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Charles Maurras, Shaper of an Age Thomas Molnar

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Charles Maurras, Shaper of an Age Thomas Molnar RECONSIDERATION Charles Maurras, Shaper of an Age Thomas Molnar THEREARE SERIOUS obstacles in our way tained “republics,” these four riders of when we try to acquaint America with the Apocalypse, penetrated France as the personality, the role, and the thought alien elements, and, with modernity com- of Charles Maurras (1868-1952). One of ing, corroded the autochthonous sub- these obstacles is that American schol- stance. They would be “republics under ars and their academic endeavors have the king,” an ideal image in need of a been mostly shaped by the Germanic great deal of political architecture. For spirit, with here and there a representa- Maurras the State (politics) cannot be tive of Latinitas, a Santayana, or a separated from the classical (aesthetic) Maritain. The French university system canons.’ is far from their accustomed mode of At this point we are at the heart of thought, and theFrench model of school- Maurrassian doctrine,at the farthest pole ing is more distant still. The works of from Anglo-Saxon premises: a Mediterra- Maurras have therefore been little trans- nean worldview in which Greeks and lated, hardly discussed (this would be Latins commune. The State is a work of today politically incorrect), let alone art (Aristotle balancing Plato in read on any academic level. The fact, neverending tension), an orderly and too, that T.S. Eliot was a great admirer of just arrangement, built for permanence, Maurras does not help, and even dimin- an ideal. It is far, unbridgeably far, from ishes the French thinker in the eyes of pragmatic politics, the duel of lobbies, American critics. voting procedures, responses to polls, There are other reasons, too, for the authorized flag-burning. The classical wide gap. Maurras is the quintessential spirit is everywhere present in antidemocraticthinker, and “pluralism” Maurrassian literature, even in his full would mean for him the coexistence of name: Charles-Marie-Photius, the last- several closed worlds, “republics” un- mentioned from the sixth-century Greek der the unifying monarchy. Or they merchantdiscoverer of Marseille, me- would be “minorities” as we would call tropolis of the Midi, not far from them: Protestants, Freemasons, Jews, Maurras’s birthplace. The Greek ideal and foreigners. These almost self-con- accompanied him to the end as the sign of perfection, peak-achievement, refer- THOMASMOWAR is aprolific author who teaches ence, and a kind of inner clock. It has in the Department of Philosophy and Religion been held by “terrible simplifiers” that at the University of Budapest. Maurras introduced fascism in France, Modem Age 337 LICENSED TO UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED and, of course, he was sentenced to life- ciple. The ideological climate for this imprisonment at age seventy-seven as a vision was the clear Mediterranean air, “collaborator of the German occupant.” the sun at high noon, the silence and This fact further explains why Maurras equilibrium celebrated by Paul Valery’s and his oeuvre are practically unknown great poem, Le cimeti2re marin-Ger- in the United States, where occasionally man darkness versus French light. The college students will sidle up to you wisdom of pre-Socratic sages was close showing some Maurrassian texts as if to this ProuengaI vision. they were dirty pictures. In 1896 Maurras was sent by his news- We shall attempt here to reestablish a paper to report on the first modern Olym- modicum of truth. There were some pic Games held in Athens. There is some youthful errors of judgment on Maurras’s discussion whether he “discovered” the part, but they were then common to the classical ideal on the Acropolis, or generation of Anatole France, Ernest whether this episode meant only the Renan, and others, all followers of final revelation of maturing ideas. That Auguste Comte’s positivism, a “scien- trip for him was the privileged moment, tific” philosophy and sociology (the lat- as other moments were decisive for ter term coined by Comte himself), a Descartes and for Pascal, and before doctrine not unlike Herbert Spencer’s in them for St. Augustine-all three Medi- England. We must explain the Comtian terranean. (Let us also bear in mind that success-story and generational influence throughout his life Maurras was stone- by the fact that the nineteenth century deaf; vision and intellect were his chief turned France upside down, a trying era channels to the apprehended world.) indeed. It began with the worldshaking His Greek-Latin forma mentis translated rule of Napoleon, followed by three revo- for him the image of classical columns to lutions which, with 1789 in the back- the political architecture of sharp con- ground, changed society’s structure; this tours and hierarchies within which the was followed by the crisis of restoring or citizen