DOCSLIB.ORG

! © 2017 Juan Pablo Vera Lugo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
! © 2017 Juan Pablo Vera Lugo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ! © 2017 Juan Pablo Vera Lugo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ! THE HUMANITARIAN STATE: BUREAUCRACY AND SOCIAL POLICY IN COLOMBIA BY JUAN PABLO VERA LUGO A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillments to the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Anthropology Written under the direction of Professor Daniel Goldstein An approved by _________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey MAY 2017 ! ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION THE HUMANITARIAN STATE: SOCIAL POLICY AND BUREAUCRACY IN COLOMBIA By JUAN PABLO VERA LUGO Dissertation Director: Daniel Goldstein The thesis explores the relationship between international human rights law and the formation of public and private bureaucratic systems in Colombia. Through an ethnographic study of the methods, tools, and mechanisms involved in the implementation of public policy related to victim and land reparation, the dissertation accounts for the statatalization of human rights as well as how these gradually become a part of public social policy. Through the study of diverse institutional and non- institutional settings at different levels within Colombian state bureaucracy, the research demonstrates how civil servants, functionaries, experts and policy clients produce and reproduce specific notions of statehood. More specifically, the research reveals how these civil servants, functionaries, experts and policy clients produce and reproduce in their everyday practices, socio-spatial and epistemological hierarchies such as the “nation-territory” divide. Through a description of how the historical ! ii! ! formation of Colombian institutions and systems of bureaucracy are fixed in specific time and spatial configurations (framed within the construction of local administrative and political notions), and how they are produced and reproduced by civil servants, experts and users of the policy, the study explains how global narratives related to humanitarian aid, philanthropy, and development remain trapped in the reproduction of local bureaucratic values, practices, and socio-spatial representations. ! iii! ! Acknowledgments Writing this dissertation and making it through the graduate program would not have been possible without the support and love of many people. In particular, I want to thank my advisor Daniel Goldstein for his support and belief in my research throughout the last few years. I also want to thank the wonderful committee members Ulla Berg, Aldo Civico and Carol Greenhouse. I offer to all of them my infinite gratitude. I would like to thank my dearest friends Tatiana Andia, Julio Arias, Alejandra Azuero, Carlos del Cairo, Alejandro Feged, Denise Ganitsky, Jefferson Jaramillo Everaldo Lamprea, Miguel Millán, Laura Rico, Angela Rivas, and Esteban Rozo. Their intellectual endeavors, as well as their commitment to their disciplines and professions, has been an example to me my entire life. Some of them read and commented on the following pages. This dissertation would not have been possible without the generosity of the people I met in Bogota, Valledupar and other Colombian localities. In particular, I would like to extend my gratitude to Margarita Gonzalez, who introduced me to the humanitarian bureaucracy and shared with me her ideas, hopes and frustrations. I also want to thank the Victims Board representatives and others outside these institutional channels who I had the pleasure to meet during fieldwork throughout Colombia. Their stories are an impressive picture of the innate moral values of late liberal capitalism. I have not attempted to retell their stories, as I simply couldn’t. Instead, I have attempted to tell the story of the institutions that allegedly cares for them. I want to give a special mention to Valentina Herazo, who gave me my first assignment at La Unidad, and led me to wonder what an institutional ethnography ! iv! ! would be like, and to Paula Gaviria who was very generous and open to my research. Others I am deeply grateful to are: Carolina Albornóz, Lina Toro, Carolina Suarez, Maria Eugenia Morales, Betty Monzón, Dolly Mosquera, Elizabeth Páez, Jose Luis Cotes, Margarita Gil, Alejandra Bernal, Alejandra Barrera, Simón Gonzalez and Francisco Vargas. Many of these