannot be accurately determined since it landless and extend the entire depends and varies on the financial capacity of the investor. However, to facilitate this type of investment, it’s infrastructure in the site. paramount that the public facilitate by providing incentives either in form of free land, subsidized land, extending Education facilities Private/Public MINEDUC, private investors are infrastructure, and or tax holidays to investor, another facilitation will be through different forms of partnerships encouraged to invest in schools, like BOO (build, Operate and Own) BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) BOM (build, Operate and Maintain) etc
93 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP The second category is public investment which involves projects that are purely public or development projects central sewage that are meant for social benefits or the public at large. Community involvement in the development of public system. projects should be encouraged. However this can be effective if and only if the public is well informed and Energy Developing of 10Kms 3 Kms 3Kms 3Kms 1Km educated in their role in overall development and maintenance of good environment. 20 Kms of Phasing of priority development projects for the study area: power line of The preparation of implementation plan aims at providing the planning tools to Gatsibo district authority to enable which 5Km is them identify the widely available sources of funding putting up key priority projects that would spur economic high voltage growth of the town. As already pointed out, the role of the district is to provide the social and basic infrastructure ICT Laying of to support and attract private participation in the implementation process. Whereas provision of such infrastructure optical cables can be expensive and beyond necessary available resources, it’s possible for the district to use innovative ways of and connecting soliciting funds to finance all proposed developments. It has to be appreciated that development has to be all zones to the supported by a wide and various infrastructural component to support a holistic growth of the town and at the network same time meet the required demands of the people. With careful planning and rigorous soliciting of funds, it’s Hotel Construction of possible to finance and implement a number of public developments specified in the implementation layout. The development a three star hotel table below gives a five year financing phasing of deferent projects proposed within the Kabarore town. Industrial Construction of
Table 30: year phasing of priority public projects development sheds for light industries for Project Project Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 small scale description industrial Construction of Construction of 5 km 5 km 4 km 3 km 3 km development 86 km of roads 20 Kms of and employment tarmac roads generation Construction of Markets Construction of 66 Kms of 26 km 15 km 10 km 10 km 5 km a modern three murram road storied shopping Water and Construction of 5 km 5 km 4 km 3 km 3 km market and sanitation 20Kms of water other modern distribution markets in the network commercial Connecting the zone zones to the Drainage Construction of main water networks 86Km of network drainage Building of 2 network to water tanks collect storm Connecting the water zones to the
94 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Health sector Construction of 350 development one new health Households. center Education Construction of 7.2 Financing priorities for public projects in the study area development four new Based on the current development levels for the town there is need to identify key priority projects and programs schools in the that will give the highest returns to the district. However, due to the limited resources available for development study area and the many competing needs, there is a need to prioritize the projects based on the following criteria: including one - Projects that provide the maximum social-economic benefits to the population of Kabarore town and the university, one region at large. secondary - Projects that safeguard the environment and ecosystems of the town school and two - Projects that spur economic growth of Kabarore town and the district at large - Projects that create as many employment opportunities as possible. nursery and - Projects that promote good governance and sustainable community development primary schools. Recreational Construction of The financing program below indicates how public financing will be undertaken for the implementation of the facilities a stadium detailed studies in Kabarore town. The financial plan below indicates the cost estimates of the key priority pubic projects, sources of funding and the phasing of such projects. Public facilities Construction of According to the terms of references, the consultant is expected to provide this framework specifically to housing two new public development and infrastructural development in the study area. As regards housing, the report provides different offices typologies and types of housing plans in Kabarore town that have been designed taking into consideration the Open spaces Greening and income earning capacities of the citizens in the study area and the economic growth rate of the district as given in beautification of the urban audit of Gatsibo district conducted in 2012. We hope that our proposed typologies and types of housing 42 open spaces plans will be adopted by the district, RHA and the private sector at large. For this section which is expected to proposed in all give guidelines on how public fund will be