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Minding the Body Interacting Socially Through Embodied Action

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Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertation No. 1112 Minding the Body Interacting socially through embodied action by Jessica Lindblom Department of Computer and Information Science Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2007 © Jessica Lindblom 2007 Cover designed by Christine Olsson ISBN 978-91-85831-48-7 ISSN 0345-7524 Printed by UniTryck, Linköping 2007 Abstract This dissertation clarifies the role and relevance of the body in social interaction and cognition from an embodied cognitive science perspective. Theories of embodied cognition have during the past two decades offered a radical shift in explanations of the human mind, from traditional computationalism which considers cognition in terms of internal symbolic representations and computational processes, to emphasizing the way cognition is shaped by the body and its sensorimotor interaction with the surrounding social and material world. This thesis develops a framework for the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition, which is based on an interdisciplinary approach that ranges historically in time and across different disciplines. It includes work in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, phenomenology, ethology, developmental psychology, neuroscience, social psychology, linguistics, communication, and gesture studies. The theoretical framework presents a thorough and integrated understanding that supports and explains the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition. It is argued that embodiment is the part and parcel of social interaction and cognition in the most general and specific ways, in which dynamically embodied actions themselves have meaning and agency. The framework is illustrated by empirical work that provides some detailed observational fieldwork on embodied actions captured in three different episodes of spontaneous social interaction in situ. Besides illustrating the theoretical issues discussed in the thesis, the empirical work also reveals some novel characteristics of embodied action in social interaction and cognition. Furthermore, the ontogeny of social interaction and cognition is considered from an embodied perspective, in which social scaffolding and embodied experience play crucial roles during child development. In addition, the issue what it would take for an artificial system to be (socially) embodied is discussed from the perspectives of cognitive modeling and technology. Finally, the theoretical contributions and implications of the study of embodied actions in social interaction and cognition for cognitive science and related disciplines are summed up. The practical relevance for applications to artificial intelligence and human- computer interaction is also outlined as well as some aspects for future work. Acknowledgements Looking back at the past years, it is quite clear that the effort behind writing a thesis is a collective, and indeed a social experience. First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my excellent supervisor Professor Tom Ziemke for believing in my capability from the very beginning and for all the support and encouragement over the years. I also wish to thank my colleagues and friends at the University of Skövde, especially Tarja Susi, Henrik Svensson, Jana Rambusch and Maria Nilsson, for sharing my time as a doctoral student. We have discussed all kinds of research matters, and you have given me insightful comments on research ideas, as well as been supportive and encouraging. Special thanks also to Beatrice Alenljung, for being such a good teacher, mentor, colleague and friend throughout the years. I also want to express my gratitude to my faculty opponent, Professor Shaun Gallagher, and wish to thank the examination committee: Professor Lars- Erik Berg, Professor Nils Dahlbäck, and Docent Agneta Gulz. A special thanks to my co-supervisor Professor Hanna Risku for helpful comments on earlier drafts and for your encouragement. I also wish to thank Vera Lindroos for reading and commenting on this thesis as well as improving my English. Thanks to all people that allowed me to use the video-recording from our visit in Montana as data for the empirical study, especially Bob BlackBull. Thanks also to my cousin Christine Olsson for designing the cover and her friendly support. I also want to thank my friends and family outside the academic world. Here I particularly include those who spent some time with me when I needed to get away from the writing, including four-legged friends. The time spent with the horses has been a solace for the soul. Last but not least, I owe most to my family, for being there, and I dedicate this thesis to my grandparents. List of Publications Journal papers: Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2006) The social body in motion: cognitive development in infants and androids. Connection Science, 18 (4), 333- 346. Ziemke, T. & Lindblom, J. (2006) Some methodological issues in android science. Interaction Studies, 7 (3), 339-342. Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2003) Social Situatedness of Natural and Artificial Intelligence: Vygotsky and Beyond. Adaptive Behavior, 11(2), 79-96. Book chapters: Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (forthcoming) Interacting socially through embodied action. In: F. Morganti, A. Carassa and G. Riva (eds.) Enacting intersubjectivity: a cognitive and social perspective to the study of interactions. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2007) Embodiment and social interaction: implications for cognitive science. In T. Ziemke, J. Zlatev and R. Frank (eds.) Body, language, and mind: Embodiment (volume 1, pp. 129-162). Berlin: Mounton de Gruyter. To appear in the autumn. Svensson, H., Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2007) Making sense of embodied cognition: simulation theories of shared neural mechanisms for sensorimotor and cognitive processes. In: T. Ziemke, J. Zlatev, and R. Frank (eds.) Body, language, and mind: Embodiment (volume 1, pp. 241-270). Berlin: Mounton de Gruyter. To appear in the autumn. Conference and workshop papers: Van Laere, J., Lindblom, J. & Susi, T. (2007). Requirements for emergency management training from a ‘passion to failure’ perspective. In: B. van de Walle, P. Burghardt, and K. Niewenhuis (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 449-456. Brussels: Brussels University Press. Lindblom, J. (2006) Embodied action as a ‘helping’ hand in social interaction. In: R. Sun and N. Miyake (eds.) Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 477-482. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum. Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2005) Embodiment-in-motion: broadening the social mind. In: Bruno G. Bara, Lawrence Barsalou and Monica Bucciarelli (eds), Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1284-1289. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum. Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2005) The body-in-motion and social scaffolding: implications for human and android cognitive development. In Proceedings of Toward social mechanisms of android science. A CogSci- 05 workshop (pp. 87-95). July,25-26, Stresa, Italy. Susi, T., Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2003) Beyond the bounds of cognition. In R. Alterman and D. Kirsch (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1134-1139). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Lindblom, J. & Ziemke, T. (2002) Social situatedness: Vygotsky and beyond. In C. G. Prince, Y. Demiris, Y. Marom, H. Kozima and C. Balkenius (eds.) Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics. Modelling cognitive development in robotic systems (pp. 71- 78). Lund University Cognitive Studies, vol. 94. Other conference and workshop presentations: Lindblom, J. (2007b) On the embodied nature of communication and cognition. Presented at The 2007 annual meeting of the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States (LACUS). July, 24-28. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, USA. Lindblom, J. (2007a) Minding the Body in social interaction and cognition. Cognitio 2007- Young researchers' conference in cognitive science. Connected minds – cognition & interaction in the social world. June 15- 17, 2007.University of Quebéc in Montréal, Canada. Lindblom, J. (2005b). Different perspectives on embodiment in social interactions. Presented at the Meeting of the European Society for Philosophy and Psychology, LUCS, 123 p. 44, ESPP. August 11-14, Lund University, Sweden. ISSN: 1101-8453. Lindblom, J (2005a) Reaping the best of both worlds: the body-in-motion meets cultural cognition. Presented at the European Computing and Philosophy Conference E-CAP, (p. 12 in Proceedings of abstracts). Mälardalen University, June 2-4, Sweden. Susi, T. & Lindblom, J. (2005). Building bridges between the islands of artifact, embodiment, and social interaction. In D. A. Rubio et al. (eds.) Books of Abstracts of the First ISCAR Congress, International Society for Cultural and Activity Research, 841-842. Sevilla, Spain. ISBN: 84-689- 3744-4. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivations and Aim........................................................................................................ 5 1.2 The Road Taken ............................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Body, Embodiment and Embodied Cognition: Common Misunderstandings................. 9 1.4 Thesis Road Map...........................................................................................................
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