occupies his place. Expressed abolishing the monarchy, the coloniza- otherwise, there are the multiplicities of tion of North Africa and Indo-China, the civil society, but institutions and finally outlawing of religious orders by the ideo- the hereditary king are at the top. This is logically and aggressively lay republic not as rigid as Plato’s Republic, but of a (1905). Thus one half of the country’s similar inspiration. This is not fascism, intelligentsia followed Comte’s positiv- nor even Nazism, both being too turbu- ism and preparation for a scientific soci- lent for Maurras’s classic preferences, ety, the other half, Catholic and royalist. both alien on account of their socialistic We see the outline of Maurras’s impor- ingredient and enthusiastic but tempo- tant position as a unifier of the two dis- rary unity, not fixed in institutional form. courses. A unifying factor was the gen- The Maurrassian edifice is also different eral detestation of Germany, victorious from that of Carl Schmitt, the German at Sudan (1870), a Germany neverthe- critic of the modern State, who faulted less admired for her progress in all of the the Weimar constitution for its failure to sciences and technologies. For Maurras, make room for a supreme arbiter in case the Germans were the par excellence of turmoil and danger. Precisely, the aliens (Protestants, romantics, sentimen- Maurrassian State needed no appointed tal and barbarous), and facing them, arbiter, it possessed such a function in positivism that represented French the monarch, surrounded by loyal civil (Greco-Latin) rationality, lucidity, and servants of the common good. Thomas the politically best organizational prin- More would be a good illustration. 338 Fall 1999 LICENSED TO UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED Is this autopian construct? Is it Plato’s indeed, when Maurras was sent to prison ideal republic, without a philosopher- and then died, France was again divided king, but a flesh-and-blood member of into two camps, and the cleavage almost the nation and its history? I tend to be- led to civil war when Charles de Gaulle lieve, rather, that the Maurrassian realm granted independence to Algeria and is an attempted answer to modern poli- liquidated the empire. The followers of tics before anarchy sets in and appeals Maurras never forgave the General-Presi- must be made to the “exceptional indi- dent.3 vidual.” In its pure form, such a political There were, however, other tragedies body will never be found, but one must which destabilized the pedestal on which keep in mind that Maurras grew up in the Maurras used to stand. In 1926, Pope first decades of the Third Republic, with Pius XI ex-communicated the Action its hypocrisy and scandals of corrup h-ancaise (movement and various jour- tion, its weak national defense, unable to nals), dealing a near death-blow to his stand up to Bismarck and the Kaiser, and followers, a majority of them Catholics, its fin-de-si2cle hedonism. Thirty years henceforth divided in their loyalty. Many before, in Spain, Donoso Cortes, in de- left Maurras, and few returned when, in spair over the lack of royal guidance, 1939, Pius XI1 lifted the interdict. Mutatis asked for a dictator to govern a slowly mutandis, this was a sort of “Lefebvre pulverized empire. Napoleon 111 was but affair.” A second episode takes us to a failed imitation of such a dictator.2 In February 1934 when the French Right Wilhelmian Germany, Max Weber diag- saw that the time had come to attack the nosed the modern political weakness, government and the regime itself for its although his solution differed from that continued corruption and communist of Donoso Cortes and of Maurras. Yet he infiltration. An enormous crowd was tried to bring a remedy to the same ills: ready to invade the building of the Na- namely, the hope that patriotic and edu- tional Assembly in order to “throw out cated civil servants would protect the the scoundrels”; a message from questionably valid democratic industrial Maurras, still and always only a pub- order. lisher of journals, but having a unique In a France still royalist at heart, prestige, would probably have sufficed Maurras had no great difficulty to find to launch the attack. In this ripe moment support for restoration. From the Dreyfus he hesitated, then desisted, in spite of case to the defeat in 1940, half-acentury, the pressure by his young disciples to Maurras was the undisputed icon of army act. They never forgave him for having officers, the clergy, fashionable ladies, remained, in those fatal hours, just a the bourgeois class, and even of some ~cribbler.~The following year a leftist leftist patriots who found “their” repub- coalition, the “Popular Front,” took over lic not militant enough. Contrary to later the government-perhaps the decisive times, large sections of the intelligentsia factor in the outbreak of World War 11, were also avid reader of Maurras’s jour- four years later.
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