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THE DEPARTM ENT OF NATURAL RE SOURCES miSSISSippi• • • • geology Bureau of Geo logy t 2525 North West Street Volu me 2, Number 1 • Jackson, Mississippi 39216 September 1981 ~ MISSISSIPPI LIGNITE -ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE Charles Estes, P.E. Mining and Reclamation Section Mississippi Bureau of Geology Sometime in the near future a new industry could move into Mississippi. It could employ hundreds of people, provide many millions of dollars in wages, and call for a capital investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. This new industry would be mining Mississippi ligni te - a low grade form of coal. Lignite is brownish-black .in color, generally high in moisture content and volati le matter, and relatively low in heat content. Lignite is very abundant in the Gulf Coast region where about 23 bi llion tons of recoverable lignite are believed to ex ist. It has been estimated that Mississippi has approx­ imately 5 billion tons of mineable lignite which is equiv­ alent to 10 billion barrels of oil. This places Mississippi second to Texas in the Gulf Coast region in the extent of mineable lignite reserves. The most significant use of lignite has been as a boiler fuel for utilities and ind ustries. Texas has used lignite as a fuel for producing electric power since the 1920's. The heating value of Mississippi li gnites averages about 6,000 BTU/ Ib as compared to 6,500 BTU/Ib for the Gulf Coast region. However, Mississippi lignites should also do well as boiler fuel. There are currently several sites in Mississippi being stud ied by coal companies through extensive exploration programs. The most extensive study to date has been carried out by Phillips Coal Company for the proposed Delta Star min e i near Sledge in Quitman County. As conceived, the min e I.~ --~ . ·- - ... ~····- is expected to produce about 9 million tons of lignite energy demand to bring Mississippi's first lignite mine to per year. Over the 30-year expected life of the mine it life. For the future, conditions appear good for lignite should produce about 270 million tons of lignite from a to provide an alternative source of energy for a growing 10,000 acre area. A virtual moving hole, the mine will Mississippi. move about a quarter of a mile per year, be about 9,200 feet long and 2,000 feet wide at the surface, and occupy about 420 acres at any given time. The Delta Star mine Suggested Reading is proposed to begin operations in the late 1980's. Because of the geologic and climatic setting of Missis­ Cleaves, Arthur W., 1980, Depositional systems and lignite sippi's lignite, the mining and subsequent reclamation prospecting models: Wilcox Group and Meridian can be easily accomplished. The material overlying the lig­ sandstone of northern Mississippi : Gulf Coast Assoc. nite generally consists of unconsolidated sands and clays Geol. Soc. Trans., Vol. 30, p. 283-307. which are free of rock. The most extensive lignite deposits Haynes, H. W., Jr., and D. Cornell, 1981, Identification of are located in the Wilcox and Claiborne groups (Fig. 1). current lignite research projects in the United States Mississippi's high annual rainfall will help revegetation during the reclamation stage. As mining proceeds, recla­ and applicability to future research in Mississippi: University, Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources mation will be kept concurrent with mining. The over­ Institute, Rept. of Invest. No. 79-19, 11 p. burden will be removed and the lignite excavated; then the overburden will be replaced, leveled, fertilized, and re­ Hollman, K., S.C. Shull, and R. S. Herren, 1980, Estimated planted. Land which was farmland, pastureland, or forest­ economic impact of the proposed Delta Star Mine: land before mining may be returned to its former use. University, Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute, Rept. of Invest. No. 801, 68 p. Due to the probability of future lignite mining in Mis­ sissippi, the Mississippi Legislature in 1979 passed the Mississippi Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Act to Self, D. M., and D. R. Williamson, 1977, Occurrence and insure that this important energy source is developed in an characteristics of Midway and Wilcox lignites in environmentally sound manner. Subsequently, regulations Mississippi and Alabama, in Campbell, M. D., ed., were written by the Bureau of Geology to enforce the Geology of alternate energy resources in the south­ new law. In 1980 Mississippi became the third state to central United States: Houston Geol. Soc., Houston, have its regulatory program approved by the Office of Tx., p. 161-177. Surface Mining, Department of the Interior. Williamson, D. R., 1976, An investigation of the Tertiary Now that regulations are in place