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NEW ZEALAND and INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION a Digest and Bibliography, Number 5

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NEW ZEALAND and INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION a Digest and Bibliography, Number 5 NEW ZEALAND and INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION A Digest and Bibliography, Number 5 Edited by Andrew Trlin, Paul Spoonley and Richard Bedford Massey University, North Shore In association with Integration of Immigrants Programme Massey University and ‘Strangers In Town’ Programme, Population Studies Centre University of Waikato © 2010 Andrew Trlin, Paul Spoonley, Richard Bedford and the several authors each in respect of the paper contributed by him or her. For the full list of names of such copyright owners and the papers in respect of which they are copyright owners, see the Contents page. This book is copyright. Apart from any fair trading for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to Paul Spoonley. Cover painting. The painting of Karlo Mila on the cover has been painted by Delicia Sampero. It is reproduced here with the permission of Delicia and our sincere thanks to her for the use of this painting. ISBN 978-0-9582954-1-3 Printed in New Zealand by Massey University Printery, Palmerston North. Published and distributed by: Integration of Immigrants Programme Massey University Private Bag 102-904 North Shore Auckland New Zealand In association with Strangers In Town Population Studies Cente University of Waikato Hamilton CONTENTS Pages Preface 1 Pathways to Residence in New Zealand 2003-2010 Richard Bedford, Elsie Ho and Charlotte Bedford 1-49 2 Arrivals, Departures and Net Migration, 2001/02-2008/09 Richard Bedford, Paul Callister and Robert Didham 50-103 3 New Zealand and Its Diaspora Alan Gamlen 104-137 4 Welcome to Our World: Attitudes to Immigrants and Immigration Paul Spoonley and Philip Gendall 136-158 5 Moving to New Zealand in 1997/98: The Experiences and Reflections of Skilled South Africans Andrew Trlin 159-187 Bibliography, 2002-2006 Andrew Trlin and Charlotte Bedford 188-373 Subject Index 374-453 Contributors 454-457 iii In memory of Charles A. Price (1920-2009) A distinguished scholar in the field of international migration who inspired the series of which this volume is a part. iv PREFACE This is the fifth book in a series that first appeared in 1986. At the time, we noted that there had been a growing awareness of the impact of international migration on all areas of social life in New Zealand. To meet the needs of researchers, teachers, government policy analysts and New Zealanders, each book in the series has sought to explore current issues concerning immigration as well as providing a comprehensive list of publications that have appeared during a particular five year period. A model, in terms of format and content, was provided by the series, Australian Immigration: A Bibliography and Digest, edited by Charles Price. The second, third and fourth volumes of this Australian series had included a bibliography on New Zealand immigration research, and it inspired two of us (Andrew Trlin and Paul Spoonley) to develop a New Zealand publication that would emulate its format, content and function. The major difference was in the greater emphasis on the digest component. The aims were to review and analyse developments in immigration policy, to provide a record of arrivals and departures, and to include articles on special topics of current interest. These aims were accomplished in the first volume with chapters on: • Immigration policy in the early 1980s by Andrew Trlin. • Arrivals and departures by Ruth Farmer. • The basic characteristics of immigrants in New Zealand’s 1981 census by Arvind Zodgekar. • The Indochinese refugee resettlement programme by Chris Hawley. • The Lesa case and the Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act 1982 by Barrie Macdonald. • Immigration health by Ian Prior. • A description of official birthplace statistics by Paul Brown. The list is interesting on several counts. These topics reflected, as we envisaged, issues that were current at the time. For example, the Indochinese refugee resettlement programme was described as ‘the most obvious and important new element in New Zealand’s immigration experience since the late 1970s’ (Trlin and Spoonley, 1986:iv). This point was underlined by the picture on the book’s cover of Vietnamese refugees stepping off a plane at Palmerston North airport. Similarly, as Macdonald’s chapter made abundantly clear, the fallout from the overstayers campaign and the moral panic directed v at Pacific migrants from the mid-1970s was continuing to unfold. New Zealand’s relationship with Pacific migrants was still a troubled one. The quality and value of chapters included in the digest component ultimately rests upon the contributors, all of whom are recognised for their expertise. We would therefore like to take this opportunity to acknowledge those who inspired and contributed to the first book but who have since passed away. We have already mentioned the debt these books owe to Charles Price. He died in 2009 