A STUDY OF THE EELATIONSHIP OF TENSILE STEENGTH ^
BETWEEN SINGLE AND PLY YARNS MADE FEOM / ^
ALL-COTTON AND ALL-NYLON FIBEES
A THESIS
Presented to the Faculty of the Division of Graduate Studies
Georgia Institute of Technology
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Eequirements for the Degree
Master of Science in Textiles
by
Sidney Wheeler Williams, Jr,
June 1952 246493
A STUDY OF THE EEIATIONSHIP OF TENSILE STEENGTH
BETWEEN SINGLE AND PLY YARNS MADE FEOM
ALL-COTTON AND ALL-NYLON FIBEES
APPEOVEDi
Dalie Approved by Chairman May, I^, l^^^ 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES ix SUMMAEY X CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION 1 The Problem
Definition of Terms Used Method of Attack II o THE PROCEDURE 6 Materials and Equipment Experimental Operations IIIo TESTS CONDUCTED 13
IVo RESULTS 15 Discussion of Results Conclusions
APPENDIX kO BIBLIOGRAPHY 12^^ Ill
ACKNOWLiDGEMElTS
On the completion of this study I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor Eo L« Hill for his suggestions and valUvable guidance in making this work possible» I also wish to express my thanks to Mr. John Duerst of the Clarke Thread Company, Austell,
Georgia; to the Newnan Cotton Mills, Newnan, Georgia, and to the
U.S. Navy, for their assistance on this problem. iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Operating Data for Saco-Lowell Long Draft Spinning Frame o,.»o»... o o. <> .. =.. <.. o.»o. o = o.... 0,00.0000..., 11
2o Operating Data for Whitin Model B Twister,,,,,,..,,.,,.,. 12
3. Example of Using the Weighted Average by Fitting a Straight Line Using the Method of Least Squares to the Count-Strength Products for Cotton Resultant Group Z-6,.,,».,.,.,»,,,,o,o,,,o..,. 19
k. Best Strength Indexes for Cotton and Nylon 30/2 Staple Yarn in TeruiB of the Twist Resultants of the Yarns o.,,.,o..,,,,.,,,..,,.,,.,,,,,.... 20
5, Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple , Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch, o,. o, o o.,,..,.»,, <..,,,, 21
60 Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch,,,,o.,,..,..,...,...,o„ 22
7, Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch,,,.,«»o o-,,.,,.o.,..,.. 23
8, Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch o,.,.,.,...»....,o.o.,,, 2k
9, Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch,.,o...,...,,,,..,o,,,.= 25
10. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch,, o. o,..,. ,0, ...,<> o,, o., 26
11o Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Incho, o, ,..<,,*,, o o, o. o o, ,0,, 27 Table Page
12, Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch.o»,»..»»..o o.o.c o.o o = o o 28
13o Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch. =.. o o o <> o.«o o o o o o». <. 0 o o o 29
ik. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Incho . o»^.»o o o., o =.»... <> <. 0 o o 30
15o Comparison of the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Cotton 30/2 Yarns.0000.00.0000000= 31
160 Comparison of the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Nylon 30/2 Yarns 0,000.000.000.000. 32
17. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthsooooo.oo kO
180 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.0.0.000 kl
19. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths „ o. o. 0 o o ^1-2
20. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths»o0ooooo ^3
2I0 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthsooo»oooo kk
22 o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths . „ o o»o o o i*-5
23. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths »...o o o. kS
2k. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths o»o.. o.. k'~[
25o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.00.o... kQ
260 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.»o o..o o k9
27o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 0.oo.ooc 50
280 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths00.00000 51
29. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths..ooooo. 52
3O0 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths ., „..... 53
3I0 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths»oooo«.. 5^ VI
Table Page
32o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 00000.000 55 33o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.,o.oo»oo 56
3ko Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths».0oooo«, 57 35o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 0000.0000 58
360 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthsooo.ooo.. 59 37o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths»o o p = o o o o 60
380 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths o 0.o o o..o 6I 39o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.oooooo0o 62
kOc Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 00.0.0.00 63 ii-lo Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths o o o o o o o o. 6k 42o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 000000000 65
^3• Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 000.00.00 66 kka Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthsoooo.oo«. 67 k^c Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 0.0000000 68 k6. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths oo0»»o.oo 69,
k'Jo Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths .000000.. 70 k&o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 00000000. 71 49o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthsooo».oo»o 72
50o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 0.00.0.00 73 51o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths o o o..o o.o 7^
52o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths0000000.. 75 53o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.0000,000 76
54 o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 0,0000000 77
55o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthsoooo0.... 78
560 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthso.,.ooo.« 79 vii
Table Page 57<, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. o <>.,.. o. 80
580 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths»o»o 0»... 8I
59o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths o».»o.»»• 82 60o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths»c o o»o o.. 83 61 o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths <,«. o o = =»* 84 62o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 00000000= 85 63o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking StrengthSo00oo»»oo 86
6ko Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 00,000... 87 65o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,oooo«o»» 88
66^ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths...o.»,,, 89 67o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,000oo,oo 90
68, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths , o o<, o.«o» 91
69,, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths .0,0,^0 0 <> 92 70o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.00o..00, 93
71o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,o,,,.»,. 9^ 72o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.0.000.00 95.
73 o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths„„,..^ o.o 96 7^. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.,.,..o 0. 97
75o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,o.oo.oo. 98 760 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.».o,.o,, 99
77o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,,.,,.,,. 100 78« Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,.,,,..,, 101 79, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,,,,,.,,. 102
80„ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,..o,,o,, IO3
81o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,o,0o,.., ICh Vlll
Table Page
82o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths»<> <> o»,. o o o 105
83. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.o o.,o o o o o IO6
8^. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths0,0.0.00.0 10?
85• Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.»...o c,.. IO8
860 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths..oo»oooo» 109
87. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths000.000000 110
88» Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths 0000000.00 111
89o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths o..»o o.o.» 112
90. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,.,.o 113
91. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths » o.. 11^
92. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.o..o.ooro 115
93 o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.o...,o o». II6
Sko Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths«.«0,.»»0. 11?
95• Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths...o..o.». II8
960 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthso«... 0.o.o II9,
97. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths.o...o.».. 120
980 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthso...o.o.. o 121
990 Nylon Single Strand Breaking Strengths for 30s
li^ w^>)X6 XcSfX lltt»i»e&o6*oo»««oeaeoa*oooea •000 •••B«ooea»*o*«ooi>oo X^^
100o Cotton Single Strand Breaking Strengths for
^wO J. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page lo Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Cotton 30/2 Yarno 0,00000,0000.0000.00.0 33 2, Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Cotton 30/2 Yarn.00.00.000000.00.000000 3^ 3o Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Cotton 30/2 Yarno o.»o o o o o»o»o...o o o o»»o 35 ko Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Nylon 30/2 Staple Yaruo o o o o.o o»o o o o o,.o 36 5o Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Nylon 30/2 Staple Yarno 0000.000000000.. 37 6. Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Nylon 30/2 Staple Yarno o o o o o«o o o». .,00 o o 38 7« Distribution of the Ratios of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Nylon 30/2 Staple Yarnoo»oooooooooo»ooo 39 SUMMAEY Two fibers were selected for this study„ Cotton fibers in the form of roving were spun into a single yarn with varying twist multi ples from 2,50 "to 60OO. Nylon staple fibers in the form of roving were spun into a single yarn with varying twist multiples from 2^50 to 5<>50o The count of the single yarn for both the cotton and the nylon was 30s o Specimens of the single cotton yarn with the same twist multiple were plyed into specimens of two-ply yarns with varying twist per inch. This procedure was followed until each specimen of the single twist multiples had been two-plyed into a series of sample ply yarns with varying twist per inch.. Thus, all the ply yarn samples represented different combina tions of single yarn twist and ply yarn twists The samples were 100 per cent cotton ply yarn and 100 per cent nylon ply yarn. The twist in the singles was in the "Z" direction, and the twist in the ply was in the "S" direction. All ply yarns were tested for count, twist per inch, and breaking strength. The count-strength products were used in com paring the yarns. It was found that, when the yarns were grouped together on the basis of a ratio of the square of the single twist multiple divided by the ply turns per inch, the yarns could be successfully compared to each other for the best strength., All cotton ply yarns were placed in one series of ratio groups for comparison, and all nylon ply yaxns were put in another series of ratio groupso XI It was established that for each ratio group, for cotton as well as nylon, that the count-strength products were related to the single twist multiples. By plotting single twist multiples against the count- strength products for each ratio group, it was further established that the best strengths for both cotton and nylon were in the higher ratio groups„ CHAPTER I lOTRODUCTION The number of turns per inch that a single yam should have for maximum strength has been well defined and accepted for many years in the textile industry» The number of turns is expressed in terms of a twist multiple and the count of the yarno The twist multiple is the ratio of the turns per inch divided by the square root of the count of the yarn. It has been generally conceded that the ratio of k.^^ gives the best strength for single all-cotton yarn counts. However, when two single yaxns are twisted together to make a ply yarn, the identity of the single yarn in terms of tensile strength and twist is lost. Very little can be found in the textbooks and literature regarding the relationship of twist and tensile strength in the single yarn to the twist and tensile strength of the ply yarn. The Problem It was the purpose of this study to relate the tensile strength of ply yarns to the tensile strength of single yarns in terms of twist per inch in the ply as related to the twist per inch in the single yarUo The factor of twist was selected to show this relationship be cause it more than any other affects the strength of staple yarnso When a textile mill is confronted with making a two-ply yarn, the ques tion immediately arises as to what twist per inch in the single yarn should be combined with what twist per inch in the two-ply yarn. The problem is solved by a few trials until a two-ply yarn is obtained that meets the specificationsj however, it is never known whether the best product of ply yarn was manufactured or not. In this study an attempit has been made to solve this problemo Definition of Terms Used Twist.—The turns about its axis, per unit of length, observed in a fiber, yarn or cord. Twist in the "S" and "Z" Directionsc--A yarn or cord has a "S" twist if when held in a vertical position, the spirals conform in the direction of slope to the central portion of the letter "S", and *'Z" twist if the spirals conform in the direction of slope to the central portion of the letter "Z". Twist Besultant of a Yarno--When a single yarn with a "S" twist is twisted together in a two-ply yarn in the direction of "Z" twist, the difference in turns per inch in the single yarn between the turns per inch in the ply yarn will be expressed in this thesis as a resultant in the "S" or "Z" direction, depending on which was the greater of the two, Yarn Counto--In the cotton system for numbering yarns, the count of a yarn is the number of 8k0 yard lengths per pound. The count is deslg* nated as this number followed by a small letter "s"o Hank Eoving (HR)--Whereas, count is used to designate the product of the spinning frame, hank roving is used to designate the product of the roving frame <> It is the same numerically as count but is a loosely twisted product with a much heavier weight per unit length than yeirn. Deniero—A unit of a yarn numbering system used commonly with filament yarns. A denier is equal numerically to the number of grams per 9000 meters« - Twist Multiple or Twist Factor.-^This factor is the ratio of the twist per inch divided by the square root of the yarn count. Method of Attack The yarn count of 30s was selected for both nylon and cotton yarns. Specimens of these yarns with a range of low to high twist multi ples were then spun from a selected stock of Egyptian cotton roving and also from a nylon staple roving. No blending was performed in this study and only 100 per cent cotton or 100 per cent nylon yarns were made <, Each specimen of single tYfist was then two-plyed and twisted into specimens of ply twisty ranging from a low to a high twist in the two- ply. The combinations of single twist with twist in the two-ply were numerous_, and each specimen of ply yarn was labeled in its proper series. The single yarn specimens as well as the ply yarn specimens were given a series of tests for counts^ twist per inch, and breaking strengths. Next a base for comparison of all the numerous combinations had to be considered. It was decided to group all the ply yarn speci mens together when they had the same difference in single and ply twist. These groups were evaluated for the best ply yarn strength. The twist resultants of the ply yarn were thought to represent a balance of twist in the yarn, and an attempt was made to relate the balance of twists for the best ply yarn strengths. However, the data as analyzed did not show that the resultant was a prime indicator of ply yarn strength, and another approach to the problem was madeo Next,, the ratio of the twist multiple