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Some Effects of Iodine on the Behavior of Granular Starch

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Some Effects of Iodine on the Behavior of Granular Starch SOME EFFECTS OF IODINE OK TliS BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR ST.\RCH by C3E0RGE AARON MCCASKILL B. S., Kansas Stato Colloje Of Agrlculturo and Applied Sclonce, 1948 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillnent of the requlreinonts for tho degree MASTER OP SCIENCE Departnient of Cheaistry KANSAS STATS COLLEGE OP A6RICLLTUHE AND APi'LISD SCIENCE 1950 TABI^ OF COHTEIITS T li Pag© IHTRODUCTICH. f RLVIEvV OF LIT2RATURZ 3 EXPSRni21ITi\L i'ROGEDURE, 9 Prellainary uork ...9 i'reparatlcn of the Starch UsocL in Those Exporlnonta. 11 PreparatJ.on of Starch-Iodine Coraplo^ioo • 11 Removal of lodino with Araaonla in Water 11 Romoval of lodino with Ammonia in Garbontotrachlorido . 12 Renoval of lodino with Annonia in Llothanol . • • . 12 Chonical Analyses •*..••.••.... 13 SXPERIMEIITAL RESULTS , 21 STJlGtART AHD COKCLUSIORS 2? AGKROV.XSDG'«SNTS 29 LITSRATTJRS CITED 30 :.. J.iODUOTIOK starch is potentially ono oi" tho larcost aourcGS of choap orsanic choaicala, yot tho chomlcal convorslon of starch by industry is liiaitod laainly to tho production of syrupo and de.^trose. Of the total starch produced, about two-thirds is procasDod to syrups and do;:tros9, whoroas the rocsainine third is usod in tho forn of pastOQ. Sinco increaaod consumption of starch through those products is limitod, and sinco thoro is little roason at this tifflo to expoct that & groatly incroasod doinand for then will dovolop, othor means aro noedad to convert starch into useful products. Cne logical course to follow is to discover, if possible, reactions by which starch raay b© convortod into useful derivatives, without a serious decrease in molecular size. Tho principal knovrn oxa.mpl0a of reactions which fall In this category are those in which starch esters and others are foraed* However, those products have little industrial imiportance* iixtonsivo study has boon aade in this laboratory of tho reaction of starch with liquid chlorino, with tho vlow of f orr^iins roactlv© Interniodiatos of starch containing chlorino. This work has resulted in tho preparation of starch chlorides of high molecular woi^^ht. Of particular importance here is tho observation that tho kinetics of the reaction is dependent in large moasuro upon tho source and history of tho starch used* It is on^haslzed, thereby, that the course followed by reactions of native starch, as woll as tho bohavior of its products. Is dependent upon tho gross structure • of tho starch granule. The proaont work was iindortakon for the purposo of gathering further Information about tho structuro of the starch granule Ab a method of attack. Iodine was to bo adsorbed on or within the granule, and the atto^ipt made to roaove tho iodine with asEaonla* It is known that iodine and aaaonia react to forn nitrogon triiodido, an unstable substance which docoaposoa violently at low tonporaturos. It was reasoned that, if nitroi^en triiodide wore foriaod v/ithin the lattice of the starch G3?anule, its spontaneous decomr-osition would laeasurablo alter t he structure of the granule. Preliriinary experiments "wero performed in which tho starch- iodine complex was prepared by treating starch with an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide* Howovor, v;hon the complex thus prepared was treated v/ith aquoouo amnonia, tho color of the cor4)lex rapidly dieappoarod and a starch paste resulted. It was presusMJd that tho ewcllins was due to tho presence of potassium iodide in the starch. Since, for the present p'lirpose, it was essential that the primary effects of nitrogen triiodide decomposition should not bo masked by the swelling action of aqueous salt solutions, carbontetrachloride was selected as a non-polar liquid in which iodine is soluble, and in which the starch-iodine comple:^: cov\ld be prepared without tho influence of potassium iodide* In the experiments roportod in this thesis, the progressive effects of successive troatmonta of a ci^ofi cornstarch with carbon- tetrachloride solutions of iodine, and subsequent removal of tho absorbed iodine with ammonia in various solvents, v?ero followed bj laoasiiromsnts of: (1) tho quantity of icdino adsorbed, (2) paste viscosity, (3) alkali numl .r, (4) reduclno powor, and (5) Iodine arnnlty. KEVISW OF LITERATURS The literaturo pertaining to tho roactions of starch with iodine is largo and varied. The first report of the reaction was by Colin and DeClaubry (6), tfho studied tho effect of several reagents upon tho coraploK* T'ron the tlrae of the Colin and DoClaubry paper in 1814 to the present, there have been ntsnorovia unsettled questions. Jaquelain (IC) carried out niicroscopic observations on starch ^alns at various tonporaturo. He caiae to