people became my friends. Also, I extend a special thank you to Nathalie Mendez and Ana Maria Ramirez at the NCHM, to Angela Rivas, Carolina Garzón, Adriana Gómez, Elissa Goucem, Catalina Martinez, Esteban Parada at FIP, and Lina Moreno at MAPP-OEA. I would also like to thank Luis Emil Sanabria and Luis Sandoval at REDEPAZ for their inspiring faith in peace in Colombia –an “emotional cause” as Luis Sandoval usually says. I hope that this moment in history is something similar to what they have dreamed of their entire life. For me, it is still astonishing to watch FARC guerrilla members’ crossing Colombia to leave their arms behind. REDEPAZ and Colombian society will face major challenges in the coming years. I hope this work helps, even if just to a small degree, with encouraging reflection upon the risks of foster social transformation by solely having faith on institutional changes. I also want to thank Ana Guglielmucci, Daniel Chaparro, Paula Rodriguez and Margarita Gonzalez for listening to me and my boring notes about Colombian institutions, as well as for their patience and conversation. I´m grateful to Niamh Harnet, Denise Ganitsky and Laura Rico who helped me with the revision of the text, and Maria Angelica Contreras for helping me to transcribe and classify the long interviews. I extend a special thanks to my professors Ulla Berg, Parvis Ghassem- Fachandi, Daniel Goldstein, David Hughes, Dorothy Hodgson, and Yarimar Bonilla at ! v! ! Rutgers, and Carol Greenhouse and Elizabeth Davis at Princeton, with whom I have had the opportunity to read and discuss amazing pieces of our wonderful discipline. I also want to express my gratitude for the support of my fellow friends at Rutgers: Donna Auston, Siad Darwish, Deniz Daser, Assaf Harel, Enrique Jaramillo, Trsitan Jones, Meghana Joshi, Kartikeya Saboo, Michael Allen, Senem Kaptan, Marlaina Martin and Padmini Iyer. I miss our conversations, your outstanding intelligence, your passion and all the love we shared. It goes without saying that my research would not have been possible without the funding of the following institutions: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana´s funding, Colombian Institute for the Development of Sciences (COLCIENCIAS) “Francisco Jose ́ de Caldas” Grant, the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS) Fund Award, the Special Opportunities Award from the School of Arts and Sciences at Rutgers University, and the Bigel Pre-dissertation Fieldwork Award, from Rutgers Anthropology Department. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Rutgers University, where I always truly felt at home. I want to give a special mention to Lisa Tapiero at LASAPU and to S.J Gerardo Remolina, S.J. Jorge Umberto Pelaez, S.J. Luis Alfonso Castellanos, German Mejia, Carlos del Cairo, Concepción Romero and Rosmine Penagos at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. I would like to express my deep love and gratitude to Cata Martinez. She made my years at Highland Park and elsewhere really wonderful. Finally, I would like to thank my family in Bogota, my siblings for their unconditional support, and my parents who didn´t just give me the gift of life but also a passion to pursue. For this I have nothing to offer in return except my love and admiration. ! vi! ! Table of Contents ii Abstract Acknowledgments iv Introduction: Humanitarian Bureaucracy in Colombia 1 Humanitarianism and Development in Colombia 5 The Trans-Local Humanitarian State 11 Approaching Humanitarian Bureaucracy 15 Ethnographic Approach to Colombian Humanitarianism 20 Dissertation Plan 29 Chapter 1: Confronting Humanitarianism 33 Making Sense of Humanitarianism in Colombia 34 Conclusion 60 Chapter 2: The Emergence of the Humanitarian State in Colombia: Armed conflict, Development and Social Policy Since 1982 64 The Consolidation of the Humanitarian State 86 Conclusion 90 Chapter 3: Colombian Humanitarian Bureaucracy 92 From Researcher to Bureaucrat 98 Everyday Work at the Reparation Policy Program 101 Experts, Bureaucrats and the Production of Victimhood 107 Neoliberal Humanitarianism 117 The Micro-Practices of Humanitarian Governance 124 Conclusion 127 Chapter 4: Collective Reparation and Social Policy Experimentation 133 The Emergence of Collective Reparation 134 Collective Reparation Techno-Politics 140 A Day of Experimentation at the CRSD 147 Policy Clients, Technical Knowledge and the Politics of Care 154 Conclusion 167 ! vii! ! Chapter 5: Humanitarian Bureaucracy and the Production of the Nation- Territory Divide 174 A Previous Discussion 177 The Making of the Techno-Nation 183 “Nation-Territory” as Habit and Practice 191 The Ideological Dimensions of the Nation-Territory Divide 204 Conclusion 211 Chapter 6: Delivering Humanitarianism: Transitional Jurisdictions and Moral Sentiments in Colombia 216 The Aesthesis of Transitional Justice 218 The gifts of Reparation 233 Conclusion 246 Chapter 7: Towards an Ethnography of the Possible, Democratic 250 Imagination and Peace Democratic Memory as New History 254 Peace as not-yet 257 The Future as an Ethnographic Problem: Contributions to Transitional Justice People’s Congress and Democratic Experimentation 260 Peace Initiatives, Democracy and Citizenship Building
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diferendo Limites Cesar - Guajira
    DIFERENDO LIMITES CESAR - GUAJIRA MAURICIO ENRIQUE RAMÍREZ ÁLVAREZ ANTENDECENTES Mediante oficio de fecha octubre 14 de 2012 el director del IGAC le informo a la Cámara de Representantes sobre el estado de los limites entre el Cesar y La Guajira EN ESTE OFICIO EL IGAC EXPLICA LO SIGUIENTE ORDENANZA 004 DE 1888 ASAMBLEA MAGDALENA DISTRITO SAN JUAN DEL CESAR se compone de las secciones de la Esperanza, Corral de Piedra, Caracolí, Guayacanal, El Rosario y la Sierrita DISTRITO DE VALLEDUPAR se compone por las secciones de Valencia de Jesús, San Sebastián de Rabago, Atanquez, Patilla, Badillo, Jagua de Pedregal y Venados ORDENANZA 038 DE 1912 LIMITES ENTRE SAN JUAN DEL CESAR Y VALLEDUPAR Serán los señalados en la Ley 279 de 1874 del extinguido Estado del magdalena así: a partir del punto en que por el lado del sudeste limita actualmente Valledupar con Villanueva, línea recta pasando por Sabanalarga, hasta llegar al manantial del Cerro el Higuerón, de donde sigue también en línea recta, hasta Tembladera en el camino de la Junta a la Despensa. De tembladera hasta tocar en el punto más cercano los límites del territorio Nacional de la Nevada. Esta Ordenanza fue reformada por la Ordenanza 063 de 1912, 006 de 1914 y finalmente derogada por la Ordenanza 055 de 1924. La Ordenanza 040 del 26 de abril de 1915 determina los limites mediante una descripción igual a la Ordenanza 038 de 1912, pero fue derogada por la Ordenanza 030 de 1916. La Ley 19 de 1964, por la cual se crea el Departamento de La Guajira, enumera los municipios que lo integran pero no señala los límites.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Page 1 of 21
    Colombia Page 1 of 21 Colombia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 Colombia is a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately 42 million. On May 28, independent presidential candidate Alvaro Uribe was reelected in elections that were considered generally free and fair. The 42-year internal armed conflict continued between the government and terrorist organizations, particularly the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN). .The United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) was demobilized by August, but renegade AUC members who did not demobilize, or who demobilized but later abandoned the peace process, remained the object of military action. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which elements of the security forces acted in violation of state policy. Although serious problems remained, the government's respect for human rights continued to improve, which was particularly evident in actions undertaken by the government's security forces and in demobilization negotiations with the AUC. The following societal problems and governmental human rights abuses were reported during the year: unlawful and extrajudicial killings; forced disappearances; insubordinate military collaboration with criminal groups; torture and mistreatment of detainees; overcrowded and insecure prisons; arbitrary arrest; high number of
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Displacement and Reconstruction in Contemporary Colombia