squared of the single yarn divided by the ply turns per inch was used as an indicator of ply yarn strength. This method proved more suc- cessfulo Review of Previously Related Literature In general very little could be found on ply yarn strength from the standpoint of relating twist in the single yarn to twist in the ply yarUo It was noted that a correlation had been found between skein and single end breaking strength of ply yarns;, and that the effect of twist on ply yarn contraction had been related by Zobel(l).o This work was done by the analysis of yarn diameter, single and ply, with a micro scopic technique. Other studies could be found on the measurement of helix angles of ply yarns» Several formulas for yarn dianteters, single and ply, could also be found. The formula below which gives a predicted number of turns left in a single yarn as it rests in the ply yarns, provided the twist per inch in the singles exceeds the twist per inch in the ply, was the closest approach to the problem of ply strength. It was from this formula that the writer gained the idea of using this ratio as an in dicator of ply yarn strength,, Turns per inch K (Single ToMo) remaining in a _ ,__,______.-__,__. single yarn "" Ply Turns per Inch In this formula K would vary with the counts of the single yarn and as long as the single twist exceeded the ply twist in an opposite direction, this formula would give a close approximation of the turns per inch remaining in a single yarn. However, in this study the ratio of the single twist multiple squared divided by the ply turns per inch has been used as an indicator of ply yarn strength regardless of the amount of ply turns per incho CHAPTER II THE PROCEDUEE Materials and Equipment.--The materials used in this study included Egyptian cotton roving which was obtained from the Clark Thread Compa ny _, AustellJ Georgia, and nylon roving which wag obtained from the Newnan Cotton Mills, Newnan, Georgia, Nylon was selected for this study in addition to cotton, so that a modern synthetic fiber would be repre sented as well as a natural fibero The regular cotton mill processing equipment located in the A. French Textile School of the Georgia Institute of Technology was used in this study. The pieces of equipment used included the following- one Saco-Lowell Long Draft Spinning frame, one Whitin Model B twister, one Brown and Sharpe Company Roving Reel, one Brown and Sharpe Company Yarn Reel, one Christian-Becker Company Chainomatic Analytical Balance (with gram weights), one Alfred Suter Twist Counter, one Goodbrand Company Twist Counter, one Henry Scott loPo 2 Single Strand Yarn Tester, one Alfred Suter Vertical Single Strand Yarn Tester, and one Niagara Company Air Conditioning Unit with Westinghouse Company controls and Foxboro Company Temperature and Humidity Recorder, The facilities of the standard conditioned Physical Testing Lab oratory of the Ao French Textile School were used in making the various tests on the spun yarn sampleso Experimental Operationso—The Egyptian cotton roving selected for this work was of uniform quality. It normally would have been made into yarns for sewing thread, and cotton sewing thread requires the best quality, combed long staple stock. The staple length in this case was 1 /32 inches, and the hank roving number was ^o4 HE. • _ ' The nylon staple roving was two and one-half inches in staple length. The denier of the nylon was 3»0 ^'^'^ "the hank roving number was 3oO HR, The Saco-Lowell Long Draft Spinning Frame used in this study was ideally adapted for both types of fibers, since the cotton roving could be made into yarn on one side of the frame, the "Eoth" side of the frame, and the nylon roving could be m8,de into yarn on the other side of the frame, the "Z" side of the frame. It was decided to spin a count of 30s for both cotton and nylon. This count of yarn in the singles is commonly made into a two-ply yarn and it was desired to test a two-ply yarn that was made of an average count as used by the textile industry. Sixteen bobbins of yarn were spun first with the twist multiple of 2.50. Next, the twist multiple of 2„7.5 was used, and thus the twist multiple was increased by 0o25 until the twist multiple of 6.00 was run in the case of cotton. The last twist multiple used in the case of nylon was 5o50<> In figuring the twist constant to use in calculating the twist gears for each of the twist multiples, the twist per inch produced in a sample of the yarn run was multiplied by the actual gear that had been used on the machine. Since this constant was very close to the theoretical constant, it, rather than the theoretical constant was used, as it allowed for tape slippage, traveler lag, and yarn contraction. The single yarns produced had, within very close limits, the twists predicted for each twist multiple» Forty breaking strengths were then recorded for each twist multiple on the Suter single strand yarn testero This tester was located in the Physical Testing Laboratory where standard testing conditions are maintained as specified by the American Society for Testing Materials. The Standard Atmosphere is that atmosphere having a relative humidity of 65 per cent as 70 degrees F. A tolerance of plus or minus 2 per cent in relative humidity and plus or minus 2 degrees F. in temperature is allowed(2). The single yarn strengths were then compared with the single yarn twist multiples. The Whitin Model B Twister was used in two-plying the single yarn. Two single yarns that had the same twist were two-plyed into a series of varying ply yarn twists. This procedure was followed until all twist multiples for single yarns had been twisted together with varying twists in the two-ply. As in the case of the spinning frame the twist constant Y/as fig ured by taking the actual twist per inch in a specimen, of yarn and mul tiplying it by the twist gear used at the time. When this constant was compared to the theoretical constant, only a small difference, due to twist contraction, tape slippage, and traveler lag, could be noted be tween it and the theoretical constant. However, in the case of ply yarn twist per inch, specific twist per inch tests were run for each bobbin of two-ply yarn. Each bobbin of two-ply yarn produced was given an identifying number, and ten ply twist samples were taken from the bobbin and recorded with the identifying number for the bobbiUo This procedure was thought important because even though there was less variation in ply yarn twist than in single yarn twist, the average twist might be consistently higher or consistently lower than the predicted twist for the bobbin^ Therefore, in the same thente of treating each ply yarn bobbin as a unity with its own ply twist conditions, the count of the ply yarn was recorded from a series of count measurements on the bobbin. Then forty single strand breaking strengths were taken from the bobbin and re- cordedo Other bobbins of ply yarn, representing different combinations of single and ply twist were treated in the same manner„ All of the twist in the single yarn was in the "Z" direction,, All of the twist in the ply yarn was in the "S" directiono This system was used as it is the most common practice of textile mills» Also, most of the combinations of ply and single twist were the cases of a low twist in tlie singles combined with a high twist in the ply so that most of the resultants of twist were on the "S" side,, This procedure was followed to a lesser extent with nylon, and almost as many result ants were on the "Z" as the ^^S" side» After the twist samples, breaking strength samples, and count samples were taken for each ply