tho conclusion that tho blue-otarch "combination" was not a chemical phenomenon. Fronsenius (11) noted tliat the intensity of the color of the conplQz was dependent upon the teraperaturot Fayen (10) found that a saturated solution of potasalum iodide at 22 C caused starch £,Taniaos to s\;'oll fron 25 to 30 tines their original valur.ie. This showed that tho potasoixim iodide solution could not be used to raake the starch-iodine coaplox if the granules wero to remain intact. He further said that the reappearance upon coolinc was due to the expansion and contraction of theci*anulo. Duclaux (7) believed the starch-iodine complex to be a sinplo case of nolecular "adhesion''. In his opinion, the i:iaterial did not have a constant conposition, and its foriaation v/as dependent upon tho equilibrium betv;een vrater, starch, and iodine. liussor, (15) aotod that xitxQix ctsrch v?ac placod In contact ^ith nitT'OGOn iou.'.. ,j^ the luttor ,;*!'.. ;. -: . 'j;:,vOflition« OwTiStftut (S2; r-iido t:;o intorootir^j obaorvation tlict lioatin^ th« stcrch-lodlno cori^lojs to a r-hn*it^*.n • i-.od heat drovo off l'our-»f5.fth« or th® iodinoj^ out the rest 2»er.mliiod with tho cliarcoal rorr»d» Vo(;0l (23) noticed tiiet stas^h sad lodino in abscluto alcohol did not glvs c blue coloration* Eo«fovor# a ocsaplox did r^eult TSfhich 1SDS brown in color* P.otivlor (19) T/orkln," ^'Ith a starch^iodlna ccEaplo:t, which had boen precipitated with sodiu'a ciilorido, conoludod that no i.'urtjnor' iodino could bo adddd beyond 19«C p«ro0nt» "'nstar (17) proscntod ovidonco tlvt bXue stnrch^lodldo Is a well deflnod cclid solution of lodlno in etarch, xanC^ that ''dissolved** etarch is not e tnte eolutlon, but 1b an orailalon of owollon ctaroh* iiulor aod ^jfTtmck w,, working with Llntnor's soluble otaroh, fcwnd that two der in ito ccapoimdo 'coro fornasd, ono having tho ©Apirical fontjDln ^^*'' olt^t porcont lodino, and tlio ^^'c^*io%^loS other ^G^ -10^-5 ^10-4 '^^^^ "^***^ percent iodino* These sutbosi*ft rAintalnod tliat th$ intoractlon of iodino ^ith atm*oh is not to ba conoldcrod &a a c&eo of fidr,nT''-t ".on of a cclutlon of iodino by f Btarch* DorcEOlXer (S) stated that iodine is not adficrbod by starch firosa carbontoti'Goiilox'ldo or bohnone colutlons* liQllfpc^n (12) prepared on loclino-ccntalnins powdsr of oxoollont s keoplnc proportion by conbinine Iodine with ctarch aoclmnlcally In tho follo«rin{i v&yi tho starch wae hoatod one ho\a» at GO'C, thon at lOO" to 110* to ccnotrmt taiel^htt On© huiidred parte of tho otaroh was «liakon in an otb^r eoXutlon of five parts lodlno, and, tho •tlior allowoci to ovaporate gradLUJlly* Tbo powdor ^as icopt In oolorod bottlos ??hloh -^oro tightly stopporod. Tiy& colca? «as brick rod ^hon ««et with other, and bocmao bluo tsphen wot with v.-aoor« 2I39 iodlno contont of tSais {KS^Iox is»o 4*9 poi'cont, and, at thd end of nine aontha, tho lodlno oontont was otill 4*5 porcont. Btarch-lodlno ooKjplox aado by tho \mv>&l ssethod, with lodlno dissolvod in an aq-ooouo solution of potasoiua iodido, containod flvo poi^cont lodlno, and in ol^ht dfly« tho lodlno contont Iiad dropped to £•£ poroont* aor^aann and Ludo«rl£j (4) troatod rloo starch with acotlc ontoy* drid^ «Qturatod with liydrocon chlorido, and obtained a prtJduct containing £rmx 46 to 46 poroont aootyl, which 'cas soluble in ohlorofona;, and from which «olublo jstarch could bo partially r«6«n93t»ntoiT, inioy found that tho ester retelnod the pooer for ooEibininii with lodlno in potassiien Iodide solution and with brosnlno* Theao obsorvationa were ro^ardad as ovldenoo thjit cortoin bridco oatygen otoraa woro roo: onelble for tho adaorptlon of iodine* l^roudonbers (12) uoins a oti^ucturo oorwept aL'ailiar to that of Hanoe (14) eu^-oOflted timt tho lodlno vraa hold inside thjo apirRl formed by tho r,lucoso chain hold to^othor by l3ydro(;on uondinc; at tho one and fom* carbons* According to his ooncopt, tho inside aurfaco of tlio helix la cc8!r?osed of c^n oroupa, actin(; ae a • 6 hydrocarbon surface, and tholr lyophyllc associative power holds the lodlno fast* Much of the work aooas to bo conflictin£« Probably nuch of the dloacreonont is due to the Eiany yoriablos oporatlnc during the ©xperincnts* Tho behavior of starch is not aaimplo l;hinG because it is Greatly nodifioa ijy the large nuribor of steric factors, surface effects, and. In the case of dispersed starches, enormous surface onerfjy. The data collected by Sonstadt, Eulor and Myrbaok led then to believe that starch-iodide was a definite compound* On the other hand Jaquelain and Duclaux contended it was not a compound, and Kustor, Freudenberc, Bergnann, and Ludet;l(- believed the starch-iodlno conplex to be a solid solution. Prom the work of Payen it nmy be seen that potassluni iodide can not be used to prepare the atarch-iouine coiaplea: if the granule is to roioain essentially linawollen.
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