invested in the next five years. The projects identified include social zones, in and affordable housing schemes to be developed using the Public Private Partnership or through cooperatives. addition, 10% of Another project identified and proposed in the study is the infrastructure development that includes roads, the plot will be drainage, water, and electricity distribution. The background of the identified projects is included in the report earmarked for which provides broad information on the layout design and cost estimate to inform the authority on the required landscaping resources Affordable and Construction of social housing 30 blocks for 1, Table 31: Housing and infrastructure financing plan: development 2, and 3 Project Justification Description Cost estimate bedrooms flats, Construction of 86Km of Kabarore town is Grouting, construction of 16,890,000,000 and construction roads of which 20Km is experiencing a rapid culverts, installation of of a modern tarmac and 66 Km of population growth rate open textured and close compact Murram. The roads accompanied by economic textured bituminous neighborhood to include one bypass for growth. The available carpet, priming coat and accommodate big tracks (trailers) to roads will not be enough tack coat, road reflectors,
95 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP avoid congestion in the to accommodate the street traffic lights, traffic stakeholder will need to be defined. Rwanda Housing Authority will continue to be the overall supervising agency CBD increasing population markings, installation of based on their mandate to oversee and orient the urbanization process of the towns and centers in a planned and hence a need to propose kerbs and pavements, organized manner. Their role will be to ensure that government policies, rules, standards, and laws are respected more. In addition, new drainage systems on the in the implementation of this detailed study. Where key resources from government will be required or where residential, industrial and road sides. their intervention for cooperation with various donors will be required then RHA is expected to render necessary commercial area proposed support to ensure timely availability of funds. RHA will also be required to elaborate evaluation criteria and and they need to be mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the implementation progress of this detailed study. connected them with the The district authority also have an upper hand to play in the implementation of this detailed study where they are existing ones. The bypass needed to make sure that funds are disbursed on a timely basis, water tight coordination, and clear monitoring is proposed to relieve the framework for the work plan. CBD of the big trucks that District technicians also have a role to play by ensuring timely delivery of agreed upon work plan. They will be cause congestion in the requested to document the issues arising from the implementation process which would provide feedback for CBD during the peak improving and up-scaling for project implementation in Gatsibo district. periods. The consultant will be required to build capacities of the local technicians by training them on how to implement Affordable and social As population increases, Construction of 30 blocks 6,525,000,000 the proposed plans. housing for low income demand for housing also of apartments for 1,2,3, Liaise with one-stop centre staff in implementation from the sector to district level as dictated by the terms of groups increases. As was and 4 bedrooms in the first references. This will in turn leads to strengthening of the urban planning skills and knowledge, introduce planning indicated in our inception phase and construction of and development control unit, mapping, and land surveying for preparing cadastral data and issuance of deed and diagnostic report, 350 units of social houses plans and construction permits. there is a mismatch in a compact between housing demand neighborhood. and supply and this causes considerable increase in rental charges. The issue is to be alleviated by increasing the supply of affordable and social houses that are in reach of the residents’ income earning capacities.
7.3 Monitoring and evaluation
It’s expected that a proper evaluation and monitoring system will be put in place by both the district authorities and Rwanda Housing Authority to ensure that the proposals made in this detailed studies for the implementation of Gatsibo Local Urban Development Plan are well articulated and closely followed. Once the plan has been approved and disseminated to all the stakeholders in the district including the community, the role of each
96 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PROJECT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR 8.3. Considerations in Future Project Implementation FUTURE PROJECT DESIGN The following are considerations for the design of future similar projects: 8.1. Conclusion 1. The design and implementation of the Gatsibo LUDP project should include targeting project Gatsibo District has over the years tried to control unplanned developments in the town. In fact the Consultant has beneficiaries with special bias for the poorest of the poor. carried out several projects aimed at planning the town of Gatsibo. While the projects done so far have helped the 2. Design, implementation and maintenance of infrastructure should be integral to the project design and town a lot, rampant developments are still going on. This makes it difficult to provide basic services to the operations; infrastructure users—particularly the households who hold most of the benefits (i.e., transport residents of the town. It is however widely acknowledged that despite of urban sprawling evident from spatial operators)—should be required to bear a larger share of facility maintenance and upkeep. information; some effort has been put in provision of basic infrastructural services to the residents. The current 3. The packaging of all infrastructures accompanying the project should be accompanied by other support construction of roads going on in the town is based on the previous planning done by the consultant. interventions that ensure the inclusion of the poor and help enhance their capacities and capabilities. Some