yarn specimen, the difference in single and ply twist was recorded as a resultant in the "S" or "Z" direction for each ply yarn specimen. Eanges of resultants were set up which progressed from the high est "Z" resultant to zero, where the **Z" and "S" twist were equal, and then from the lowest "S" resultant to the highest "S" resultant. Since the ply yarn twist varied slightly, the number of specimens of ply yarn to serve as samples of each resultant range varied from 10 three to five or seven. When this study had progressed to this point of the formation of samples into groups of resultant ranges of twist, the procedure was to treat the data as in a spinning evaluation testo The best strength of each resultant range group was calculated by fitting a straight line, using the method of least squares, to the count strength products of the various yarn counts, calculating the point at which this line intersects the ordinate for the count chosen, and dividing this value by the count chosen to obtain the index of best strength„ The count chosen is an arbitrary one, and in this case was 15s« This index of yarn strength, called the "Weighted Average" strength, was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture(3). The next approach to the problem of ply yarn strength was based on the ratio of the square of the single twist multiple divided by the ply turns per inch. On this basis the data ^as regrouped for study„ 11 TABLE lo OPERATING DATA FOR SACO LOWELL LONG DRAFT SPINNING FRAME ROTH SIDE WITH EGYPTIAN COTTON Hank Fed k.k Ends Fed 2 Count Delivered 30s Draft li^o3 Draft Gear ko Draft Constant 573 Twist Multiples 2.50 - 6.00 Twist Gears 32 .- 77 Twist Constant 976 Z SIDE WITH NYLON STAPLE Hank Fed 3.O Ends Fed 2 Count Delivered 30s Draft 21 Draft Gear 27 Draft Constant 573 Twist Multiples 2.50 - 5-50 Twist Gears 35-77 Twist Constant " 976 ROTH AND Z SIDES Cylinder Diameter 8" Whorl Diameter I-I/8" Front Roll Diameter l" Ring Diameter 1-3/k" 12 TABLE 2. OPERATING DAITA FOR WHITIN MODEL B TWISTER Counts Fed 30s Ends Fed 2 Twist Constant Top Roll 1568 Twist Constant Bottom Roll 7OO Twist Gears Top Roll 3I - 39 Twist Gears Bottom Roll 20-68 Cylinder Diameter 8" Front Roll Diameter 1^" Whorl Diameter 1-5/8" Ring Diameter 2§" 13 CHAPTER III TESTS CONDUCTED All yarn tests were conducted in the Physical Testing Laboratory under standard conditions, and tests described herein were inade accord ing to the standards set by the American Society for Testing materials The untwist-twist method was used to determine the twist per inch in the single yarn, A ten-inch sample was inserted in the jaws of the Goodbrand Tester. The tension on the yarn was applied so that the indicator was at the top mark. As the yarn was untwisted, the indicator went to the bottom mark. Then, as the untwisting continued, the point was reached where all the twist was out and the continued revolving of the jaws at one end tended to twist the yarn together again, so that the yarn contracted and raised the indicator back towards the top mark. The twisting was continued until the indicator reached its starting point at the top mark. Since the total number of turns represents the turns re quired to take all the twist out and put back into the yarn the same amount of twist, this total is divided by two and the resulting figure is divided by ten to get the turns per inch. Fifteen samples were taken for each specimen, and the average of the fifteen twist tests was taken. The yarn number or count of the single yarn was determined by reeling 120 yard samples and weighing the samples on the Christian- Ik Becker Chainomatic Balance o The length and weights were put in the fol lowing formula to determine the countss Yarn Numbers ° Length(Yards) X 7000 Weight (Grains) 8il-0 The counts for ply yarn was determined by the same procedure and formula, except that samples were required to be only 2k- yards in length. The number of samples for each specimen was 25 in the case of counts. The specified number of yards of a specimen was reeled off on a Brown and Sharpe Company Yarn Reelo The weights taken on the Christian-Becker Chainomatic Balance were acc\irate to OoOOOl of a graino The reading in grams was converted to grains for the yarn number formula. The twist per inch for the two-ply yarn was determined by the Suter Twist Counter, In this test ten inch specimens were inserted be tween the jaws of the twist counter and the yarn untwisted in each case until the two single strands of yarn were separated entirely along the ten inch length. Ten tests were conducted for each specimen. Breaking strengths for single and ply yarns were tested by the Suter Vertical Single Strand Yarn Tester (oil plunger type). Specimens were tested between the jaws which were ten inches aparto Care was taken to make certain no twist was lost in inserting the specimen in the jaws of the yarn tester. If the yarn broke at the jaw the results were discarded,, Forty samples were taken for each specimen of yaruo The yarn tester was calibrated by the specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials, The rate of descent of the lower jaw was set at twelve inches per minuteo 15 CHAPTEE IV EESULTS An example illustrating the system of finding the weighted aver age by fitting a straight line^, using the method of least squares, to the count strength products is shown in Table 3° This method was ap plied to groups of ply yarn data having the same twist resultant evalu- atiouo A condensation of the results is shown on Table k for cotton and nylon. The resultants shown are averages for each range of result ants that were grouped together for evaluation. Tables ^ - ik show the ply yarn data groux)ed on the basis of the ratio of single twist multiple squared divided by the ply turns per incho Figures 1-7 show the results of Tables 5-1^ plotted with single twist multiples on the horizontal against count strength products on the verticals As it was not feasible to include in detail the breaking strengths for the cotton and the nylon, only the cotton breaking strengths are shown in detail. Tables 17 -• 9Qy and the average of forty ply breaking strengths for each nylon ply combination are shown in Tables 9-1^" It is noted that nylon ply turns per inch are also shown in Tables 9 - 1^^ a-s they had not been given in detail previously, as had the cotton turns per inch in Tables 17 - 98» Tables 15 - l6 show the equivalent ranges of ply turns per inch 16 for various ratioso Discussion of Results.—The results shown in Table k give lower breaking strength with the resultants from 8-14 to S-33 for cotton. However, in general the results shown in Table k- for cotton and nylon are variable and not conclusivec In Tables 5-8 for cotton the count-strength products for each ratio vary regularly from low to high and back to a low point as the single twist imiltiple progresses, ' In Tables 9-1^ fo^ nylon the count strength products for each ratio vary regularly from a high point to a low point as the single twist multiple progresses. The clue that the ratio of single twist multiple squared divided by the ply turns per inch might be an indicator of ply yarn strength was taken from the formula (6)2 ? Turns per inch _ K(Single TpM.,) remaining in a ~ ~: ~ . , ° Ply Turns per inch single yarn This formula could be used for all cases where the single twist per inch exceeded the ply twist per inch. The constant K varied with the counts. Although all the calculations were on the basis of predict ing twist in the singles and verifying the results experimentally, it was thought that this ratio would be a good indicator of ply yarn strength, even if the ply turns per inch exceeded the single turns per incho It was surmised that as the single twist multiple increased the ply turns per inch had to increase proportionally if the same ratio was maintained. Therefore with both single and ply twist being increased, a 17 trend in the count-strength products within each ratio should be indi cated as in Tables "^ - iko It is noted in Tables 15 - l6 that as the ratio increases the low and high limits of the range of single twist multiples for best strength also increase. It is noted at the same time that the range of ply turns per inch converges to smaller and smaller limits. This is true for cotton as well as nylon. From Figures 1 ~ J a trend of higher count-strength products with higher single twist multiples can be seen as the ratio increases,, Conelusions.