Geology and Water Resources of Oklahoma

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Geology and Water Resources of Oklahoma Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 148 ^ { S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DlBECTOB GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF OKLAHOMA BY CHARLES NEWTON GOULD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 148 DEPAETMENT OF THE INTEEIOE UNITED tSTATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF OKLAHOMA BY CHARLES NEWTON GOULD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction. -------.-____._._____..________________._____...__.______.____ 11 Location and general description ___--'._._.--__.-.___ 11 Sources of data ._________-___..--_.----.__-_.._--___- 11 Topography ....... .__...__-.__ ___ ............................-_........- 12 General features..-..-..--.-.--...,-_...---.-.-....-----.-.--...---.. 12 Uplands. -.--.__-_-_.__._.._.___.______._______.__,___.____.__._.__. 13 Wichita Mountain region _-__._______..__._-.-_------._-.._-- 15 Flint-Sandstone Hills region.. -..---.. ..---__-_.----------__.. 16 Low Plains region-............................._... _ _____ 16 Gypsum Hills region .--_.__.__________.__.__----_----__--... 17 High Plains region.____--__--___---.-___.-.--.- ..-._...--.... 17 Dakota Sandstone region. .___..._.___.-.._,-.--.-_-.-.-.... 18 Valleys.--. ..... ^-.................... .__..-... _______ ____________ _ 18 Arkansas Valley-..._-.____.____._______..__.____ .-____._____ 18 Salt Fork Valley.-___-____-___-_______...__-----_----__--___. 19 Cimarron Valley.._.._--___--____---___._.-____----_.---_..__ 19 North Canadian Valley -_-------_--__-----__----_---------_.- 20 South Canadian Valley. ______ ....--...---...--._.--_....-.-.. 20 Washita Valley................ .................._........... 21 RedRiverVaUey--..---...--..---.-..-.-----------.-.---.... 21 Conclusion .------------------..-----...---.--_ _..___.-__--__ 22 Geology._.___-_ .--..-...........................-..............._...... 22 General statement _---..---...-..........-....--..-.-__-..--...--. .. 23 Relations of pre-Carboniferous rocks -__.,_.____----.-_ .............. 23 Igneous rocks...-..-_......________._._...____--____---------__-.- _. 25 Gabbro_ .................................................... 25 Granite-porphyry --__--____...___-__..----_----_-_.---.---.._ 25 Granite-..-.--.-.----.---..-.--..-----.-.-.--.--..---..--..-. 26 Sedimentary rocks-----.--.------------------.---_-------.--------..- 26 Cambrian rocks._________.____.___._,_____-_.___.____.._____-____._ 26 Reagan sandstone,_..-.--...--.....--...---....---.---_-. 26 Cambro-Ordovician rocks .--.......-.......-.-_.----_.---..----.. 27 Arbuckle limestone --........-.--..-.--_------.---------. 27 Ordovician rocks.__. --.-.....-...--.....--.....-................ 27 Viola limestone ---_-.._--____-----.----_---__---_--__---- 27 Carboniferous rocks.,..-..............-.._-...-...-----..--..-.----. 28 Pennsylvanian series.-----.-_-.-----..-.---------.--..-.----- 28 General relations .-.....-........._......--....-.---_--.-. 28 Relation to the Permian--_____ ^__-___.--_____-----_---__ 28 Description of Pennsylvanian rocks in Oklahoma.__._.____ 32 Hominy district..._-.._____-__.--_.__.---__---_-..__ 32 Chandler district .. ,..,...-..----.----------.------ 33 4 CONTENTS. Geology Continued. Page. Sedimentary rocks Continued. Carboniferous rocks Continued. Permian series. -_--.--.-..---.-_---.-------._-__-__---------- 34 Permian rocks of Kansas-.-..--.-----_ _._--___-_--_.__-_ 34 General relations of Permian rocks in Oklahoma - _ ...... 35 Classification .-..___-_--.--_-_-. ....._......... -_.._._. 37 Enid formation ......_____-__-_--_-.__ __-._--_---.__.-_. 39 Blaine formation ___.____.__________._____.._-__.__ _ _.. _ 44 Ferguson gypsum member._-.-____.____--.__--__.__ 46 Medicine Lodge gypsum member._.___._____-_____-__ 47 Shimer gypsum member -.._..____--___.-_____--_..-. 51 Woodward formation .--__-__._.-_...____.__ ._--____.-_. 52 Dog Creek shale member..__-_____-._-..-._-.---__-_. 52 Whitehorse sandstone member _-____--___._.__--..-_. 55 Day Creek dolomite member ...... .................. 57 Greer formation -.._...-.-..-.__.._..__._ ...._........ 59 Chaney gypsum member.-,...--.--.--._-.....--..... 66 Riser gypsum member......................... ..... 67 Haystack gypsum member __..__.__._-........-....._ 69 Cedartop gypsum member ___________________________ 69 Collingsworth gypsum member. ___-._-.._....-.._.... 70 Mangum dplomite member.--_--__-________.______._- 71 Quartermaster formation -__-._.-.-._.-__.__-_.-__-____._ 72 Red beds of uncertain relations. --.--.--_.-.---_-----.---. 73 Lawton area-________..____-__--_____-.__...__.___..__ 73 Lavernearea ________________________________________ 73 Conglomerate______________________________ ._....... 