Reptiles Under the Sun: Using Lacertid Lizards to Study Thermal and Water Ecology in Ectotherms

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Reptiles Under the Sun: Using Lacertid Lizards to Study Thermal and Water Ecology in Ectotherms Reptiles under the sun: using lacertid lizards to study thermal and water ecology in ectotherms Marco Sannolo Programa Doutoral em Biodiversidade, Genética e Evolução Departamento de Biologia 2019 Orientador Miguel A. Carretero, Professor Auxiliar e Investigador Principal, Faculdade de Ciências, CIBIO/InBIO Universidade do Porto Ai miei genitori e ai miei nonni Nota prévia Na elaboração desta tese, e nos termos do número 2 do Artigo 4o do Regulamento Geral dos Terceiros Ciclos de Estudos da Universidade do Porto e do Artigo 31º do D.L. 74/2006, de 24 de Março, com a nova redação introduzida pelo D.L. 230/2009, de 14 de Setembro, foi efetuado o aproveitamento total de um conjunto coerente de trabalhos de investigação já publicados ou submetidos para publicação em revistas internacionais indexadas e com arbitragem científica, os quais integram alguns dos capítulos da presente tese. Tendo em conta que os referidos trabalhos foram realizados com a colaboração de outros autores, o candidato esclarece que, em todos eles, participou ativamente na sua conceção, na obtenção e análise de dados, e discussão de resultados, bem como na elaboração da sua forma publicada. Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) através da atribuição da bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/103549/2014). Acknowledgments The present work is the waypoint that marks the last four years of my voyage in Science as well as in life. I came to the conclusion that doing a doctorate is like searching for a constant balance between a personal and solitary journey of growing on the one hand and the need to reach out to other people to get help and improve on the other side. As a result, I profoundly changed my attitude during the last four years. I was confronted with living in a new country, learnt two other languages, met many new people and lost some old ones. I’m proud to say that I grew not only as a scientist but most importantly as a person. Hence, even though the work I present and discuss in the next pages is mine, it would not exist in this form without the collaboration, the input, and the help of several people and institutions. Miguel Angel Carretero and I met during a congress in Slovenia in 2013. Later on, I expressed to him my interest in pursuing a PhD. Since the beginning, he was open- minded and interested in my ideas, and in 2015 I finally moved to work together. It has not always been easy between us. We are both stubborn and defend our positions fiercely. I’m glad about that. I would not have grown so much without open and, sometimes, dashing confrontations. Gracias Miguel por tu apoyo en estos años, por aguantar mi cabezonería y sangre a veces demasiado caliente, y por entender y aceptar mi situación personal de gitano entre varios países. The FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia believed in my project and financed it. Without its financial support, this thesis would have not even started. Similarly, CIBIO hosted me for four years and gave me the occasions to meet many other researchers and to a place to follow courses and seminars. Finally, the ICNF, Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, and especially Marina Sequeira, provided me with all the permits I needed to carry on my research. To all these institutions, obrigado. While developing my doctorate during the last four years, I met many people from different countries. Some of them contributed substantially to some of my work, like Frederico Barroso. We shared many adventures, and I rapidly became my best friend in Portugal and an example of dedication and hard work. Other people were kind enough to invest some of their time teaching me new concepts and techniques, like Angelica Crottini and Walter Cocca. Finally, I shared little as well as big moments of friendship with people like Lucia Perez and Michael Jowers. The physical places in which I have lived for enough time become particularly important for me. The rhythms, the landscapes, 6 FCUP Reptiles under the sun: using lacertid lizards to study thermal and water ecology in ectotherms the people, all fade into memories that often came back, making me remember where I have been and to what I bound. I’ll always have sweet memories for many places in Portugal, but especially for Vila do Conde, in which I lived –and often worked– for almost four years. In Vila, I met two beings that would turn to be essential for me to endure the marathon that the present work has represented successfully. The first was a lovely cat called Memeo initially –but now that she lives in Spain she is just Meme. People that live alone and are lucky enough to share the company of an affectionate cat will understand my feelings without further explaining. And finally, I met Raquel. I will not say that without her I would not have finished my PhD. Instead, if