--The results that have been given^ relating ply yarn strength to a twist resultant, indicate that the twist resultant is not an effective measure of ply yarn strength. The ratio of the square of the single twist multiple divided by the ply turns per inch has been shown to be a prime indicator of ply yarn strength. When this ratio is constant with the single twist multiple in creasing, the count-strength products of the ply yarns vfill progressive ly vary from low to high or from high to low for cotton yarns, and from high to low for nylon yarns. The trend has also been established that as this ratio increases the range of single twist multiples giving the best strengths also moves forward with its low and high limits o It can be stated that the higher the single twist multiple, the more narrow is the range of ply turns per inch that will give the best strength. 18 It can be stated that the ply yarns^ in the combinations possible for the higher ratios, are more consistently in the higher strength brackets than the ply yarns with combinations possible in the lower ratioso It is, therefore, fiirther concluded that the best strengths are found in the higher ratio groups. 19 TABLE 3. EXAMPLE OF USING THE: WEIGHTED AVERAGE BY FITTING A STRAIGHT LINE USING THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES, TO THE COUNT-STRENGTH PRODUCTS FOR COTTON RESULTANT GROUP Z - 6 DATA 2 C ount Strength Count-Strength Product X Y XY x2 16.27 1.92 31.24 508.27 264.71 15.13 lo91 28.90 437.25 228.91 l6.it-0 1.57 25.7if 422 013 268.96 15o70 1,82 28.57 448,55 246.49 63o50 7.22 114o45 1816.20 1009-07 EQUATIONS J Y MX + b i = £Y z MX •¥ Nb XXY r M2X: 2 +• bXX CALCULATIONS i 63o50 M -f- 4 b = 114.45 Y - MX 4- b 1009.07 M -f 63.50 b = 1816.20 Y - -.09022 (15)-f 30.045 - -1007.74 M -63.50 b - -1816032 Y 28.690 lo33 M - -.12 Index - Y 280690 =: lo912 X 15 M = -0O9022 4b - 114.45 - 63o50 (-.90922) b - 30.045 20 TABLE k. BEST STEENG-TH INDEXES FOR COTTON AND NYLON 30/2 STAPLE YAM IN TEEMS OF THE TWIST EESULTANTS OF THE YARNS EESULTANTS COTTON INDEX NYLON INDEX EESULTANTS Z - 6 lo912 2.370 Z - 16 Z - k 1.982 2.330 Z - Ik z - 3 2.106 2.2ii-5 Z - 11 Z - 2 2„080 2.200 Z . 8 0 2.070 2.372 Z - 5 S - 2 1.997 2 017ii- Z - 3 S - 3 1.99^ 2o302 0 S - k 2,028 2.159 S 2 S - 6 2.176 2.150 s - 3 S - 8 2.096 2,280 s - 6 S - 10 2.0^8 2.210 s - 8 S - 12 1»9^0 1.780 s - 10 3 - Ik 2.101 2.178 s - li^ s - 15 I0927 1.82ii- s - 16 s - 17 2.062 l„386 s - 20 S - 20 2.06^4- lo908 s - 2.k s - 23 2.073 2^063 s - 27 s - 25 1.890 2.23if s - 33 s - 29 1.740 s - 33 1.510 21 Table 5<. Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch, Ratio »20-.30 Single ToMo Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 50 16.25 1.9^ 31.5 50 11^,80 2.20 32.5 50 li^-.10 19 30.8 75 15.00 12 31.8 00 15.00 Ik 32.1 3oOO 15.05 1.99 29.9 3.25 13.60 2.31 31.^ 3.50 13 = 10 l,8if 2lf.l Ratio o30-JfO Single T.M, Counts Strength 'ount-Strength Product 2,50 15o25 lo93 29o4 2.50 16085 2.15 36.0 2.75 14.85 2.35 34.9 3oOO 16.40 2o23 36.5 3o25 14.70 2.24 32 o9 3.50 13 080 2.30 31.7 3.50 13.50 2.25 30o3 3<.75 14»32 2ol4 30c6 3.75 l4ol5 ' 1.88 26.6 4oOO l4o24 1.88 26,7 i+.25 11.53 2.06 23.7 28 Table 6. Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch. Ratio A0-o50 Single ToM. Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 2.75 16.1 1 = 97 31.0 3.00 15.6 2.18 3^.0 3.25 15.35 2o27 3.50 15.60 2.09 32 3.75 13 »9^ 2o25 31 14-.00 12.82 2.42 31 i|-c25 13 M 2o35 31 i^-.50 12o0i<- 2.01 24.2 ^o75 13 c 35 1.92 23.2 ^.75 12.i+0 1.68 20.8 5.00 13olO 1.68 22.0 5.00 12.21 l.ij-2 17.3 Ratio .5O-.6O Single T.M, Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 2.50 16„20 1.77 28, 3=25 14.70 2c20 32, 3.75 14.00 2o40 33. 4.00 15.12 2„13 33.0 4.25 15.84 2ol2 33.5 4.50 14.96 2.08 31.1 5.00 14.57 1.82 26 „5 5.25 12.36 1.69 2.08 5.50 12.70 1.39 17.3 23 Table 7o Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch. Ratio 060-070 Single T.M. Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 2.50 16.85 1.52 25.6 3oOO 15.70 1.87 29o3 3.50 16.27 1,90 30o9 I4-.OO l6o29 2.13 3^.7 k,2^ 16.26 2o06 33.5 ko^O 13.96 2c21 30.8 ^.75 13.85 2*05 28.5 5.00 12.00 2o26 27.0 5.25 13.61 1.92 25.1 5.50 12 0 ^1-0 lo79 22 o2 Ratio „70-.80 Single T.M, Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 2o75 • l6o75 l.i|-9 2ij.„9 3.25 I5oii-0 1.87 28o7 3.75 li^.50 2.29 33.2 i^.50 I3o70 2.25 31.9 ^.75 ikM 2.06 29o8 5o00 li^-o50 2.15 31.2 5o20 Ik.^k 1.99 28.8 5.50 15 0^7 lo72 27.0 5 = 75 13.^^-7 2.02 27.2 6.00 li^o67 1,5^ 22.6 2k Table 8„ Cotton 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch, Eatio .80-„90 Single T.M, Counts Strength C ount-Stre ngth Produc t 3.00 16 Ao 1.57 25.7 i^-oOO 16.68 l.9ii- 32.3 ^o75 15 Ao 2.16 33.0 5.25 15.20 lo98 30.0 5.50 15.70 lo78 28.1 6,00 13.77 1.66 23.8 Ratio .90-1.00 Single T.M. Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 3.75 160 27 1.92 31.2 ^.25 15.24 2.07 31.5 ^.50 15.73 2,04 32.0 5.00 15^79 1^99 3lo4 5.50 14.78 lo90 28a 5.75 14.50 1.91 2.77 6,00 14,29 1,86 18.6 Eatio 1.00-1,20 Single T.M. Counts Strength Count-Strength Product 3o25 I5o70 1,82 28.5 4.75 15.13 1.90 28,7 5o25 14.60 2.21 32.2 5o50 13.73 2.13 29.2 5.75 160 01 1.78 29.0 6,00 13.41 1.96 26,3 25 Table 9° Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch. Eatio 0IO-.20 Single T.M. Counts Strength Ply T.P olo Count-Strength Product 2.50 13.72 2.00 3^.5 27 oil. 2.50 13.20 2.00 ko,Q 26.4 2o75 12.76 1.92 39.7 2k,^ 2.75 11.97 1.87 k8.9 22.5 3.00 11.1^6 1.89 5^.0 21.6 3.25 lloi4-2 lo78 5^.0 20,3 Ratio .20-.30 Single T.M. Counts Strength Ply ToP..1 . Count-Strength Product 2.50 13 =. 72 2oli|- 28o2 29,1+ 2.75 lit-.22 2.11 28<,2 30.0 2o75 12.97 2.13 3^.1 28.0 3.00 13.73 1.9^ 32.1 26.6 3.00 12.8ij- 2.05 39.5 26.2 3.25 13«l6 2.09 3^oO 27.1| 3.25 12.35 2.15 37.0 26.6 3.25 12.21^. 1.98 kk,3 2i^.i^ 3.50 11.72 2„02 kk,0 23.6 3o50 10.87 lo78 52 ol 19.2 3.75 10.80 1,6k 52.2 17.8 26 Table 10. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Turns per Inch. Ratio .30-.i]-0 Single T.M. Counts Strength Ply T.P.I. Count' -Strength Product 2.50 lit-. 12 2.32 20.2 32.7 2.75 li|-.50 2.36 20o3 3i|.2 3.00 lit-. 00 2.25 26„7 31.5 3.25 13.56 2.27 27.2 31.0 3.50 13.20 2.10 32«0 27.7 3.50 13.56 1.98 39.5 27.0 3.75 11.8i^ 2.23 39.7 26.3 3.75 10.61 2.13 i^3.0 22.6 i|-.00 II080 1.87 i+3.2 22.0 il-.OO 11.30 1.80 52 oil 20.it- 4.25 11.81 I085 52.0 21.0 Ratio . i4-0-o50 Single T.M. Counts Strength Ply ToP.I. Count--Strength Product 2.50 1^.95 2.17 15 o3 32.5 3.00 lit-. 72 2.10 19.8 31.0 3.50 13.91 2„17 27.5 30.3 3o75 12.30 2.it-0 32 o2 29.5 4.00 11,60 2.22 39.it- 25.6 if,25 13.29 1.91 38.7 25.2 it-.25 12.11 1.91 it-3o2 23.it- it-.50 13.00 1.91 ^3^1 2ifo5 ^.75 11.55 1.78 52.2 20.6 27 Table 11. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Turns per Inch» Ratio .50-.60 Single T.M = Counts Strength Ply ToPoIo Count-Strength Product 2.75 15 A7 2.25 15.0 35oO 3.25 15o00 2.09 19o7 31o^^ 3o75 13.15 2.25 27.3 29.5 i+.OO 12.i|-2 2A5 33 .i^ 30.1 k,2^ 13o05 2.11 32.1 27.5 k.