73 Gypsum in the red beds ___ -_._....__-..--.--.-. ........ 74 Paleontology of the red beds... - -.-...-..-..-..----..---. 75 Age of the red beds ..-__-_...-.--.--_-.__ ..._......_... 77 Cretaceous rocks..... .----..--.---.....----.--.----.----...-..-.. 77 Comanche series (Lower Cretaceous) -_._--.---_-._..-...._-___ 78 Upper Cretaceous._..__._.__.__ .............. ........._.... 78 Dakota sandstones...-...-.---------.--,-.----.--.'-.....- 78 Tertiary rocks -.__-_--__...._. ____.__._ ._............_......... 79 Physical properties. .......,....^..................... 80 Origin-..-.....-..-.-..-...-.-..--........-.......... 81 Extent and thickness.-_---._.-.---....--..-.-.-......_ 81 Lava of Black Mesa._..________-.________.______.____.__. 81 Quaternary rocks _..--_..---.--.-.-.-.--.-.....-...----_.--.--__. 82 Sandhills.-....--..---.---.---.--..-.-...._..-.--.-.---. 82 Alluvium.----.--....-.-_--.-_..--_--.----..-.----------- 84 Water supply.....--..-...---._-..-..-...-.--.--.----------_----------.-. 84 General conditions..--------.--------.------..---_--..........---.... 84 Wichita Mountain region .....--__-------------..-----.....__ 85 Flint-Sandstone Hills region _--.-----.---.--_--_.-_--.---__-. 86 Low Plains region -......_-..-.- .--.-..-_---.---...-.-.--.-.. 86 Gypsum Hills region......--.--..---..-_-- .................. 87 High Plainsregion.---_.-.-----_-._-..-----_--_-..-.__--.-.._ 88 Dakota Sandstone region. -.--..--...---........-..-..--....-- 88 CONTENTS. 5 Water supply Continued. Page. Streams _--.__-___________--____._-_..-.:______________._-___-____-_-_ 89 Arkansas River._.-_____.....___-__.________.._________._-___ 89 SaltFork River.-....-.__.-.____-___-_--_--__-_......__ .____ 89 Cimarron River. ______...____-_.___-__...._-... ._.._-..._.__ 90 North Canadian River ..__.-____-____-__-___._-________.-_.. 91 South Canadian River_____________________________________ .. 92 Washita River.. ................................ ............ 93 Red River........... .... .................................. 93 Stream measurements..--.--.-------. .-.---...-.. ..._________ 94 Springs. --_-_--.. _._.___..___.._._-.._-__________-___-__---___...- 94 Fresh-water springs. -..-.----.-----.----.--..--..-_----------..- 95 Wichita Mountain springs .__._____________---_-. .-..---.... 95 Limestone springs --.--.-___________________-_____-.-----.-. 95 Sandstone springs...._-.---...-.-_.-------._.------------.-.. 97 Red beds springs..-_ -____.__,---_._-----.------------------- 97 Gypsum springs_.___-- .--_....------------.-----_-.----..--. 98 Tertiary springs .--______ __.__-___._________-__--_.-_--_.-..- 98 Alluvial springs. -.... _--_____-____-____-_____--__------_-_--- 99 Salt springs and plsliris ........._................................. 100 Woods County plain _.............._....._.......___......... 101 Woodward County plains -.__---__-_______________----------- 101 Blaine County plain-__________-______..__.________.-_____._-. 102 Roger Mills County plain _____----------_-_---.---------__.-- 103 Greer County plains _ .. -__._----____-__--_____---__-------- 104 Sulphur springs ------------ -________..._----_____----_-_-_--_---- 104 Granite sulphur spring. _.._.,___.-_-_..-_..___._!_..___.-.___ 105 Rainy Mountain sulphur spring .--....--.......---..-.....-.. 105 Apache sulphur spring ...................................... 105 Deep wells. --_-.-..----------.-.......------.--------.-.--------.-_.. 105 'Greneral conditions _____--_-_______-_--___-__.__--_:-_-._-.___---. 105 Water wells -..--.....-.--.---...-......-----.......------------- 106 FortReno well-------------------------------------- 106 Kingfisher well ...____.-_-_-.----- ---..---_-----_.---_ 106 Optima well -......--.--....-----.-.._.-..----..-.-.. 106 Childress,Tex., well.--------------------------------- 106 Oil and gas wells. _..-..-........_...--_---_---------...--.----.--- 106 Wells in the Osage Nation.__-___--_-.--_____-__-----. 106 Cleveland well-........-....-------------.--.-------- 107 Newkirk well....----..........-.--.-.---.-.-...-.--- 107 Shawnee well..__..__.__._-.-_-_--------.------------ 107 Jetwell .............. ...........---.-._--_......... 107 Anthony. Kans., well. _______._-----_---_.-_--_.------ 107. Conclusion ...................................................... 107 Artesian water -.....-.....-.....-.--......._...--_-._--.-_--.-....-. 108 Water conditions, by counties.--_ -.....---.-------._-----------_----- 109 Osage Nation ........-.......-..__..-...---..-.-....-----_.-...--- 109 Kay County -.-..........---.-...-....--.-------------.---.---... 110 Noble County......-_---...--.....-.-.....-............-.--...--- 112 Pawnee County.....--._______-...._---.-..___-_--__-____ ...-._ 112 Payne County .----..------------.--.-_---------------------....
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