of these interventions are: provision of credit, microenterprise development services, agricultural In conclusion, this study on the initial impact of the provision of infrastructure on the wellbeing of urban and technology transfer, social capital formation, and gender integration. surrounding rural households confirms and reinforces the various yet similar assertions that public investments in infrastructure and urban development create opportunities in the rural areas and help reduce poverty as long as 8.4. Capacity Building certain conditions are met. These conditions revolve around the capacity and capability of the rural households, Capacity building is one of the most crucial factors for the success of District land use planning, urban particularly the poor, to take advantage of the benefits brought about by these developments and investments. The development and urban management. This applies both to the individuals and the institutions involved in results of the empirical examination show that while access to improved infrastructure has led to improvements in the process of urbanization. The need for enhanced capacity may be related to management of an the overall welfare of the urban and rural households, non-poor households benefit more than their poor integrated planning and implementation process as well as to technical procedures using GIS counterparts. Poor households, while on the whole benefiting from the improvements in access, tend to have lesser Technology, GPS, satellite imagery and aerial photos as tools in the planning process. Great emphasis share in the benefits, with the poorest of the poor manifesting exclusion from the whole process. will be placed on creating an effective working environment, “working shoulder to shoulder” for 8.2. Recommendations exchange of experience, capacity building and transfer of knowledge. Our approach and methodology of working as professional advisers focus on job training , listening carefully to the problems, trying to The following recommendations are proposed: identify possible solutions, and advising rather than imposing opinions in a common dialogue with the The project implementers and partners, particularly the local government units overseeing the project participants. sites, should pay particular attention to the growing income disparity and the exclusion of the poorest of Capacity building does not only require personnel, but also materials, hardware, software and follow up the poor from the development process since this may lead to social disparities. on how the training has transformed the participants. Institute necessary processes to allow the inclusion of all the poor in community consultations and also In this case, the consultant will build capacities of the district one stop center staff and land notary of their participation in community organizations and urban development. Kabarore sector together with the project focal person from Rwanda Housing Authority. The consultant Promote a regulatory environment for competitive transport services. will use experienced team in urban planning, GIS, urban design and urban infrastructure planning. Improve interventions in the provision of credit and development of microenterprises by supporting local microfinance institutions' extending their services in the Kabarore environs and especially development of Staff from One Stop Center and Sector officials will have an opportunity to understand urban planning economic activities like agriculture. and land management tools; develop skills to implement various urban plans and land management Identify measures to minimize the interventions' negative impacts on the poor and women. policies, and projects as well as maneuvers to resolve organizational and community problems, needs Identify measures to minimize negative impacts on the environment. and aspirations. This will equip them with skills and techniques to orient the urbanization process of Gatsibo district in an orderly and planned manner.
97 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP The Consultant will undertake a comprehensive review of the training materials to identify the adequacy, Module II: Techniques of Urban Planning, Urban Design and Land Management relevance and established the appropriateness in terms of; Module III Public Infrastructure Management and Maintenance a) Scope - Do they cover the full range of urban planning and urban management topics to give the Module IV: Smart Growth participants a comprehensive exposure and but simply understood view of the subject areas? For instance; Urban Planning, land management Urban Governance, GIS, implementation of master plans, Module I. Geographical Information Systems and Land Surveying and monitoring and evaluation, all social, physical cultural, economic and environmental aspects, In general, the course will cover the following components. Each course component will include b) Training Methodologies – The methods of training that will be used will be combinations of on job practical training exercises using the nominated GIS software where appropriate. training and lectures with power point presentations, discussions and graphics, participatory workshops. Understanding the fundamental principles of GIS (what is a GIS? what are the different types of spatial data and analysis) c) Simplicity of Concepts –The strategy here is targeting non-professionals in urban planning especially Techniques for capturing, importing, troubleshooting and manipulating data (e.g. Digitization, GPS leaders who may be unfamiliar with urban planning and land management but solid and deep enough to data) prepare them to adequately appreciate and espouse the knowledge, Spatial data analysis:
Data collection techniques d) Participants’ Assessment Techniques - To find out if the participants have understood the lessons. An Types of geodetic basis evaluation form will be submitted to participants to be filed individually in accordance with the training Spatial data and metadata creation (national standards) and organization of the workshop. e) The Consultant will inspect and reserve the venue for training and assesses the facilities available and Module II: Techniques of Urban Planning, Urban Design and Land Management other logistics especially trial tests of the equipments, tools and kits intended for use during the training. This module will examine the basic principles of Land Use Planning, the fundamentals of Land Use The proposed approach will be highly interactive, supported by case studies, visual aids such as pictures, Planning process in Rwanda, and how GIS technology can be used as a tool to support decision making. drawings and diagrams and locally adapted methods such as case studies, competitions, and workshops Spatial planning process between Kigali city staff, presentations and look-and-learn visits. Approaches to spatial planning and types of plans Determining Desirable Training Outcomes, Land use categorization It is indispensable – to be able to spell out more fully the specific intended learning outcome of the Zoning and zoning guidelines training firstly to help the Consultants and client focus on the essential content of the training, and Introduction to Gatsibo LUDP and its linkages to the National Land Use Development Master Plan second to help identify further training needs where the intended learning outcomes have not (or have only partially) been met. The Planning Process in Rwanda (conceptual and detailed models) Managing the planning process and co-coordinating stakeholders The Consultants will spend time identifying and writing down the intended learning outcomes for the Methods of plan and evaluation following reasons; GIS and Planning - Using GIS as a decision support tool. Specifically, using GIS as tool for Development of the Training Modules: visualization and analysis. Specific examples such as using GIS techniques to examine land use The modules listed below will be developed further after validation of this module by the client and changes, and monitor building permits. Gatsibo district during the validation of draft final report meeting. Each component should be illustrated with examples drawn from regional and international Module I: Geographic Information Systems and Land Surveying experience and, where possible, worked practical examples. 98 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP REFFERENCES Module III: Public Infrastructure Management and Maintenance Construction 1. Affordable Housing Development project Report by RHA, 2010. 2. Gatsibo District Development Plan (2013 – 2018) Rehabilitation 3. National Urban Housing Policy for Rwanda, Ministry of Infrastrucure 2008 4. Environmental Profile of Rwanda, 2006 Maintenance and Upgrading 5. FAO (2007): Community Development and Empowerment
6. Gatsibo District, www.gatsibo.gov.rw Module IV: smart growth 7. MINIRENA 2012, www.minirena.gov.rw 8. NISR: EICV3, District Profile East – Gatsibo 2010/11 Urban sprawl 9. Gatsibo Urban Development Master Plan Preventing and curative methods of informal settlement upgrading 10. The Constitution the Republic of Rwanda 11. National Policy on Environment Expropriation 12. Organic law No 4/2005 of April 8, 2005 Property valuation 13. United Nations Convention Framework on Climatic Changes of June 10, 1992 ratified on August 18, 1998. 14. United Nations Convention on Desertification Control of June 17, 1991 and ratified on October 22, 1998. 15. Convention on Biological Diversity of June 10, 1992 ratified on March 18, 1995. 16. Human settlement strategy 17. Resettlement policy framework Rwanda 2011 18. Economic development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS II)
19. National Poverty Eradication Plan (NPEP) 20. United Nations (1987) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 21. United Nations (2000) The World Commission on Environment and Development 22. Gatsibo District Development Plan2013-2018
99 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP APPENDICES
Questionnaire on Implementation of Gatsibo LUDP
Dear Respondent,
This questionnaire intends to collect essential data as basis for implementation study, upgrading and development of Gatsibo District town centre of Kabarore. We therefore humbly request you to provide correct information in order to achieve reliable output. Confidentiality of your information is fully guaranteed. Please feel free to ask for clarifications if any question is unclear for you. I take this opportunity to thank you for your kind cooperation.
Kind regards,
GEOINFO AFRICA LTD Date:……………………………………………
Respondent personal details (for statistics purpose)
Cell:………………………… Village:……………………….