^O 13 c 60 1.96 39=5 26.6 ^.75 12„17 lo9^ hk,2 23.6 5oOO 12.02 1.82 52o0 22.0 5.25 11.25 1.85 52.5 20.5 5.50 11. OX 1»75 52.ii- 19=5 Ratio . 60-.70 Single T.M. Counts Strength Ply T.P.I. Count-Strength Product 2.50 15.28 2.22 10.0 34o0 3.00 15.84 2.13 lif.9 33.6 3.25 ih-M 2.35 11^.8 3-^.0 3c50 lif.77 2.37 19.7 34 o5 l+.OO 13065 2.33 26.7 32.0 if.25 13.61 2.3h 27.0 32.0 if.50 13.87 2.10 33oO 28.Ji- i^.75 12.77 2.19 39o5 28.0 5.00 li<-ol0 1.90 39.2 27,0 5o00 12„6l 1.96 kk.2 2if.8 5.25 11.89 1.90 43o7 22.3 28 Table 12. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Turns per Inch. Eatio .70-080 Single T.Mo Counts Strength Ply To?.I. Count -Strength Product 2.75 l^olil- 2M 9.9 35.0 3o75 13.88 2.52 19.1 35.0 14-.00 1^.35 2.25 19.6 32,k 4.50 lif.52 2.20 26.7 32.0 i^.75 12.29 2o31 32.0 28.1+ 5.25 13o02 1.98 39o^ 25o8 5.50 11.29 1.81 it-2.1 20.1^ Eatio .80-.90 • Single ToM. Counts Strength Ply ToP.I. Count--Strength Product 3.50 lif.52 2M Iko^ 35.5 ^.75 1^.7^ 2.25 27.0 33.0 5.00 13.^9 2.13 32.0 28.8 5 = 50 12.61 2.10 39.^ 26.5 Eatio .90-1.00 Single ToM. Counts Strength Ply T.Pol. Count--Strength Product 3.00 ikM 2.3^ 10o2 3^.0 3.75 Ik.'^k- 2.37 15.3 3i^ci^ i+.25 13.95 2.29 19o8 32o0 5o25 13.25 2.24 32.7 29.6 29 Table 13c. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Turns per Incho Ratio 1.00-1.20 Single T.M. Counts Strength Ply T.P.I. Count-Strength Product 3.25 15.20 2.18 9.9 33.2 i|-.00 14,92 2.28 li^.8 3^.0 k.^0 13.85 2.i|-0 19.6 33.2 5.00 13.99 2c25 26.8 31.4 5.25 13.57 2.21 27.0 30 = 5 5.50 ik.B^ 2.21 26o5 32.2 5.50 13.28 2.lif 32.3 2d,k Ratio 1„20-1.30 Single T,M, Counts Strength Ply T.P.I. Count-Strength Product 3.50 li4-.19 2X2 10o2 3h.h i^.25 li^.ll 2,h2 IJ+.7 3^.1 4o75 1^.55 2.l^-5 19.4 35.6 5.00 IkM 2„26 19.6 32.6 Ratio I03O-I.5O Single T.M, Counts Strength Ply T^P.Io Count-Strength Product 3.75 15.12 2.33 10.4 35ol i^-.50 lii-.92 2.25 15.0 33.5 5.25 l3o6ii- 2.43 19.2 33.0 30 Table ik. Nylon 30/2 Yarns Grouped by the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Turns per Inch» Eatio 1.50-1.70 Single T.M, Counts Strength Ply T.P.I. Count-Strength Product i|-.00 li^•o57 2.18 9.7 31.8 ^.75 li^.55 2.35 1^4-.3 3^.0 5.50 15.30 2.19 18.7 33 o5 Eatio 1,70-2.20 Single ToM, Counts Strength Ply T.P.I. Count-Strength Product i^.25 ikM 2.50 9.9 36.0 i^-.50 15.10 2.32 9o7 35.1 5.00 1^.30 2.38 13 06 35.4 5.25 14.29 2.35 13.3 33.4 Eatio 2.20-2„70 Single T.M, Counts Strength Ply ToP.I. Count-Strength Product i^.75 1^.03 2.i^2 10.2 34^0 5.00 Ik,6k 2.1^7 lOoO 36.2 5.25 15.13 2.35 9.7 35.5 5.50 lii-.31 2.36 9.9 33o8 5.50 li^.30 2.38 13.5 34oO 31 Table 15. Comparison of the Ratio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Twist per Inch for Cotton 30/2 Ply Yarns. Ratio Range of Single Twist Range of Multiples for Best Ply Twist Strength per Inch .20 - .30 2.50 - 3.25 - 20-50 .30 - .i+0 2o50 - 3.60 15 - k3 .ko - o50 2.75 - i|.. 10 15 - 1+2 .50 - .60 3.00 - k.6o 15-^2 .60 - .70 3.00 - 1^.75 13 - 37 .70 - .80 .80 - .90 3.25 - 5,00 13 - 36 .90 - 1.00 3.50 - 5.25 13 - 3^ 1.00 - lo20 3.75 - 5.25 13 - 30 i^-.oo - 5.50 13 - 30 32 Table l6. Comparison of the Eatio of the Square of the Single Twist Multiple Divided by the Ply Turns per Inch for N^lon 30/2 Ply Yarns. Eatio Eange of Single Twist Eange of Multiples for Best Ply Turns Strength per Inch .30 - .ko 2.50 - 3^25 15 - 35 ,ko - .50 2.50 - 3.50 12-34 .50 - .60 2o75 - 4.00 12 - 3k .60 - o70 3=00 - 4.50 12 - 34 .70 - .80 3oOO - 4.90 12 - 314- .80 - .90 3.25 - 5olO 12-32 .90 - 1.00 3.50 - 5^10 12 - 29 1.00 - 1.20 3o50 - 5.50 10-30 1.20 - lo30 3o50 - 5.50 9-25 1.30 - lo50 3o75 - 5.50 9-23 1.50 - 1.70 4.00 - 5.50 9-21 1.70 - 2.20 4.25 - 5.50 8-18 2.20 - 2.70 4.25 - 5.50 6 - i4 Count Strength Product 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SINGLE TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BY THE PLY .50-.60 TURNS PER INCH FOR COTTON 30/2 YARN .40-.50 .30-.40 .20-.30 FIGURE 1 Count Strength Product 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBUTIOH OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SIHGLE TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BY THE PLY .80-.90 e TURKS PER IHCH FOR COTTOH 30/2 YARH .70-.80 € .60-.70 Q % FIGURE 2 ^ , —, , 1 -, 1 ,—,—,————1 1———,—^—1——————1— -*-+— +~ T-H- -4-f-- Count oZTQJ^Xa PT*odiici: - + i- f ^ i — +• i,, ,L^k^, itk ZW—-1 1 •—*~—r—^ • •II i^K-i' r^.,^_^ £\ '\9 ^" :^ ^i —f-—H- ^•rj^"^ ih I^^S/^Pk ll^tao^^'i^ •^ !||t V >^ ' i]f' *l?' t t. ••—•••'•• A X 1 1 ' ^ ^ '"^ ^ -+-••- 1 1 i 1 j i 1 1 1 i \ i 1 i i 1 i ! ' 2 i 1 i 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4 .25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBDTIOH OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SIHGLE TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BX THE PLX 1.00-1.20 TURKS PER IfiCH FOR COTTON 30/2 YARH .90-1.00 9 03 FIGURE 3 0^ 1 1 ; 1 • ~ t • • . ^ -> 1 1 Count 1 Strength Product ^ L 4^ k : • iy •-4^1 hifc^s^*--*.^ :' Q "' ^^ i ... 5?.."v i_A.^_."si^.„^..^^ 'XJ "Ni "^ vi S. ^\V ^rv N ^V ::. r :x\^ ::::ZJJ::::^::::^S^.ZZ:.::....:^. ;:I:.l..^^c^;_^flk+:_...__>y \if . -4-!v^\ ^ ^_ , i M >v , , Vl +.._ ^-,-4. +.a^^^.-J!»^-+..--t-4_4_^4/]fc-^--^....--^ ^ " , j3^_i-t \^ w N. 'J' y •^—• • ^jsv \ - X "" • * r • • - ^^^-^*^.-.-j , * ,• • ^ - — • ^ tfrs^"^ ^ \J| x ^7^ X \^^ /] 1 2 i i 1 i —1 n^ III 1 1 I 1 ii 1 1 1—!_.—1 1 <—1 .—1—1—<—<—i—<—i— 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SINGLE TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BY THE PLY .40-.50 3 TURNS PER INCH FOR NYLON 30/2 STAPLE YARN .30-.40 .20-.30 €a .10-.20 Q FIGURE 4 s Count Strength Product 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SINGLE TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BY THE PLY .80-.90 3 TURNS PER INCH FOR NYLON 30/2 STAPLE YARN .70-.80 © .60-. 70 € .50-.60 Q 01 -a FIGURS 5 Coirnt Strength Product 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SINGI^ TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BY THE PLY 1.20-1.30 e TURNS PER INCH FOR NYLON 30/2 STAPLS YARN 1.00-1.20 © .90-1.00 Q 09 FZGOBB e 00 Count Strength Product 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 Single Twist Multiples Legend DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIOS OF THE SQUARE OF THE SINGLE TWIST MULTIPLE DIVIDED BY THE PLY 2.20-2.70 3 TURNS PER INCH FOR NYLON 30/2 STAPLE YARN 1.70-2.20 © 1.50-1.70 € 1.30-1.50 Q to FIGURE 7 ko Table 17. Cotton 3o/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 16.85s Single T.M. - 2.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 10,3 Ratio - .61 Spec imen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.50 21, 1.38 2. 1.^4-0 22. l.k^ 3. IM 23. l.i^l k. 1.53 2k, iM 5. l.ifl 25 0 1.3^ 6. 1.62 26» 1A5 7. 1.59 27. 1.14-2 8. lo56 28. 1.55 9. 1.72 29o l.i+O 10 0 1=57 30. 1.53 11. I065 3I0 1.56 12. lo59 32o 1.60 13. l.i^-8 33. 1.50 ih. lo59 3h. lo52 15 0 1A8 35. 1.68 16. l^^h 36. 1.78 17. 1.1^2 37. I065 18. lo49 38. l<.63 19. 1.53 39o 1.56 20. 1.35 ko. 1.58 Total 60.80 Average I.52 in Table l8. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthso Count - 16.20s Sir]gle T.M. - 2.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 12,5 Satio - .50 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking; Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.60 21, 90 2. lo50 22, 92 3. 1.50 23. 90 k. lo50 2k. 95 5. I06O 25. lo90 6. 1.58 26, lo9i»- 7. I065 27, 1.92 8. 1.68 28, 1.88 9. 1.67 29. 1.78 10 0 1.73 30. lc70 11. 1.58 31. 1.72 12. 1.78 32. 1,92 13 0 1A8 33. 1=80 Ik, lo78 3k. 1.80 15. 1.88 35. I08I4- 160 1.7^ 36. 