I had dedicated four years of my life only to research, in a monk-style way of life, I would have perhaps produced more science. But a realized that life is not just about working hard, doing science and rehearse. Hemos pasado de todos en estos últimos casi cuatro años juntos y, no obstante no siempre hayamos comido perdices, lo haría todo otra vez. Gracias por haber entrado en mi vida aquella noche de fiesta y, sobre todo, por haberte quedado desde entonces. FCUP 7 Reptiles under the sun: using lacertid lizards to study thermal and water ecology in ectotherms Resumo Desde há vários séculos que os répteis têm vindo a ser considerados como animais "de sangue frio” tendo até mesmo Linnaeus, no seu Systema Naturae, colocado estes em conjunto com os anfíbios. No entanto, desde a década de 40 do século passado, alguns investigadores começaram a medir a temperatura corporal de répteis no campo. Por sua vez, estas investigações levaram à descoberta de que os répteis possuem a capacidade de manter a sua temperatura corporal acima da temperatura do ar, conseguindo até manter temperaturas corporais constantes durante uma quantidade considerável de tempo, principalmente através de termorregulação comportamental. Nas seguintes décadas, foram publicados milhares de artigos sobre a ecologia térmica de répteis. Nos últimos anos, com o aumento do interesse mundial no efeito potencialmente adverso das mudanças climáticas na biodiversidade, estudos sobre ecologia térmica de répteis têm vindo a ganhar um valor científico crescente, tomando por exemplo estudos que demonstraram que até um quinto de todas as populações de répteis podem vir a ser extintas até o final do século. Em contrapartida, o equilíbrio hídrico dos répteis recebeu comparativamente menos atenção. Na verdade, a água tem sido muitas vezes associada a questões de anfíbios, enquanto que a temperatura é associada mais aos répteis. No entanto, nos últimos anos, vários trabalhos têm começado a explorar os potenciais efeitos adversos da escassez de água, desidratação e regimes de chuvas na biodiversidade de répteis, bem como na sua distribuição e atividade. Além disso, prevê-se que as alterações climáticas aumentem a frequência das secas e das vagas de calor, especialmente em algumas zonas como a bacia mediterrânica. Assim sendo, chegou o memento de adotar uma abordagem mais holística sobre ecologia dos répteis, onde a ecologia térmica se entrelaça o máximo possível com outros aspectos como a fisiologia e história de vida. Na verdade, apenas um quadro de investigação mais abrangente poderá permitir-nos obter uma visão mais aprofundada sobre a biologia dos répteis e assim desenvolver ferramentas preditivas e de gestão mais poderosas para compreender se e como este grupo de animais reagirá às futuras condições climáticas e ambientais bem como aos noves desafios que poderão enfrentar. No presente trabalho, descrevo e discuto os resultados de seis investigações destinadas a reforçar a compreensão da ecologia térmica dos répteis, do balanço hídrico e das interações potenciais entre esses dois aspectos fundamentais da biologia reptiliana. A temperatura corporal dos répteis pode ser recolhida de várias maneiras. Um dos métodos mais comuns é usar um termopar para medir a temperatura cloacal. No 8 FCUP Reptiles under the sun: using lacertid lizards to study thermal and water ecology in ectotherms entanto, hoje em dia novas ferramentas, como câmeras infravermelhas portáteis, têm vindo a melhorar significativamente vários setores, desde a indústria e da defesa à medicina diagnóstica. A investigação sobre répteis pode também beneficiar da incorporação de dados de infravermelho, que permitem novas formas de estudar ecologia térmica. Um primeiro grande desafio é provar que novas ferramentas são fiáveis e comparáveis com as mais comuns e difundidas técnicas. Aqui, o primeiro passo foi demonstrar a relação robusta entre as leituras de temperatura cloacais e termográficas. De seguida, a investigação moveu-se para o campo para investigar, usando a imagem infravermelha, um aspecto mal estudado do comportamento anti- predador dos lagartos. Na verdade, quando os lagartos se escondem de um predador, é provável que sua temperatura corporal diminua com o tempo. Tal diminuição da temperatura corporal pode representar um custo em termos de aptidão (fitness) se os lagartos são forçados a perder tempo a termorregular, após cada tentativa de predação, perdendo assim a oportunidade de se alimentarem ou de acasalarem. Neste trabalho, foi quantificada pela primeira vez a diminuição da temperatura corporal que os lagartos sofrem ao se esconderem de um predador. Outra linha de investigação deste projeto, focou-se na ecologia térmica, balanço hídrico e desempenho de espécies intimamente relacionadas que coexistem. Estudos sobre vários grupos de organismos indicam que em casos de coexistência entre espécies estreitamente relacionadas, estas reduzem a potencial concorrência segregando-se no tempo ou espaço ou sofrendo alterações suficientes (deslocamento de caráter) para reduzir a sobreposição dos seus nichos.