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Claiming Lands from the City: Forced Displacement and Reconstruction in Contemporary Colombia DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Anthropology By Andrés Salcedo Fidalgo Dissertation Committee: Professor Teresa Caldeira, Chair Professor William Maurer Professor Susan Coutin Professor Karen Leonard 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi CURRICULUM VITAE ix ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xi Introduction: Contemporary Colombian Social Disarticulations 1 Bogotá: Disconnected Cities 11 Fieldwork 16 Blocking the Pain of Violence 25 The Battle of the Oaks 32 Scheme of the Dissertation 36 Chapter 1 Geopolitics of War in Historical Light 38 Is it a War? 41 Techniques of Fear 42 A History of Violence Revisited 50 Competing Sovereignties and the Rule of Violence 59 Plan Colombia, FTA and Peace Process with Paramilitaries 66 Geo-warfare 71 Conclusion 83 Chapter 2 Mobility, Victimhood and Place 85 Forced Displacement and Migration 86 Humanitarian Discourses 94 Colombian State’s Assistance 100 Countering Victimization 105 Place and Stigma 114 Conclusion 125 iii Chapter 3 Remembering the Land of “Before” 127 Place-memories 128 Motherland 132 A Land of Plenty 136 Former Work and Social Standing 141 Forgetting War 145 Mementoes in Practices of Resettlement 147 Conclusion 152 Chapter 4 From Struggles over Land to the Politics of Ethnicity 156 Ethnicity and the 1991 Constitution in Colombia 163 History of Colombian Agrarian Movements
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Page 1 of 23
    Colombia Page 1 of 23 Facing the Threat Posed by Iranian Regime | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Colombia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Colombia is a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately 44 million. In 2002 independent candidate Alvaro Uribe won the presidency in elections that were considered generally free and fair. The 41-year internal armed conflict continued between the government and Foreign Terrorist Organizations, particularly the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the National Liberation Army (ELN), and certain blocs of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) that were not involved in demobilization negotiations with the government. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which elements of the security forces acted in violation of state policy. Although serious problems remained, the government's respect for human rights continued to improve. All actors in the internal armed conflict committed human rights violations; the majority of violations were committed by illegal armed groups. There were improvements in certain human rights categories related to the government's concentrated military offensive and ongoing demobilization negotiations with the AUC. The following human rights categories and societal problems were reported: unlawful and extrajudicial killings insubordinate military collaboration
    [Show full text]
  • Ins'11tuto De Cultura Y Turismo Del Cesar
    INS'11TUTODE CULTURA Y TURISMO DEL CESAR CONTRATOARTESANIAS DE COLOMBIAS.A - ICTC Asistencia y capacitaci6n a grupos artesanales del Departamento del Cesar INFORME FINAL Va11edupar, mayo 15 de 1996. INTRODUCCION Colombia cuenta con una poblaci6n que se dedica a la elaboraci6n de artesanias en forma exclusiva o combinada con otro tipo de labores de por lo menos seis millones de personas. Estas actividades surgen en principio, de la necesidad de transformar la materia prima natural en objetos para el uso cotidiano, en donde plasman ademas sus habilidades artisticas y su visi6n del mundo. Con el advenimiento del turismo adquiere otro valor de uso: desligados de su contexto y de su funcionalidad inicial, pasan a formar parte de la decoraci6n de sitios de habitaci6n citadinos o del vestuario de los turistas. Este hecho ha traido como consecuencia que una franja importante de la poblaci6n rural se dedique a la elaboraci6n masiva de sus objetos de cultura material con la intenci6n de comercializarlos y obtener de alli parte de su sustento econ6mico. Esta realidad se presenta en la mayoria de municipios del departamento del Cesar, en donde la gran diversidad geogrtifica (valles, cienagas, montaftas), trae cons1go una gran diversidad cultural y por ende artesanal. Este trabajo busc6 fundamentalmente hacer presenc1a en estas comunidades culturales, asesorando a los artesanos en su labor y proyectando nuevas actividades conjuntas y cofinanciadas por Artesanias de Colombia S.A. OBJETIVOS ALCANZADOS - Veinticinco cursos-taller en Gesti6n Comunitaria y Formulaci6n de proyectos, asi: Nueve (9) cursos-taller en Gesti6n Comunitaria en las comunidades de Atanquez, Guatapuri, Chemesquemena, Nabusimake, Simonorua, La Jagua de Ibirico, Chimichagua, Candelaria y Mandinguilla.