and this book is dedicated to his memory. During a long and distinguished career at the Australian National University, he was an influential scholar who contributed much to research and our understanding of immigration in this part of the world. As we noted at the time: ‘Charles did the really difficult work many years ago; he was the pioneer who showed that it could be done and in doing so he generously provided space in the Australian series for New Zealand material’ (Trlin and Spoonley, 1986:v). Ian Prior has also passed away and we acknowledge the significant contribution that he made to scholarship and policy. He will long be remembered for his pioneering work on aspects of the health and wellbeing of Tokelauan migrants and their children in New Zealand. The first book was concerned with events and publications (520) during the first half of the 1980s. The second volume – for the years 1985 to 1989 - explored the emerging issues and features of one of the most significant periods in immigration policy reform this country has seen. The immigration of Pacific peoples and their participation in the labour force was still of interest, along with changes and tensions in ethnic identification and practise as the New Zealand-born became numerically dominant in the country’s Pacific communities. However, attention was now primarily focussed on the nature and consequences of the 1986 immigration policy review, including the characteristics of migrations from Hong Kong and Taiwan under the terms of the new Business Immigration Policy, and the relationship between immigration and economic growth. The significance of the latter topic became more and more evident during the following decade. Reflecting the increasing interest in immigration and immigrant settlement amongst researchers, policy analysts and other writers, a total of 793 publications were identified and listed for the period 1985-1989. In keeping with the change in official attitudes and objectives evident in the 1986 policy review, the third and fourth volumes in this series, dealing with the periods 1990-1994 and 1995-2003 respectively, focussed on the nature and outcomes of further changes in policy. With immigration policy now recognised and employed by successive governments as an instrument for the purposes of economic and social development, immigration during the 1990s changed in three important respects. First, in 1991, New Zealand adopted the points system developed in Canada and Australia; for selection purposes, the economic and related socio-demographic characteristics of the vi migrants were given priority and their source country was no longer important. Second, reflecting the impact of the points system, almost two- thirds of the immigrants were chosen because of the skills, experience or capital they could offer the country in relation to its skill shortages and international economic competitiveness. Finally, the ethnic mix of the new arrivals changed profoundly. Traditional source countries such as Britain remained important and there was ongoing migration from the Pacific but migrants from East Asia, South Asia and, to some extent, from the Middle East now contributed a much larger proportion of those arriving as permanent migrants. The nature and outcomes of the above changes were captured in the third and fourth volumes of this series with chapters on: immigration policy; the patterns of arrivals, departures and net migration; the adjustment and employment of Asian migrants; issues concerning the productive potential of new settlers from diverse ethnic backgrounds; and issues in the wider society concerning nationalism and citizenship debates, the politicisation of immigration and print media representations of immigration and immigrants. Finally, reflecting a surge of interest in all aspects of New Zealand’s experience of international migration and immigrant settlement, a total of 894 and 1,940 publications were identified and listed in the bibliographic sections of the third and fourth books. The increase in research outputs during the second half of the 1990s and the beginning of the new millennium was facilitated to some extent by successful competitive funding applications to the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Immigration is a central aspect of New Zealand’s economic and social policies. It is a key part of political and economic debates and there is a growing popular and academic interest in the broad socio-economic implications of immigration, for immigrants and those born in New Zealand. This new volume contributes to these debates and provides an important resource as it chronicles ongoing developments. The five chapters in the digest section examine important contemporary topics that concern: recent developments in immigration policy; the flow and characteristics of arrivals, departures and net migration; the phenomenon of the New Zealand diaspora; attitudes toward immigration and immigrants; and the move to New Zealand by a group of South Africans: • In chapter 1, Richard Bedford, Elsie Ho and Charlotte Bedford provides an overview of the policy changes that have occurred in the last decade.
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