Recommended publications
  • Biodiversity of the Southern Rupununi Savannah World Wildlife Fund and Global Wildlife Conservation
    THIS REPORT HAS BEEN PRODUCED IN GUIANAS COLLABORATION VERZICHT APERWITH: Ç 2016 Biodiversity of the Southern Rupununi Savannah World Wildlife Fund and Global Wildlife Conservation 2016 WWF-Guianas Global Wildlife Conservation Guyana Office PO Box 129 285 Irving Street, Queenstown Austin, TX 78767 USA Georgetown, Guyana [email protected] www.wwfguianas.org [email protected] Text: Juliana Persaud, WWF-Guianas, Guyana Office Concept: Francesca Masoero, WWF-Guianas, Guyana Office Design: Sita Sugrim for Kriti Review: Brian O’Shea, Deirdre Jaferally and Indranee Roopsind Map: Oronde Drakes Front cover photos (left to right): Rupununi Savannah © Zach Montes, Giant Ant Eater © Gerard Perreira, Red Siskin © Meshach Pierre, Jaguar © Evi Paemelaere. Inside cover photo: Gallery Forest © Andrew Snyder. OF BIODIVERSITYTHE SOUTHERN RUPUNUNI SAVANNAH. Guyana-South America. World Wildlife Fund and Global Wildlife Conservation 2016 This booklet has been produced and published thanks to: 1 WWF Biodiversity Assessment Team Expedition Southern Rupununi - Guyana. The Southern Rupununi Biodiversity Survey Team / © WWF - GWC. Biodiversity Assessment Team (BAT) Survey. This programme was created by WWF-Guianas in 2013 to contribute to sound land- use planning by filling biodiversity data gaps in critical areas in the Guianas. As far as possible, it also attempts to understand the local context of biodiversity use and the potential threats in order to recommend holistic conservation strategies. The programme brings together local knowledge experts and international scientists to assess priority areas. With each BAT Survey, species new to science or new country records are being discovered. This booklet acknowledges the findings of a BAT Survey carried out during October-November 2013 in the southern Rupununi savannah, at two locations: Kusad Mountain and Parabara.
    [Show full text]
  • (Somniosus Pacificus) Predation on Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias
    297 Abstract—Temperature data re- In cold blood: evidence of Pacific sleeper shark ceived post mortem in 2008–13 from 15 of 36 juvenile Steller sea (Somniosus pacificus) predation on Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) that lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the Gulf of Alaska had been surgically implanted in 2005–11 with dual life history 1,2 transmitters (LHX tags) indicat- Markus Horning (contact author) ed that all 15 animals died by Jo-Ann E. Mellish3,4 predation. In 3 of those 15 cases, at least 1 of the 2 LHX tags was Email address for contact author: [email protected] ingested by a cold-blooded pred- ator, and those tags recorded, 1 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and 3 Alaska Sea Life Center immediately after the sea lion’s Marine Mammal Institute P.O. Box 1329 death, temperatures that cor- College of Agricultural Sciences Seward, Alaska 99664 responded to deepwater values. Oregon State University 4 School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences 2030 SE Marine Science Drive These tags were regurgitated or University of Alaska Fairbanks Newport, Oregon 97365 passed 5–11 days later by preda- P.O. Box 757220 2 tors. Once they sensed light and Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Fairbanks, Alaska 99755-7220 Oregon State University air, the tags commenced trans- 2030 SE Marine Science Drive missions as they floated at the Newport, Oregon 97365 ocean surface, reporting tem- peratures that corresponded to regional sea-surface estimates. The circumstances related to the tag in a fourth case were ambig- The western distinct population seg- mercial fisheries (National Research uous.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterothermy in Pouched Mammals a Review
    bs_bs_bannerJournal of Zoology Journal of Zoology. Print ISSN 0952-8369 MINI-SERIES Heterothermy in pouched mammals – a review A. Riek1,2 & F. Geiser2 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 2 Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia Keywords Abstract heterothermy; marsupials; phylogeny; torpor; hibernation. Hibernation and daily torpor (i.e. temporal heterothermy) have been reported in many marsupial species of diverse families and are known to occur in ∼15% of all Correspondence marsupials, which is a greater proportion than the percentage of heterothermic Alexander Riek, Department of Animal placentals. Therefore, we aimed to gather data on heterothermy, including Sciences, University of Göttingen, minimal body temperature, torpor metabolic rate and torpor bout duration for Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, marsupials, and relate these physiological variables to phylogeny and other Germany. Tel: +49 551 395610; Fax: +49 physiological traits. Data from published studies on 41 marsupial species were 551 39 available for the present analysis. Heterothermic marsupials ranged from small Email: [email protected] species such as planigales weighing 7 g to larger species such as quolls weighing up to 1000 g. We used the marsupial phylogeny to estimate various heterothermic Editor: Heike Lutermann traits where the current dataset was incomplete. The torpor metabolic rate in relation to basal metabolic rate (%) ranged from 5.2 to 62.8% in daily Received 13 May 2013; revised 31 July heterotherms and from 2.1 to 5.2% in marsupial hibernators, and was significantly 2013; accepted 8 August 2013 correlated with the minimum body temperature in daily heterotherms (R2 = 0.77, P < 0.001), but not in hibernators (R2 = 0.10, P > 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants and Consequences of Interspeciwc Body Size Variation in Tetraphyllidean Tapeworms