Respondent personal details (for statistics purpose) 1. Age: years 2. Sex: M F 3. Occupation: Government employee Company employee Self employed Unemployed Others 4. Household status: our house rented house 5. Land registration: registered not yet registered
Please write here any comment, idea or advice about this survey and/or urban development in general
SECTION I: HOUSING Questions in this section aim to have general information on the state and conditions of existing building in order to have the basis of upgrading possibilities propositions. 1. HOUSE USAGE a. Residential b. Commercial c. Others, specify 2. HOUSE FOUNDATION. a. Does this house have foundation? 1. Yes 2. No If yes, please answer the following: b. Construction materials of foundation 1. Stones with cement mortar 2. Stones with mud mortar 3. Others Specify
3. ELEVATION. a. What are the building materials for elevation? 1. Burnt bricks with cement mortar 2. Burnt bricks with mud mortar 3. Earth blocks with mud mortar 4. Wood and mud
100 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 5. Others, Specify
b. Existence of a lintel. Does the house have a lintel? 1. Yes 2. No If yes, 3. For the whole contour 4. For some parts
D. plastering materials 1. Cement plaster 2. Mud plaster covered by cement plaster 3. Mud plaster 4. Others, specify 5. No plaster
4. ROOFING MATERIALS a. Roof members 1. Steel members 2. Wood members 3. Combination of wood and steel members b. Roof covering 1. Galvanized iron sheets 2. Local handmade tiles 3. Industrials tiles 4. Others, specify
5. HOUSE UNITS Existence of: 1. Sitting room: a. Yes b. No 2. Kitchen: a. Yes b. No 3. Bath room: a. Yes b. No 4. Store room: a. Yes b. No 5. Number of bed rooms: 1 2 3 4 More than 4, how many
6. FAMILY SIZE Permanent family members: a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b. More than 7, how many 7. AGE OF THE HOUSE In years: a .0‐5 b. 5‐10 c. 10‐20 d. 20‐30 e. More than 30
SECTION II: SANITATION These questions aim to collect information about the current hygienic conditions as a basis for their improvement towards reduction and/or eradication of poor hygiene related diseases. A. DAILY WATER USE How many hurricanes do you use daily for? 1. Kitchen (food preparation, cooking, dish washing) 1 2 3 4 More than 4; specify 2. Laundry (cloths washing, house cleaning) 1 2 3 4 More than 4; specify
3. Bathing 1 2 3 4 More than 4; specify 4. Other uses (gardens watering, domestic animals, etc) a. 1‐5 b. 5‐10 c. More than 10; specify In case you have water system toilet type: 5. How many toilet seats? 101 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP Fill the number in this box 6. Approximate the daily times of toilet flushing a. 5‐10 b. 10‐15 c. 15‐20 d. More than 20; specify
B. SOLID WASTES GENERATION 1. Organic (biodegradable) wastes Approximate number of baskets of wastes per week of a. Food related organic wastes (food preparation wastes and food leftovers) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 More than 7; specify b. Other organic wastes (waste papers, paper shopping bags, etc) 1 2 More than 2; specify 2. Plastic related wastes (Old or broken domestic appliances, plastic bags, etc) Number of baskets per month 1 2 More than 2; specify
3. Metals related wastes (Old metallic domestic equipment and appliances) 1 basket; More than 1 specify
SECTION III: PUBLIC NETWORKS 3.1. TRANSPORTATION
Transport accessibility 1. What kind of vehicle can access your house? Check all that apply: a. No access at all b. Two wheels vehicle
c. Small size cars d. All passenger car sizes e. Trucks and buses 2. What time do you spend to access the nearest road for public transport? a. 0 to 10 minutes b. 10 to 20 minutes c. 20 to 30 minutes d. More than 30 minutes, e. Please specify In case you access local road: 3. Can two vehicles cross? a. yes b. No 4. Construction materials for bridges a. Wood without foundation b. Wood with stone foundation c. Reinforced concrete bridge d. culvert e. Other, please specify,
5. Road surface conditions Check all that apply a. Muddy and slippery in rain periods b. Dusty in dry periods c. stones paved road d. All type of passenger cars can circulate e. Highly rough surface, circulation possible for jeeps only f. Other, please specify 3.2. WATER SUPPLY 1. Purpose for which supply is used (also fill the number of house occupants in box). Please tick whichever boxes on the right are appropriate and supply the additional information for the premises concerned on the left. a. Domestic residence b. Commercial uses c. Food or drink production for “take away” consumption 102 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP d. Restaurant or café e. Residential establishment (hospital, residential home, etc) Please specify f. Other: Please specify
2. Estimate the quantity of water used per day in unit that is most convenient to you (fill the number in the box below) a. Jericans /day b. Litters/day c. m3/day 3. Main water source: Where do you most often get water? a. Public Tap b. own tap c.Spring, is this spring protected? yes no d. Other, please specify 4. Why do you choose to get water from this place? Tick all that apply: a. Distance f. only source b. Cost g. only tap c. Quality h. personal/family reasons d. Reliability j. other, please specify e. Availability 5. What do you use this water for? Tick all that apply: a. Bathing e. animals b. Cooking f. gardening c. Drinking g. laundry d. Cleaning h. all above 6. How many jerrycans (other vessel) of water do you collect from this source each day? Number of jerrycans/other container 7. Do you pay for the water from this source? a. Yes b. no If yes, how much do you pay for a jerrican c. FRW 8. Are there times when you find no water at this source? a. Yes b. no If yes, how often there is no water at this place? c. At least every day. At least once a week e. At least once a monthy. in the dry season g. Only occasionally 9. Are there any other places you get water from, not including rainwater and vendors? a. Yes b. No c. If yes, please specify
What do you use this water for?
