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NSF References Acevedo, J., A. Aguayo-Lobo, A. Gonzalez, D. Haro, C. Olave, F. Quezada, F. Martinez, S. Garthe, and B. Caceres. 2017. "Occurrence of Sei Whales (Balaenoptera borealis) in the Magellan Strait from 2004-2015, Chile." Aquatic Mammals 43 (1):63-72. doi: 10.1578/Am.43.1.2017.63. Aguilar, Alex, and Raquel García-Vernet. 2018. "Fin Whale, Balaenoptera physalus." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, edited by Bernd Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen and Kit M. Kovacs, 1190. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc. Aguilar Soto, Natacha, Mark Johnson, Peter T. Madsen, Peter L. Tyack, Alessandro Bocconcelli, and J. Fabrizio Borsani. 2006. "Does intense ship noise disrupt foraging in deep-diving Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris)?" Marine Mammal Science 22 (3):690-699. American National Standards Institute. 1986. "Methods of measurement for impulse noise 3 (ANSI S12. 7-1986). , Woodbury, NY." Acoustical Society of America 10 (2):157-167. Anderwald, Pia, Anja Brandecker, Mary Coleman, Clodagh Collins, Hannah Denniston, Michael Damien Haberlin, Mairead O'donovan, Roisin Pinfield, Fleur Visser, and Laura Walshe. 2013. "Displacement responses of a mysticete, an odontocete, and a phocid seal to construction-related vessel traffic." Endangered Species Research 21 (3):231-240. ANSI. 1995. Bioacoustical Terminology (ANSI S3.20-1995). Acoustical Society of America, Woodbury, NY. Arcalis-Planas, Anna, Signe Sveegaard, Olle Karlsson, Karin C. Harding, Anna Wahlin, Tero Harkonen, and Jonas Teilmann. 2015. "Limited use of sea ice by the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii), in Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, using telemetry and remote sensing data." Polar Biology 38 (4):445- 461. Archer, F., S. Mesnick, and A. Allen. 2010. Variation and predictors of vessel-response behavior in a tropical dolphin community. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Au, Whitlow W. L., and Mardi C. Hastings. 2008. "Hearing in marine animals." In Principles of Marine Bioacoustics, edited by W. W. L. A. M. C. Hastings, 337-400. Springer Publishers. Azzara, Alyson J., Wyndylyn M. Von Zharen, and Joal J. Newcomb. 2013. "Mixed-methods analytic approach for determining potential impacts of vessel noise on sperm whale click behavior." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134 (6):4566-4574. Baker, C., Louis Herman, B. Bays, and W. Stifel. 1982. The impact of vessel traffic on the behavior of humpback whales in Southeast Alaska, 1981 season. Seattle WA. The National Marine Fisheries Service National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Baker, C. S., and L. M. Herman. 1989. Behavioral responses of summering humpback whales to vessel traffic: Experimental and opportunistic observations. Honolulu, Hawaii. Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Lab. Baker, C. Scott, Louis M. Herman, Brooks G. Bays, and Gordon B. Bauer. 1983. The impact of vessel traffic on the behavior of humpback whales in southeast Alaska: 1982 season. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Mammal Laboratory. Barber, Jesse R., Kevin R. Crooks, and Kurt M. Fristrup. 2010. "The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25 (3):180-189. Barkaszi, M. J., M. Butler, R. Compton, A. Unietis, and B. Bennet. 2012. Seismic survey mitigation measures and marine mammal observer reports. OCS Study BOEM 2012-015: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Beauchamp, G., and B. Livoreil. 1997. "The effect of group size on vigilance and feeding rate in spice finches (Lonchura punctulata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75 (9):1526-1531. Bejder, L., A. Samuels, H. Whitehead, H. Finn, and S. Allen. 2009. "Impact assessment research: Use and misuse of habituation, sensitisation and tolerance to describe wildlife responses to anthropogenic stimuli." Marine Ecology Progress Series 395:177-185. Bejder, Lars, Amy Samuels, Hal Whitehead, and Nick Gales. 2006. "Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective." Animal Behaviour 72 (5):1149-1158. Bengtson, J. L., and B. S. Stewart. 2018. "Crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophaga." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, edited by B. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen and K. M. Kovacs, p. 230-232. San Diego, CA. : Academic Press/Elsevier. Best, P. B. 1982. "Whales: Why do they strand?" African Wildlife 36 (3):96-97, 99. Bittencourt, L., I. M. Lima, L. G. Andrade, R. R. Carvalho, T. L. Bisi, J. Lailson-Brito, Jr., and A. F. Azevedo. 2017. "Underwater noise in an impacted environment can affect Guiana dolphin communication." Mar Pollut Bull 114 (2):1130-1134. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.037. Blackwell, Susanna B., Christopher S. Nations, Trent L. Mcdonald, Charles R. Greene Jr., Aaron M. Thode, Melania Guerra, and A. Michael Macrander. 