1.82 IT. 1.68 37. l.8if 18. 1.82 38. 1.9^ 19. 1.90 39< 1.86 20. 1.8i^ ko. 1,88 Total 70,70 Average 1..77 k2 Table I9. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.25s Single T.M. - 2.5O Twist per Inch in the Ply - 11.k- Ratio - .36 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength X Pounds Pounds 1. 2.23 2I0 1.90 2. 2.28 22. 1.9k 3. 2.06 23. 2ol0 k. 1.92 2k. 2,12 5. 2.06 • 25. 1.83 6. 1.93 26. 1.85 7. 1.75 27. 1.85 8. 1.85 28. 2.00 9. 2ol2 29. 1.70 10 0 lo90 30. 1.75 11. 2ol4 3I0 1.73 12. 1.90 32. 1.87 13. 1 = 95 33. 1,98 Ik, lo78 3k. 1.81^ 15<. lo9l 35. 2.02 16. 2.02 36. 1.63 17. 1.70 37. 1.87 18. 1»73 38. 1,80 X9. 1.73 39 1.7k 20. 1.87 ko. 1.77 Total 77.12 Average 1,93 hS Table 20. Cotton 30/2 larn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 16085s Single T.M, - 2,50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - I9.T Ratio - .32 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lol 1 2^15 21. 2o20 2. 2.07 22. 2.00 3. 2.15 23. 2.i2 k. 2„25 2h. 2,25 5. 2.05 25. 2.30 6. 2,05 26. 2.15 7o 2.50 27. 2.25 8. 2,20 28. 2.25 9« 2.05 29. 2.01 10. 2,15 3O0 2.15 11 „ 2o05 31. 05 12. 1.90 32. 50 13 0 2.00 33 0 95 1^. 2M 3h. 39 15» 1.95 35 0 10 16, 2.35 3D. 2„25 17» lc90 37. 2.12 18. 2,10 38. 2o22 19. 2.10 39. 2.35 20 „ 2.08 ko. 2.05 Total 86.11 Average 2.15 kh Table 21. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 16.25s Single T.M. - 2,50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 23.2 Ratio - .27 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.55 2I0 2.03 2. 1.93 22. 2.2i^- 3. 1.97 23. 2.13 k. 1.92 2k, 1.68 5o 1.90 25. 1.83 6. 2„01 26. 1.60 7. 1,90 27. iM 8. 2.03 9. 2.22 28. 1,85 10. 2.lli- 29. 2.03 11. 2.17 30. loSk 12. I083 3i. 2.11^ 13. 1.89 32. 2.23 111-. 1„88 33, 1.80 15. lo93 3^. 2,15 16. 1.98 35o 1.83 17. l.8ii- 36. 2.10 18. 1.66 37. 2.08 19. I063 38. 2.10 20. 1.50 39. 2.02 ko, 2.16 Total 77.56 Average 1.9^ if5 Tahle 22o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l4.80s Single T.M. - 2.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.8 Ratio - o23 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2A2 21. ,08 2. 2.75 22. ,10 3. 2.55 23. 1.80 k. 2.30 2k. 2,15 5o 2„65 25. 2.05 6. 2A0 26. 25 7. 2,22 27. 25 8. 2.22 28. 15 9. 2.20 15 10. 2.00 30c 35 11. 2.15 31. 05 12. 2,25 32 o 21^ 13 0 2.35 33. 15 Ik. 2,25 3^ = 25 15. 2.25 35. 2o08 16. 2a5 36 „ 1,80 17 0 2.00 37. 1.97 18. 2.15 38. 2.0^1- 19. 2.25 39. 2.3^ 20 0 2.15 ko. 2,10 Total 88.01 Average 2.20 kS Table 23. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l4.10s Single TMo - 2.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply -29.1 Ratio - .22 Spec iinen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.J4-9 21, 1.9^ 2. 2.11 22, 1.97 3. 2.2i|. 23. 2.15 k. 2.39 2k, 2.17 5. 2.00 25. 1.80 6. 2.3!^ 26. 2.13 7. 2.2i^ 27. lc9^ 8. 2ol5 28. 2 .2k 9. 2„13 29. o .37 10. 2„10 30. .12 11. 1.98 31. ^9^ 12. 2.20 32. .99 13. 2.25 33. .00 lit-. ' lo95 3^> .00 15. 1.97 35. .28 16. 2,23 36. .23 17. 2.29 37. .80 18. 2.3^ 38< .80 19. 2,if 8 39. .30 2O0 2.28 ifO. 2.50 Total 87.83 Average 2,19 hi Table 2k^ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.50s Single ToMc - 2^50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 39»6 Eatio - .16 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. lo96 21. 07 2o 1.79 22. 86 3o I068 23. 77 k. 2o00 2i^„ 00 5. lo8if 25 o 83 60 I087 26 „ 89 7c 2.li]- 27 = 66 8. 2o02 28„ eh 9c 1.97 29. 11 10 0 2.03 30. lo9^ llo 2o00 3I0 2o03 12 „ lo84 32 o lo98 13 0 2oll 33 c I069 li^. I083 1.92 15 0 1.89 35 c 1.88 16. I062 360 IM 17c 2.01 37o lo93 18 „ 1.73 38. M 19 0 2.Ck 39o Ik 20. 1.70 i^Oo 95 Total 76. ck Average 1.90 i^8 Table 25o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengthso Count - 16.75s Single ToMo - 2oT5 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 10 = 3 Eatio - „73 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. loif2 2I0 39 2c loi^6 22 o 50 3. l.^k 23 0 52 k. lo38 24. ,62 5o 1.52 25 o 60 lo52 26. kk ^, lo52 27 o 58 80 lo32 280 3k 9. 1.60 29o 50 10. 1.5^ 3O0 >52 llo lo38 3I0 32 12o lo50 32 o 38 13.. I062 33o Xk li^o 1.58 58 15 0 I060 35 o 58 160 lo52 360 ,k6 iTo lo55 37 o 50 18. l.i^-8 380 52 19 0 I060 39o k2 20. 1.60 ho. 38 Total 59 o 7^ Average lo49 h9 Table 26. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths,, Count - 16010s Single ToM. - 2„75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 17=6 Eatio - ok3 Specin^n Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. lo92 21, ,02 2o 2o02 22, ,80 3. 1.9^ 23 = ,6k k. 2,00 • 9k 5o 2o00 25 o ,06 6. 1.98 26, 1.97 7o 1.82 27, .08 8. 1,96 28. .78 9c l»78 29o .80 10 0 1,86 30, .9k llo 1.88 3I0 M 12. 1.97 32, .05 13 0 2.02 33 o ,06 Ik. 1.9^ 3k, .95 15 0 2.08 35 o ,00 16 „ 1.8i^ 36» lc75 17 0 2o02 37. 1,9^ 18. 2.08 38, 1.86 19 0 1,88 39 = 2,00 2O0 2,04 ko. 1,96 Total 78.89 Average lc97 50 Table 27. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - lii-.85s Single T.M. - 2.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 23.2 Ratio - .33 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.18 21. 2.25 2o 2.19 22. 2,17 3. 2.50 23. 2.19 k. 2.05 2hr. 2,35 5. 2.25 25. 2,30 6. 2.50 26. 2.65 To 2.35 27. 2o35 8. 2.05 28. 2.35 9. 2.kQ 29. 2.1+2 10. 2.25 30. 2.10 11. 2.25 31. 2,36 12. 2.75 32. 2.28 13 0 2.75 33. 2.55 Ik, 2.55 3k, 2.25 i5o 2.35 35. 2cl5 160 2.40 36. 2.30 17. 2.35 37. 2.52 18. 2.65 38. 2.65 19. 2.25 39o 2.20 2O0 2J^.0 i+0. 2.1+8 Total 9I+029 Average 2.35 51 Table 28o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.00s Single ToM. - 2o75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 28=5 Eatio - .26 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Numbie r Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.00 21, .98 2. 2.00 22, 3o 2.15 23, .25 k. 2.00 2if, .06 5. 2.25 25. .05 6. 2.30 26, .10 To 2o08 27. .25 8. 2.lit- 28, .02 9. 2.10 29. .99 10. 2.18 30, >10 11, 2.30 31. .18 12. 2o30 32, >10 13. 2.25 33. .25 Ik. 2o02 3h, .90 15. 2,18 35. 1.96 16. 1.98 36, .Oi^ 17. 2.25 37. .22 18. 1.95 38, .08 19» 2.i^-5 39. .98 20, 2.30 ko. 2.25 Total 85.08 Average 2ol2 52 Table 29. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.85s Single T.M. - 2.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 39»^ Ratio - .19 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.86 21. 96 2. 2.0it- 22. 92 3. 2pl2 23 o 00 h. 2„15 2k. 87 5. 2.12 25. 10 6. 2.00 260 12 7. 2.12 27. ch 8. 2.15 28. 98 9o 2.02 29. 03 10. 1.92 30. 00 11. 2.06 31. &\. 12. 2o05 32. 95 13. 2.12 33. 12 Ik, 1.88 3k. Oil- 15. 2.10 35 o 18 16. 2o06 36. 1.8ii- IT. 2,0i|- 37. 1.89 180 1.86 38. 2oll+ 19. lo92 39. 2.00 20. 2.00 ^Oo lo98 Total 80,59 Average 2.01 53 Table 30= Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - I6AOS Single TM. - 3-00 Twist per Inch in the Ply ~ 10.3 Ratio - .87 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Stre ngth Pounds Pounds 1. 1.66 21, 6k 2. 1.62 22 „ 58 3o 1.60 23. ii.8 i^. 1.62 2i^. 60 5. 1.62 25. 62 60 1.6k 26. 1.61^ 7. iM 27. 1.56 8. 1.62 28. 60 9. lo64 29. ^k 10. 1.60 30» 65 11. 1.60 31. kQ 12. l.i^8 32. 1=56 13. lo58 33 o lok^ Ik. 1,60 3k. 1.68 15o 1.50 35. 1.62 16. l.i^8 36. iM 17. 1.60 37. 1.56 18. l.l^-8 38. 1.64 19. l,kk 39. 1.52 20. 1.58 ko. 1.60 Total 62,92 Average 1.57 ^ Table 31. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.70s Single T.M. - 3.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - iko^ Ratio - .61 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 1.68 21, 2. 1.52 22, .97 3. 1.86 23 ,02 h. 1=7^ 2k. lo98 5. 2.02 25. 1.72 6. 1.85 26, 1.89 7. 1.82 27. 1.80 8. 1.86 28, 1.85 9. 1.82 29, lo9^ 10. lc90 30, 2.0i+ 11. 1.80 31. 1.92 12. lo70 32. 1 .85 13o lo92 33. 1 M li^. lo96 3^. 1 .72 15. 2.00 35. 1.58 16. 2,05 36. 