e. Consumption (drinking, cooking and food preparation) f. Other domestic use (bathing, laundry, etc) g. How many jerry cans (other container) do you collect from this source? h. Number of jerry cans/other container 10. Do you ever collect rainwater? a. Yes b. no (Observation: is there guttering and tank/drum for rainwater collection:c. yes d. no) 11. Do you ever buy water from vendors a. Yes b. no If yes, how often do you buy water from a vender? c. Every day d. At least once a week e. At least once a month f. Very occasionally
12. How much water do you buy on each occasion? a. Type of container b. Number 103 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP 13. Water collection and storage In case you collect water away from your house: a. Which people collect water in your family? 1. Children 2. Women 3. Men 4. Anybody who is available b. Where do you keep or store your water? Type of container and place: 14.Do you do anything to your water before you drink it? a. Yes b. no c.If yes, what do you do to it?
3.3. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY. 1. Is this house connected to electricity? a. Yes b. no If no, 2. What is the main reason? a. Financial reasons b. No power lines around my place c. Nearest power line saturated d. Other, please specify If yes, 3. What are the electrical appliances do you use? 4. Do you find electric power enough for your house demand? a. Yes b. no If no, 5. What time of the day do you often have shortage of power? a. 6 am – 6pm c. 6pm – 11pm b. Weekends and holydays d. other, please specify
6. How often power cut offs occur? a. Almost every day b. At least once a week c. Very occasionally 3.4. INTERNET AND TELEPHONE 1. INTERNET 1. Can you access internet in this house? a. Yes b. no If no, 2. what are the reasons (mark all that apply) 1. No internet option available around my house 2. Internet and/or computer too difficult to use 3. No need/ not useful 4. Lack of skills or training 5. Feels too old/seniors 6. Cannot afford it 7. Other, please specify 3. From what other locations do you access internet? 1. School 2. Work 3. Local telecenter 4. Friends’ or neighbors’ house 5. Government office 6. Internet or cyber café 7. Voluntary organization 8. During travel (hotel, airport...) 9. Through a mobile telephone or another wireless personal digital assistant (PDA) 10. Other, please specify
INCOME 1. What economic activity are you engage in? Economic Activity: (Tick where 104 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP appropriate): Employment (akazi) Crop farming (ubuhinzi) Livestock keeping (ubworozi) Fishing (uburobyi) Unemployed/ None (chomeur) Other (specify)
2. Where do you work? (ahoukoreraakazi) Name of Place: Within Gatsibo(ahoutuye) Other (specify) (ibindi)
3. What is your average monthly income? (amafarangaushoborakwinjizamukwezi) …………………………………………….. 4. What is your average monthly expenditure? (ayoushoboragukoresha) MIGRATION TRENDS In•Migration 1. Have you always lived in Gatsibo? Yes No 2. If No, Where were you born? …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Reasons for coming to Gatsibo (Tick where necessary) i. To work in Gatsibo. ii. Purchased land iii. Allocated land by government iv. Inherited land v. Got married here. vi. To do business vii. Other (Specify)
Out Migration 4. Have any of your household members left Gatsibo to permanently settle elsewhere? Yes No 5. Yes, where to? Number of. Moved to Male Female Reason
6. What type of housing would you need to be developed in your area? Bungalow ( ) Mansion ( ) Apartment( ) Row Housing( )
Thank you for your time
105 Implementation Study of Gatsibo District LUDP