and exploration is better lignites of Mississippi: Mississippi Geological Survey, defining our lignite resources, all that is necessary is an Info. Series MGS-74-1 , 147 p. THE LOBSTER LINUPARUS PRESERVED AS AN ATTACHMENT SCAR ON THE OYSTER EXOGYRA COSTATA, RIPLEY FORMATION (LATE CRETACEOUS), UNION COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI Gale A. Bishop Department of Geology and Geography Georgia Southern College Statesboro, Georgia 30460 ABSTRACT----A specimen of Exogyra costata Say was Springs locality (GAB 37} in Union County, Mississippi, I collected from the Coon Creek facies of the Ripley For­ collected an interesting oyster, Exogyra costata Say, from mation near Blue Springs, Union County, Mississippi. the lower part of the Ripley Formation (Coon Creek The articulated specimen preserved a 46 by 63 mm attach­ facies}. The specimen (GAB 37-1111) is an articulated ment scar near the urn bo of the left valve. The attachment specimen, 13.2 by 12.2 em in size, which exhibits a very scar proved to be an external mold of the lateral margin of interesting attachment scar formed by attachment to a the carapace of a linuparid lobster. If the lobster were dead linuparid lobster. (a corpse or molt) at the time of the colonization by the Exogyra and if the first major break in oyster shell growth Previous Investigations represents a seasonal break, the longevity of chitinous decapod exoskeleton in th e Cretaceous Mississippi Em­ bayment might have been as long as a year. Exogyra is a common Coastal Plain Cretaceous oyster which has been extensively studied and utilized for bio­ Introduction stratigraphic and paleoecologic purposes. The oyster has While collecting fossil crabs and lobsters from the Blue a highly convex left valve and a flat, lid-like right valve . MISSISSIPPI GEOLOGY 2 The shell is laterally coiled and ornamente d by a rough Description ru gose extenor, by radiall y spiraled costae, by conce ntric un dulatory ri dges, or if both are present, a cance llate The specimen of Exogyra costata is a moderately-sized interference structu re wh ich has resulted in namin g of in dividual represented by both righ t and left valves. The various species base d on orn amentation (Stephenson, lid-li ke right valve is pushed somewhat in to the left valve 1941 ). and mostly covered with sediment. The left valve (fi g. 1A) is 13.2 em high an d 12.2 em wide, very convex, laterally The heavy bivalved shells of the Exogyras are usuall y sp iraled with a large (b i-faceted) attachment scar whic/1 composed of easily preserved low magnesium calcite re­ measures 63 by 46 mm. The surface of the left valve is sulting in excellent preservation. The larval stage of the ornamented by numerous radial costae whic h are crossed Exogyras is one of a planktoni c or nectoni c existence . by a concentric ornamen t consisting of thin growth lines The larvae are easily distributed by oceani c currents which and 8-9 wider bands which form a somewhat undulatory results in a widespread distributio n and usefuln ess of thi s surface. Two small Ex ogyra left valves are attached near easily preserved bivalve mollu sc in biostratigraphic zonation th e posterior commisu re of the large specimen. The enti re (Kauffm an, 1975). At the end of the larval stage these left valve is perforated by small holes, th e gallery bori ngs oysters must attach their left valve to a hard substrate or of clinoid sponge s. perish (Stenzel, 1971 ). The only avail able si te of attach­ ment in soft-bottomed habi tats often is the exposed exo­ The attachment scar (fig. 1 B) is large and composed of two skeletons of other invertebrates. The oyster grows attached more or less flat facets which fo rm a dihedral angle of 110 ° to its substrate for an interval of time. At some point to 120°. The larger facet is convex on the oyster and the the oyster becomes too heavy to be supported by its smaller is concave on the oyster. The surface of the larger substrate and th e oyster topples over and assumes a free­ facet is composed of an anastomosing pattern of swi rls and liv ing, reclining mode of life (Stenze l, 1971, p. 1074). circles (fig. 1C) . If the substrate is chemically less stable th an calcite, the substrate will eventuall y di ssolve away leaving behind an The impression of the attachment scar is a cast (impression ex tern al mold (negative imprint) of the substrate. These or positive re pli ca) of the substrate to which the oyster ex ternal molds may form very accurate imprin ts of th e attached (fi g. 1 D). The substrate was obviously the branchi­ morphological features of shells of in ve rtebrates available al region of th e carapace of a lobster belongin g to the genus as se ttlement sites on the sea bo ttom (Stenze l, 1971, Linuparus (such as fig.

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