2013. "Effects of airgun sounds on bowhead whale calling rates in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea." Marine Mammal Science 29 (4):E342-E365. Blackwell, Susanna B., Christopher S. Nations, Trent L. Mcdonald, Aaron M. Thode, Delphine Mathias, Katherine H. Kim, Charles R. Greene Jr., and A. Michael Macrander. 2015. "Effects of airgun sounds on bowhead whale calling rates: Evidence for two behavioral thresholds." PLoS One 10 (6):e0125720. Blair, Hannah B., Nathan D. Merchant, Ari S. Friedlaender, David N. Wiley, and Susan E. Parks. 2016. "Evidence for ship noise impacts on humpback whale foraging behaviour." Biology Letters 12 (8):20160005. doi: doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0005. Blecha, F. 2000. "Immune system response to stress." In The Biology of Animal Stress, edited by G. P. M. J. A. Mench, 111-122. CABI Publishing. Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, and Erling S. Nordoy. 2007. "Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii) annual distribution, diving behaviour, breeding and moulting, off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica." Polar Biology 30 (11):1449-1458. Bowles, Ann E., Mari Smultea, Bernd Wursig, Douglas P. Demaster, and Debra Palka. 1994. "Relative abundance and behavior of marine mammals exposed to transmissions from the Heard Island feasibility test." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96 (4):2469-2484. Boyd, Ian L. 2002. "Antarctic marine mammals." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, edited by W. F. P. B. W. J. G. M. Thewissen, 30-36. San Diego, California: Academic Press. Bradshaw, C. J. A., S. Boutin, and D. M. Hebert. 1998. "Energetic implications of disturbance caused by petroleum exploration to woodland caribou." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76 (7):1319-1324. Branch, T. A., and D. S. Butterworth. 2001. "Estimates of abundance south of 60° for cetacean species sighted frequently on the 1978/79 to 1997/98 IWC/IDCR-SOWER sighting surveys." Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3 (3):251-270. Branstetter, Brain K., Jennifer S. Trickey, Hitomi Aihara, James J. Finneran, and Tori R. Liberman. 2013. "Time and frequency metrics related to auditory masking of a 10kHz tone in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134 (6):4556-4565. Brewer, Kenneth D., and John D. Hall. 1993. "Recording, analysis, and verification of low-frequency sounds produced by Arctic offshore drilling equipment." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94 (3 part 2):1850. Bröker, K., G. Gailey, J. Muir, and R. Racca. 2015. "Monitoring and impact mitigation during a 4D seismic survey near a population of gray whales off Sakhalin Island, Russia." Endangered Species Research 28 (3):187-208. doi: 10.3354/esr00670. Brueggeman, J. J., R. A. Grotefendt, M. A. Smultea, G. A. Green, R A. Rowlett, C. C. Swanson, D. P. Volsen, C. E. Bowlby, C. I. Malme, and R. Mlawski. 1992. Final report, Chukchi Sea 1991, marine mammal monitoring program (walrus and polar bear) crackerjack and diamond prospects. Anchorage, AK. Shell Western E&P Inc. and Chevron USA Inc. Budylenko, G. A. 1981. "Distribution and some aspects of the biology of killer whales in the South Atlantic." Report of the International Whaling Commission 31:523-525. Campana, I., R. Crosti, D. Angeletti, L. Carosso, L. David, N. Di-Meglio, A. Moulins, M. Rosso, P. Tepsich, and A. Arcangeli. 2015. "Cetacean response to summer maritime traffic in the western Mediterranean Sea." Marine Environmental Research 109:8-Jan. Carton, Timothy J. Crone, Maya Tolstoy, and Helene. 2014. "Estimating shallow water sound power levels and mitigation radii for the R/V Marcus G. Langseth using an 8 km long MCS streamer." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15. doi: 10.1002/. Castellote, Manuel, Christopher W. Clark, and Marc O. Lammers. 2012. "Acoustic and behavioural changes by fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in response to shipping and airgun noise." Biological Conservation 147 (1):115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.021. Cerchio, Salvatore, Samantha Strindberg, Tim Collins, Chanda Bennett, and Howard Rosenbaum. 2014. "Seismic surveys negatively affect humpback whale singing activity off northern Angola." PLoS One 9 (3):e86464. Chrousos, GP. 2000. "The role of stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes." International Journal of Obesity 24 (2):S50-S55. Clapham, P. J. 2018. "Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, edited by B. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen and K. M. Kovacs, p. 489-492 San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier. Clark, C. W., W. T. Ellison, B. L. Southall, L. Hatch, S. M. Van Parijs, A. Frankel, and D. Ponirakis. 2009. "Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: Intuitions, analysis,
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