    Oecologia (2009) 161:759–769 DOI 10.1007/s00442-009-1410-1 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER Determinants and consequences of interspeciWc body size variation in tetraphyllidean tapeworms Haseeb Sajjad Randhawa · Robert Poulin Received: 3 December 2008 / Accepted: 20 June 2009 / Published online: 10 July 2009 © Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Tetraphyllidean cestodes are cosmopolitan, are relatively important variables in models explaining remarkably host speciWc, and form the most speciose and interspeciWc variations in tetraphyllidean tapeworm length. diverse group of helminths infecting elasmobranchs In addition, a negative relationship between tetraphyllidean (sharks, skates and rays). They show substantial interspe- body size and intensity of infection was apparent. These ciWc variation in a variety of morphological traits, including results suggest that space constraints and ambient tempera- body size. Tetraphyllideans represent therefore, an ideal ture, via their eVects on metabolism and growth, determine group in which to examine the relationship between para- adult tetraphyllidean cestode size. Consequently, a trade-oV site body size and abundance. The individual and combined between size and numbers is possibly imposed by external eVects of host size, environmental temperature, host habi- forces inXuencing host size, hence limiting physical space tat, host environment, host physiology, and host type (all or other resources available to the parasites. likely correlates of parasite body size) on parasite length were assessed using general linear model analyses using Keywords Tetraphyllidea · Abundance · Body size · data from 515 tetraphyllidean cestode species (182 species Depth · Latitude were included in analyses). The relationships between tetra- phyllidean cestode length and intensity and abundance of infection were assessed using simple linear regression anal- Introduction yses.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling and Exploiting Microbial Temperature Response
    processes Review Modeling and Exploiting Microbial Temperature Response Philipp Noll, Lars Lilge, Rudolf Hausmann and Marius Henkel * Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; [email protected] (P.N.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (R.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 December 2019; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 17 January 2020 Abstract: Temperature is an important parameter in bioprocesses, influencing the structure and functionality of almost every biomolecule, as well as affecting metabolic reaction rates. In industrial biotechnology, the temperature is usually tightly controlled at an optimum value. Smart variation of the temperature to optimize the performance of a bioprocess brings about multiple complex and interconnected metabolic changes and is so far only rarely applied. Mathematical descriptions and models facilitate a reduction in complexity, as well as an understanding, of these interconnections. Starting in the 19th century with the “primal” temperature model of Svante Arrhenius, a variety of models have evolved over time to describe growth and enzymatic reaction rates as functions of temperature. Data-driven empirical approaches, as well as complex mechanistic models based on thermodynamic knowledge of biomolecular behavior at different temperatures, have been developed. Even though underlying biological mechanisms and mathematical models have been well-described, temperature as a control variable is only scarcely applied in bioprocess engineering, and as a conclusion, an exploitation strategy merging both in context has not yet been established. In this review, the most important models for physiological, biochemical, and physical properties governed by temperature are presented and discussed, along with application perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds Author(S): Gordon C
    Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds Author(s): Gordon C. Grigg, Lyn A. Beard, and Michael L. Augee Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 77, No. 6, Sixth International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry Symposium Papers: Evolution and Advantages of Endothermy (November/December 2004), pp. 982-997 Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Sponsored by the Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/425188 . Accessed: 08/11/2015 23:11 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press and Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 23.235.32.0 on Sun, 8 Nov 2015 23:11:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 982 The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds Gordon C. Grigg1 thermy, including the capacity for homeothermic endothermy Lyn A.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaur Thermoregulation Were They “Warm Blooded”?
    Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Dinosaur thermoregulation Were they “warm blooded”? Thermogram of a lion Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Body temperature in endotherms and ectotherms Thermogram of ostriches Thermogram of a snake wrapped around a human arm Thermogram of a python held by people Thermogram of a lion Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Physiology, metabolism, and dinosaurs? Ornithopods Birds Sauropods Dromeosaurs Tyrannosaurus Ceratopsians Pachycephalosaurs Crocodilians Stegosaurs Ankylosaurs Lizards and snakes Lizards ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 “extant phylogenetic bracket” Using phylogenetic logic to reconstruct biology of extinct animals. Features observed in living animals can be traced back to common ancestor. This suggests that extinct clades that fall between are likely to have similar in features even if they cannot be observed directly in the fossils. Witmer, 1995 Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Thermoregulation Maintaining body temperature within limited boundaries regardless of temperature of the surrounding environment. Endotherm vs. Ectotherm Endotherms use internal metabolic heat to regulate themselves, ectotherms use external sources of heat (and cool). Mammals and birds are endotherms, most other vertebrates are ectotherms. Homeotherm vs. Poikilotherm Homeotherms have a constant body temperature, poikilotherms have a variable body temperature. Mammals are homeotherms, but so are fish that live in water of constant body temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Relations 10
    CHAPTER Thermal Relations 10 s this bumblebee flies from one flower cluster to another to collect nectar and pollen, temperature matters for the bee in two crucial ways. First, the temperature of the bumblebee’s flight muscles de- A termines how much power they can generate. The flight muscles must be at least as warm as about 35°C to produce enough power to keep the bee airborne; if the muscles are cooler, the bee cannot fly. The second principal way in which temperature matters is that for a bumblebee to maintain its flight muscles at a high enough temperature to fly, the bee must expend food energy to generate heat to warm the muscles. In a warm environment, all the heat required may be produced simply as a by-product of flight. In a cool environment, however, as a bumblebee moves from flower cluster to flower cluster—stopping at each to feed—it must expend energy at an elevated rate even during the intervals when it is not flying, either to keep its flight muscles continually at a high enough temperature to fly or to rewarm the flight muscles to flight temperature if they cool while feeding. Assuming that the flight muscles must be at 35°C for flight, they must be warmed to 10°C above air temperature if the air is at 25°C, but to 30°C above air temperature if the air is at 5°C. Thus, as the air becomes cooler, a bee must expend food energy at a higher and higher rate to generate heat to warm its flight muscles to flight temperature, meaning it must collect food at a higher and higher rate.
    [Show full text]
  • AUTHOR Stevenson, R. D
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 195 429 SE 033 590 AUTHOR Stevenson, R.D. TITLE Animal Thermoregulation and the Operative Environmental (Equivalent) Temperature. Physical Processes in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems, Transport Process. INSTITUTION Washington Univ., Seattle. Center for Quantitative Science in Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife. SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Jun 79 GRANT NSF-GZ-2980: NSF-SED74-17696 NOTE 64p.: For related documents, see SE 033 581-597. EDFS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Biology: College Science: Computer Assisted Instruction: Computer Programs: Ecology: *Environmental Education: Heat: Higher Education: Instructional Materials: *Interdisciplinary Approach: Mathematical Applications: *Physiology: Science Education: Science Tnstruction: *Thermal Environment IDENTIFIERS *Thermoregulation ABSTRACT These materials were designed to be used by life sci,Ince students for instruction in the application of physical theory to ecosystem operation. Most modules contain computer programs which are built around a particular application of a physical process. Thermoregulation is defined as the ability of an organism to modify its body temperature. This module emphasizes animal thermoregulation from an ecological point of view and develops the concept of the operative environmental temperature, a technique which integrates the effects of all heat transfer processes into one number. Historical developments in the study of animal thermoregulation are reviewed and an attempt is made to illustrate how a quantitative knowledge of heat transfer processes can be used to clarify the adaptive significance of animal morphology, behavior, and physiology. A problem set illustrates and extends ideas developed in the text. (Author/CS1 *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • DESDE EL OJO DE LA CÁMARA TRAMPA Mamíferos, Aves Y Reptiles Del Río La Novia (Purús, Perú)
