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An Empirical-Phenomenological Study of Women's Negative Experiences Encountering Pornographic Imagery

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An Empirical-Phenomenological Study of Women's Negative Experiences Encountering Pornographic Imagery Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 12-20-2019 A Darker Side of Venus: An Empirical-Phenomenological Study of Women's Negative Experiences Encountering Pornographic Imagery Rebecca Gimeno Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Gimeno, R. (2019). A Darker Side of Venus: An Empirical-Phenomenological Study of Women's Negative Experiences Encountering Pornographic Imagery (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1839 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. A DARKER SIDE OF VENUS: AN EMPIRICAL-PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES ENCOUNTERING PORNOGRAPHIC IMAGERY A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Rebecca Marcelina Gimeno December 2019 Copyright by Rebecca Marcelina Gimeno 2019 A DARKER SIDE OF VENUS: AN EMPIRICAL-PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES ENCOUNTERING PORNOGRAPHIC IMAGERY By Rebecca Marcelina Gimeno Approved January 18, 2019 ________________________________ Will Adams, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology (Committee Chair) ________________________________ ________________________________ Russell Walsh, Ph.D. Lori Koelsch, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology Associate Professor of Psychology (Committee Member) (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ James C. Swindal, Ph.D. Leswin Laubscher, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty College and Graduate Chair, Psychology Department School of Liberal Arts Associate Professor of Psychology iii ABSTRACT A DARKER SIDE OF VENUS: AN EMPIRICAL-PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES ENCOUNTERING PORNOGRAPHIC IMAGERY By Rebecca Marcelina Gimeno December 2019 Dissertation supervised by: Will Adams, PhD. This empirical-phenomenological study explores the psychological dimensions of negatively encountering a pornographic image. The study includes four participants, all adult women who have had an adverse encounter with a pornographic image within the past five years at the time of the data collection. The recollected experiences of the participants were collected through written narratives as well as semi-structured interviews. The written narratives and recorded audio interviews were transcribed and subsequently analyzed using an empirical-phenomenological analysis, a process that yielded situated structures. From this analysis, thematic elements of each structure were brought to light. Some of the thematic elements that were uncovered amidst the four narratives include, but are not limited to: feelings of anger and embodied dread and anxiety, identification with the pornified subject, iv feelings of being haunted by imagery, and seeking to metabolize and transform one’s experience toward empowerment. From these situated structures, the general structure of the experience of negatively encountering a pornographic image was determined. To this traditional methodology, a further step was added, whereby socio-political and cultural themes that emerged from the data were analyzed. Some of the socio-political and culture themes which were found include: the presence of the male gaze, the vulnerability of the female body, the experience of being silenced, and the importance of storytelling and witnessing. The study found that the experience of negatively encountering a pornographic image is a complex phenomenon that includes disruption of one’s habitual experiential unfolding, shifts (bothovert and subtle) in one’s lifeworld existentials (corporeality, sociality, communality, and temporality), intense emotional reactions such as anger and sadness, and painful experiences of gendered subjectivity within a patriarchal context. This research project offers new ways of understanding the lived phenomenon of negatively encountering a pornographic image, and it also confronts oppressive cultural forces which disregard these experiences as being shared, comprehensible, or worthy of conversation. v DEDICATION To all the women on their own painful and beautiful labyrinthian journeys. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thank you first and foremost to each woman who bravely shared her story with me. You are each courageous, complex, and inspiring. I am humbled by the strength of your voices. The future is, indeed, female. Thank you to my dissertation committee, most especially to my committee chair, Dr. Will Adams, whose support, warmth, and wisdom sustained me. Thank you to Dr. Russ Walsh and Dr. Lori Koelsch for your caring feedback and guidance. Thank you to my wonderful friends who have accompanied me throughout this challenging and rich doctoral journey. Special heart-filled thanks to Dr. Elizabeth Samson, Monica Lawson, Kai Bekkeli, Dr. Seth Young, Dr. Nisha Gupta, Dr. Melissa Geib, and Dr. Camille O’Connor. Betsy, thank you for the absolute blessing of our friendship. What would I have done without you by my side? Camille, my Persephonic love. You understand the darkness and beauty of our shared journeys. I know now, that I am/was never truly alone. This has made all the difference. Thank you to my other close friends and companions who have been by my side loyally and profoundly. Elizabeth Thompson, Vince Curtis, Natasha Gatian, Max Sommerville, your love and support are invaluable. Thank you to the psychology department at Duquesne University. I am grateful to have been trained with such rigor and passion. I carry your tradition with me. Thank you to Marilyn Henline and Linda Pasqualino whose support and warmth were invaluable throughout my graduate studies. Thank you to my mentors who have also been wonderful supports. Thank you, to my friend and teacher Stephanie Vargo—I remember sitting with you at Dobra Tea in Squirrel Hill, when this project was merely a dream. Thank you for helping me find the words to bring it to life. Moreover, thank you for the years of support, solidarity, and magic you have shared with me. Thank you, Dr. Robert Fessler for opening my eyes to the magical world of psychology, and for encouraging the importance of travel. You have bestowed me with much bravery and have given me the confidence to venture into unknown lands. Thank you, Dr. Jeff Beyer, for being the most wonderful clinical supervisor I could have ever imagined. You have shaped the way I practice as a psychotherapist, and I am grateful for the laughter and friendship you have given to me. Thank you, Dr. Stanton Marlan for protecting all that is feminine and sacred about the work. Thank you, Dr. Scott Churchill, for your enduring support and longstanding connection. Thank you, Dr. Roger Brooke for encouraging me to write from my voice, and for your wise clinical insight. Thank you, Dr. Russ Walsh for your many conversations with me, and for allowing me to teach and travel with you. Thank you to my guides, teachers, and friends from the University of West Georgia’s psychology department who shaped who I am today—in ways that I am still discovering. Thank you, Drs. Eric Dodson, Alan Pope, Kathy Skott-Myhre, Hans Skott-Myhre, Kareen Malone, Don vii Rice, and Chris Aanstoos. Thank you to my friends James, Ron, and Rachel—you are all with me every day. I doubt that I will ever find such a beautiful community ever again. I left a piece of my heart in Carrollton. Thank you, Dr. Charles Bonner. When I walked into your office over five years ago, I knew that my life would change. Thank you for working alongside me through the various traumas, losses, and heartaches I had experienced. Thank you to my ancestors, companions, and friends who are no longer in this world. There has been a lot of loss, but also a lot of love. Thank you, especially to Canela—there is not a day that I do not miss you. Thank you to the women who have inspired me and kept me great company, but whom I know only in their writings, a special thanks to Anaïs Nin in whom I find understanding and solace. I am forever grateful for your presences, especially in my darkest moments. Thank you to the magical places in which I dreamt of my future and crafted this dissertation. I am especially grateful for the neighborhood of Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh. I was held in community there. Thank you to Kai Bekkeli, Pan, the light in the dark, the pier on the horizon. The voyage to Ithaka has been beautiful. Thank you to my loving family, but most of all to my parents Linda and José Luis Gimeno, who gave me life, and allowed me to develop my passions, dreams, and sense of self. If only I could capture in words, the love and gratitude I feel for you, and for our family, but the immensity of it escapes language(s). Os quiero mucho. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Copyright by ................................................................................................................................................ iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... vii Preface: A Note on the Process of Writing and Historical
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