    [Show full text]
  • G. Gage Skinner Collection
    G. Gage Skinner collection Nathan Sowry 2018 National Museum of the American Indian 4220 Silver Hill Rd Suitland 20746-2863 [email protected] http://nmai.si.edu/explore/collections/archive/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series 1: Chile, 1964-1966...................................................................................... 4 Series 2: Colombia, 1972....................................................................................... 17 G. Gage Skinner collection NMAI.AC.116 Collection Overview Repository: National Museum of the American Indian Title: G. Gage Skinner collection Identifier: NMAI.AC.116 Date: 1964-1966 1972 Creator: Skinner, G. Gage (Photographer) Extent:
    [Show full text]
  • Documento Diagnóstico Diferencial De La Comunidad De Mujeres Artesanas De La Mina, De La Etnia Kankuama, Valledupar, Cesar
    Convenio Interadministrativo No. 263 de 2017 suscrito entre la Nación – Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo y Artesanías de Colombia, S.A. “Programa de Fortalecimiento Productivo y Empresarial para los Pueblos Indígenas de Colombia” Documento Diagnóstico diferencial de la comunidad de mujeres artesanas de La Mina, de la etnia Kankuama, Valledupar, Cesar Daniela Rangel Gil Asesor Onilda Isabel Rodríguez Mendoza Técnico Octubre 2017 MUJERES KANKUAMAS DE LA MINA Resguardo y/o Comunidad: KANKUAMA Municipio: VALLEDUPAR, CESAR Etnia(s): KANKUAMA Oficio: tejeduría en fique 1. CONTEXTO 1.1 Información General de la zona y la etnia Están ubicados a 45 minutos de la ciudad de Valledupar, hacia la sierra nevada la comunidad específicamente está ubicada en terreno plano aunque las demás de las seis que pertenecen al resguardo están en espacio montañoso. La población en general según la lideresa Onilda Rodríguez, son aproximadamente 5000 mil personas en todo el Resguardo, aunque son 30 las beneficiarias del programa. La Etnia Kankuama se encuentra ubicada en la vertiente suroriental de la sierra nevada de santa marta en la Región Caribe en el departamento del Cesar, La etnia está conformada por 12 comunidades Guatapurí, Chemesquemena, Las Flores, Murillo, Los Haticos, Río Seco, Pontón, La Mina, Rancho de la Goya, Ramalito y su capital Atánquez con más de 17.000 habitantes de los cuales la mayoría son Colonos, para llegar a estas comunidades hay de desplazarse en un intermunicipal desde Valledupar capital del cesar hasta Patillal; el costo del pasaje es de 7.000 mil pesos; Patillal se encuentra ubicado a una hora de Valledupar en las faldas de la sierra, de ahí se toma un una moto o un Jeep para poder llegar a Atanquez, el costo del pasaje es de 10.000 mil pesos.