    DESDE EL OJO DE LA CÁMARA TRAMPA Mamíferos, aves y reptiles del río La Novia (Purús, Perú) Hiromi Yagui Briones Heidi Rubio Torgler Jose Luis Mena Álvarez Cómo citar este libro: Hiromi Yagui Briones, Heidi Rubio Torgler, José Luis Mena Álvarez (2015). Desde el ojo de la cámara trampa. Consorcio Purús-Manu: WWF, CARE Perú, ProNaturaleza, ProPurús, Sociedad Zoológica de Fráncfort, ORAU. Lima, noviembre de 2015. Primera edición: 2015 © WWF Perú Razón social: World Wildlife Fund Inc. Domicilio: Av. Trinidad Morán 853, Lince Teléfono: (511) 440-5550 Impreso en Ediciones Nova Print S.A.C. Av. Ignacio Merino 1546 Lince 1000 ejemplares Autores: Hiromi Yagui Briones, Heidi Rubio Torgler, Jose Luis Mena Álvarez Fotos: WWF Perú Dibujos a tinta: Felipe Morey Gamarra Gráficos: Hiromi Yagui Briones Edición de mapas: Alejandro Tello Martínez, Hiromi Yagui Briones Edición de estilo: Jhonathan Jara Giudiche Diagramación: Jorge Kajatt Producido en Perú, 2015 Esta publicación ha sido posible gracias al apoyo del Pueblo de los Estados Unidos de América a través de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID). Las opiniones aquí expresadas son las del autor(es) y no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de USAID ni del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Agradecimientos Un agradecimiento especial a los miembros de MABOSINFRON; al señor Carlos Loja Manuyama e Isaías Pérez Ramírez, quienes dedicaron todo su tiempo para la ejecución de las actividades en campo, quienes fueron grandes guías en campo que también llegaron a manejar de manera óptima las cámaras instaladas y a los señores Amancio Flores Lomas (en ese entonces presidente de la organización) y a Miguel Ruiz Pérez por la ayuda en todo momento para que la investigación se pueda desarrollar sin ningún contratiempo.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Vascular Response to Systemic Heating Using The
    ANALYSIS OF VASCULAR RESPONSE TO SYSTEMIC HEATING USING THE PALLID BAT WING A Thesis by TANYA MENDEZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2007 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering ANALYSIS OF VASCULAR RESPONSE TO SYSTEMIC HEATING USING THE PALLID BAT WING A Thesis by TANYA MENDEZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Obdulia Ley Committee Members, N.K. Anand Christopher Quick Head of Department, Dennis O'Neal December 2007 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Analysis of Vascular Response to Systemic Heating Using the Pallid Bat Wing. (December 2007) Tanya Mendez, B.S., University of California, Davis Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Obdulia Ley The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between environ- mental heat exchange and vascular response in the pallid bat wing during systemic heating and to develop a simplified model of heat transfer for theoretical analysis. During heating experiments, metabolic activity, body temperature and alterations in vessel diameter and blood flow were monitored. This research is very significant, as it will correlate thermoregulation and vascular response in a way that has not been studied before. The wing of the pallid bat is selected because the microvascular bed performs similar functions as that of the human skin in terms of thermoregulation; understand- ing vascular response to heat or cold allows to analyze vascular function, or arterial health, a response that is altered at early stages of several diseases in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • New Verified Nonindigenous Amphibians and Reptiles in Florida Through 2015, with a Summary of Over 152 Years of Introductions
    WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & IRCF AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 189 23(2):110–143 • AUG 2016 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCED SPECIES FEATURE ARTICLES . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: New VerifiedOn the Road to Understanding the Nonindigenous Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Amphibians Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 and ReptilesRESEARCH ARTICLES in Florida through 2015, with a . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 Summary. The Knight Anole of(Anolis equestris over) in Florida 152 Years of Introductions .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 1 1 2 3 3 4 Kenneth L. KryskoCONSERVATION, Louis A. Somma ALERT, Dustin C. Smith , Christopher R. Gillette , Daniel Cueva , Joseph A. Wasilewski , 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kevin M. Enge. , Steve A. Johnson , Todd S. Campbell , Jake R. Edwards , Michael R. Rochford , Rhyan Tompkins , World’s Mammals11 in Crisis .............................................................................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]