    [Show full text]
  • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ratified by Act No
    UNITED NATIONS CERD Distr. International Convention GENERAL on the Elimination of All CERD/C/COL/14 Forms of Racial 5 May 2008 Discrimination ENGLISH Original: SPANISH COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 9 OF THE CONVENTION Fourteenth periodic report of States parties due in 2008 Addendum COLOMBIA*, ** [29 February 2008] * This document contains the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th periodic reports of Colombia, due on 2 October 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008, respectively. For the 8th and 9th periodic reports of Colombia (consolidated document) and the summary records of the meetings at which the Committee considered those reports, see documents CERD/C/332/Add.1 and CERD/C/SR.1356, 1357 and 1362. ** In accordance with the information transmitted to the States parties regarding the processing of their reports, the present document was not formally edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services. GE.08-42184 (EXT) CERD/C/COL/14 page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT COLOMBIA................................... 1-45 3 A. Political organization..................................................................... 2-7 3 B. Territory......................................................................................... 8 4 C. Culture and religion ....................................................................... 9-11 4 D. Sociodemographic context ............................................................ 12-23 4 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabildo Arhuaco De La Sierra Nevada
    RESGUARDO INDÍGENA ARHUACO DE LA SIERRA NEVADA CONFEDERACIÓN INDÍGENA TAYRONA “C.I.T.” Organización del Pueblo Arhuaco NIT: 824.002.015-9 Cabildo Arhuaco de la Sierra Nevada Niwi U’munukunu chwamu narigun re’no’kwamu Entendimiento mutuo para el cuidado de nuestro territorio Guía de relacionamiento y diálogo entre el sector minero-energético y el pueblo Arhuaco Valledupar, octubre de 2015 Créditos Jose María Arroyo Cabildo Gobernador Arhuaco Hermes Enrique Torres Solís Integrante De La Directiva General Reynaldo Izquierdo Solís Integrante De La Directiva General Jose Trinidad Ramos Integrante De La Directiva General Ministerio de Minas y Energia Apoyo Administrativo Cabildo Arhuaco Carlos Donaldo Blanco Niño - Adinistrador Coordinador General Reinaldo Izquierdo Solís Equipo de Apoyo Técnico Mauricio Montaña Gilberto Crespo Rogelio Torres Eugenio Suárez Faustino Torres Jose Luis Rosado Valledupar, agosto de 2015 CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN 7 LA INTEGRALIDAD DE LA SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA 10 I. EL TERRITORIO - NIWI U’MUNUKUNU 10 1. Concepción propia del territorio 10 A. EL TERRITORIO ARHUACO DESDE LA GEOGRAFÍA 14 B. ELEMENTOS CONSTITUTIVOS DEL TERRITORIO 18 1. Espacios y sitios sagrados. 18 2. Conexiones o conectividades. 19 3. Línea negra 23 4. El espacio de La Sierra como guardián 26 II. ORGANIZACIÓN Y GOBIERNO PROPIO - SAKUKU UNKANIKAMU 30 A. LOS MAMU 32 III. IDENTIDAD CULTURAL Y FORMAS DE TRANSMISIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO - NIWI KUNSÁMUSE’ A’NISI KWAMU AWIRI AKIN KINKI NARI UNKUBORI ZOYAMU 38 A. ELEMENTOS DE USO COTIDIANO 38 1. El ayu y el jo’buru (poporo) 38 2. Los tejidos 39 3. Los vestidos 39 4. Tutu 40 5. Elementos de cestería 40 Entendimiento mutuo para el cuidado de nuestro territorio | Niwi U’munukunu chwamu narigun re’no’kwamu 5 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council
    UNITED NATIONS E Distr. Economic and Social GENERAL Council E/CN.4/2006/009 20 January 2006 ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH AND SPANISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixty-second session Item 3 of the provisional agenda ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK OF THE SESSION Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Colombia * * The annexes to the present report are circulated as received in the languages of submission only. E/CN.4/2006/009 Page 2 Summary This report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Colombia covers 2005 and is in response to the request formulated by the Commission on Human Rights during its 61st period of sessions. National context and evolution of the internal armed conflict During 2005, the panorama of the country revolved around debates over important regulations and the impact of the internal armed conflict. Other prominent issues were the notable influence of paramilitaries and the process of negotiation and demobilization of these groups. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was also widely discussed. The Constitution was amended to permit the possibility of immediate re-election of the President. The Constitutional Court declared that amendment and the law for electoral guarantees to be in accordance with the Constitution. The adoption in June of Law 975 of 2005, the "Justice and Peace" Law, made it the applicable legal framework for demobilized persons responsible for grave crimes. The evolution of the conflict was characterized by the continuance of the offensive of the security forces against the rearguard of the guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-Popular Army (FARC-EP), as well as the persistence of attacks against the civilian population by the illegal armed groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Capítulo 3 Comunidades De Indígenas Y De Campesinos Hablan De Paz
    Capítulo 3 Comunidades de indígenas y de campesinos hablan de paz 3.1 Experiencia de la Comunidad Indígena Kankuamo Lugar: Municipio Atánquez, Cesar Los Kankuamo son uno de los cuatro pueblos indígenas que han compartido espacio territorial en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta con los pueblos indígenas Koguis, Wiwas y Arhuacos. Los Kankuamo son descendientes de la familia de los Tairona, (Pumarejo Hinojosa & Morales Thomas, 2003) para el siglo XVI estos se ubicaban en los territorios que hoy corresponden al Departamento de la Guajira, Cesar y Magdalena. Para la década de 1690 aparecen las primeras menciones de Atánquez, bajo el nombre de San Isidro de la Sierra, población que estaba bajo la soberanía de la provincia de Santa Marta y encargada al sacerdote y maestro de doctrina, Don Francisco Baquero, cura propio del pueblo de Santo Tomas de Villa Nueva. (Morales Thomas, 2007) Se conoce un documento de 1691 en el cual se describe la visita realizada por el padre Agustino a la población de San Isidro de los Atánquez, en el marco de realizar la misión encomendada por el obispo de Santa Marta, la cual era destruir santuarios Arhuacos de los cuales ha tenido noticia. En apartes de dicha expedición se registró lo siguiente. El grupo encuentra al “cacique” del pueblo un “noble” llamado Zereume Guaimazo, una persona de unos 70 años “con unas argollas de oro atravesadas en las narices, un bonete de plumas de diversos colores la barba muy larga y el vestido a usanza. (Morales Thomas, 2010, pág. 37) Unos años después, las misiones tomarían otro rumbo, pues entre los objetivos principales eran adoctrinar en la fe católica a todos aquellos indios que adoraran al demonio a través de sacrificios como llevar labradas piedras a - 63 - lugares desconocidos o ayunar quince días, sin otro mantenimiento que unos pocos granos de maíz.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Activity of Cymbopogon Citratus (Poaceae) on Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm and Its Cytotoxic Effects
    Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and its cytotoxic effects Mailen Ortega-Cuadros1, 2*, Adriana Patricia Tofiño-Rivera3, 4, Luciano José Merini5, María Cecilia Martínez-Pabón6 1. PhDc Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universidad de Antioquia. [email protected] 2. Grupo de investigación Biodiversidad, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas-CIB, Cra 72A #78b-141, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia. [email protected] 3. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA. Centro de Investigación Motilonia – kiló- metro 5 vía a Becerril, Agustín Codazzi, Cesar, Colombia; [email protected] 4. Universidad de Santander, Facultad de ciencias de la salud. Grupo de investigación CIENCIAUDES, Valledupar, Colombia 5. EEA-Anguil, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria – INTA-CONICET, La Pampa, Argentina. Ruta Nacional 5, Km 580, La Pampa, Argentina; [email protected] 6. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; [email protected] * Correspondencia. Received 28-IV-2018. Corrected 21-VII-2018. Accepted 18-IX-2018. Abstract: Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an effi- cient alternative treatment. The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the three substances (Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components) against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. Through Scanning electron micros- copy, the typical morphology of S. mutans was observed and, a characteristic formation of polysaccharides, with more structured arrangement at 48 h. The bacterial viability effect against S. mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control.
    [Show full text]