1 .65 17. 1.98 37. 2 ,08 18. 2.05 38< 1 .87 19. 1.88 39. 2 .02 20. lo96 ko. 1.80 Total 7^.75 Average 1.86 55 Table 32„ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 15.60s Single T.M. - 3.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 20o0 Eatio - ci+5 SpeciiJ^n Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.15 21, 2.1+1+ 2„ 2^15 22, 2o28 3. 2.30 23 < 2o30 k. 2.32 21+, 1,88 ^0 2.36 25. 1.9^ 6. 2.40 26, 2.22 7. 2.20 27. 2„i+5 8. 2,3^^ 28. 2.15 9. 2o05 29. 2.28 10 0 lo90 30. 2.30 11. 2oif0 3l< 2o20 12. 2„2i^- 32. 1.90 13o 2.1+7 33. .08 Ik. 2.i|-5 3V. .05 15 0 2.214- 35. .25 16„ 2.05 36. .01 17. 2.11-7 37 = 1.96 180 2,25 38. 2o01 19. 2.01 39. 1.92 20, 1.94 ko. 2.18 Total 87.1+9 Average 2.18 56 Table 33„ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - l6J\-0s Single T.M. - 3°00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.6 Eatio - o33 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.15 21. 2.i+7 2. 2,00 22. 2.20 3o 2.33 23o 2o03 k. 2,20 2k o 2.2h 5. 1.95 25. 2.33 6. 2ol3 260 2.27 7o 2.03 27. 2.38 8. 2A7 28 0 2 .,45 9o 2A8 29„ 2.18 10 0 2.32 30. 2oi^2 11. 2.30 31^ 2.27 12 0 2.2i|- 32. 2„30 13. 2„27 33. 2.28 14. 2,25 3^0 1.92 15. 2.49 35. 2.00 16. 2„32 360 1„98 17 0 2,li7 37. 2o03 18. 2.21^ 380 1.95 19» 2.32 39P 2.08 2O0 2 e 15 kO. 2o32 Total 89.21 Average 2o23 57 Table ^k, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 15.00s Single T.M. - 3.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3^*1 Ratio - .26 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1, 2.il-2 21. lo9^ 2. 2.42 22, 1<.78 3. 2.25 23. ,26 k. 2.2ii. 2k. .38 5. 2.00 25. .25 6. 2.15 26. ,00 7. 2.15 27, .15 8. 2.10 28, .28 9. 2.10 29. .10 10 0 2.17 30, 1.88 11. 2.34 31< 2.05 12. 2.27 32. 1.86 13.. 2.23 33. 2.15 Ik. 2.15 3k. 2.15 15 = 2.11.5 35. 2.20 16. 2.15 36. 2.04 17. 2 010 37 c 2.10 18. 1.90 38 c 2.16 19. 1.77 39. 2,18 2O0 2,18 ko. 2.23 Total 85,68 Average 2olif 58 Table 35' Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.05s Single T.M. - 3.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - i4-0.2 Ratio - o22 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2o00 21. 95 2. 2.15 22. 10 3" 1.90 23. 85 k. 2.li; 00 5. 2.00 25. 15 6. 2„02 26. 05 7. 2.02 27. 90 8c 1.75 28. 00 9. 1.93 29 o 80 10. 1.96 30» 90 11. 2.03 3I0 1.90 12. 1.90 32 o 2.10 13« 2o05 33 o 15 Ik, I085 3^. 00 15. 2.08 35. 96 16. 2.05 36. 81+ 17^ 1,96 37« 08 18. 2.25 38. 2.15 19 c 1.92 39o l„8o 20. 2o02 ii-0. l»95 Total 79.53 Average lo99 59 Table 36. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 15.70s Single T.M. - 3.25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 10.1 Ratio - 1.06 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.96 21, ,88 2. 1.80 22, ,82 3. 1.75 23, 1.64 k. 1.88 2k. 1.75 5. 1.82 25, 1.94 6. 1.92 26, 1.80 7. I.7I+ 27, 1.90 8. 1.82 28, 1.82 9. 1..88 29, 1.78 10. 1.78 30. ,88 11. 1.78 31. .^k 12. 1.80 32. ,86 13. 1.88 33. .95 Ik. 1.68 3k. ,80 15. 1.75 35. 1.92 16. l.Si^- 36. 1.83 17. 1.78 37. 1,70 18. 1.66 38. 1.88 19. 1.86 39. 1.93 20. 1.78 ko. 1.87 Total 72.85 Average 1.82 6o Table 37. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l'^J\-Os Single ToM. - 3.25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - li^.8 Ratio - .71 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 1.78 2. 1.9^ 22. 1.92 3. 1.86 23. 1.72 4o 1.92 2k, 1.87 5. 1.86 25, 1.84 6. 1.78 26. 1.90 7. 1.80 27. 1.78 8. 1.76 28 2,00 9. 1.96 29» 1.87 10. 1.98 3O0 1.92 lie 1.9^ 31. 1.85 12. 1.96 32. 1 = 95 13. 1.86 33. 2.02 li^. 1.92 3^^. 1.80 15« 1.66 35. 1.84 16. l.8ii- 36. 1,92 17. 1.83 37. 1.90 18. 1.7^ 38. 1.78 19. 1.78 39. 1.95 20. 1.95 ko. 1.90 Total 7^090 Average 1.87 61 Table 380 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 111-.70s Single ToM. - 3.25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 19.7 Ratio - .53 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 2.25 2, 2.35 .22. 2.30 3. 2.30 23 = 2.05 k. 2.30 2h,, 2.05 5. 2.15 25. 2.25 6, 2.20 26. 2.il5 7. 2.30 27. 2.00 8„ 2.05 28. 30 9. 2.20 20 10. 2.il.0 30, 15 110 2.10 31. 20 12. 2ol0 32. 2.38 13» 2.40 33. 2ol5 li^. 2.10 3^. 2..30 l5o 2.20 35. 2,30 16. 2.30 36. 2.00 17. 2.05 37. 2.10 18. 2.15 38. 2.30 19. 2.20 39. 2.00 20< 2.25 i^O. 2.1i-0 Total 880 28 . Average 2„20 62 Tahle 39= Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.35s Single T.M. - 3.25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26»5 Ratio - J+0 Specimen Breaking Sx)ecimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1» 2.60 21, 2.30 2. 2.25 22, 2.k^ 3. 2„10 23^ 2.10 k. 2.30 2k. 2.50 5. 2.15 25. 2.20 60 2.20 26, .25 7. 2.40 27. .30 8„ 2o30 28, o35 9. 2.30 29, olO 10 c 2.25 30. .ko 11. 2.20 31. .35 12 „ 2„05 32 < .20 13<. 2.50 33. .15 Ik, 2.30 3k. M^ 15 c 2.20 35. >30 16. 2.15 36. .30 17. 2.25 37 c .30 18. 2.15 38. 2.^5 19c 2.25 39. 2.20 20, 2.30 ko. 2.15 Total 91.00 Average 2.27 63 Table kO, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - lil-.TOs Single T.M. ~ 3o25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 33 "3 Ratio - o32 Specimen Bi'eaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2,20 21„ 12 2. 2.55 22. ko 3. 2.20 23 o k. 2.20 2k. 01+ 5o 2,60 25. 38 6« 2o53 26. .50 7. 2.2i<- 27 o ,10 8. 2a.o 28. ,20 9o 2.23 29o 05 10c 2.15 30» 30 11. 2.25 31. 25 12. 2.05 32. 25 13. 2ol5 33. 15 Ik. 2.37 3^0 30 15. 2.03 35. 25 16. 2o53 36» 20 17. 2,50 37. 2.10 18. 2.05 38. 2.35 19. 2.0^ 39. 2.28 20. 2=32 ko. 2.05 Total 89.71 Average 2o2i^ 6k Table kl. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.60s Single T.M. - 3.25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ij-0.1 Eatio - .26 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2oi<-0 21, 2.30 2. 2.30 22, 2.25 3. 2 .h2 23. 2.i|-5 hr. 2.30 21^, 2.1+0 5. 2.14-0 25. 2.55 6. 2.32 26, 2.30 7. 2.35 27. 15 8. 2.30 28. 1+0 9 = 2.00 29. 35 10. 2.3I1 30. 55 11. 2.35 31. 30 12, 2.35 32. 2.. 10 13t 2„30 33. 2.20 1\. 2,15 3^. 2.1+0 15 2.50 35. 2.15 16. 2.15 36 < 2o20 17. 2.05 37. 2o25 180 2.60 38. 2.50 l9o 2.2k 39. 2.1+5 20. 2,35 1+0. 2o30 Total 92o72 Average 2.32 65 Table 42. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 16.27s Single T.M. ~ 3.5O Twist per Inch in the Ply - 19.9 Ratio - .62 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.98 21. 1.94 2. 1.91 22. 2.00 3. 2.02 23. 1.75 i^. 1.92 21;. 1.78 5. 1.87 25. 1.96 6c 1.76 26. 1.85 7. 1.80 27« I089 8. 1.80 28. 1.94 9. 1.8i^ 29. 97 10 0 2.00 30. Oi; 11. 2.05 31. 00 12 0 1.8i^ 32. 75 13. 1.86 33. 1.86 li^. 1.82 3h. .96 15. 2.00 35. ,00 16. 1.90 36. 1.94 17. 1.76 37. 1,85 18. 1.94 38. 1.92 19. 1.90 39. 1.97 20. 1.78 i;o. 2,02 Total 76. li; Average 1.903 66 Table i<-3o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count 15.62s Single T.M. - 3,50 Twist p^r Inch in the Ply - 25.8 Eatio - .47 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.90 21, 1.92 2c 2.02 22. 2.00 3 = 2.15 23. 2.10 k. 2.20 2U. 2„25 5<. 2.15 25. lo98 6, 2„20 26. 2,00 7. 2.10 27 0 1.98 8. 2.10 2.8. 2.00 9. 2.30 29» 2.25 10 0 2.hr0 30. 2.30 11. 2.15 3I0 2.30 12 „ 2.10 32 0 2.15 i3o 2.00 33. 2o00 l4o 2.05 3h. 2.35 15. 2.15 35. 1.75 16. 1.80 36. 1.8i+ 17. 1.84 37. lo93 18. 1.80 38. 2.10 19. 2.15 39o 2.6k 20. 2.30 ko. 2.i|-0 Total 83.50 Average 2.09 67 Table kk. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.86s Single T.M. - 3.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3^«7 Ratio - <,35 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.50 21. 2„50 2. 2o30 22, 1.85 3. 2.15 23. 2.65 k. 2.25 2k, 2,25 5. 2.15 25. 2,30 6. 2.15 260 2„00 7. 2.00 27. 2.35 8. 2.25 28. 2.50 9o 2.50 29. 2„15 10. 2.50 30. 2.20 lie 2o5^ 31. 2.1^-0 12. 2.65 32. 2,25 13. 2.5i^• 33. 2.25 11^. 2.50 3h. 2.11-0 15. 2.20 35. 2.35 16. 2,15 36. 2A5 17. 2«30 37 0 2.50 18. 2.25 38» 2.60 19. 2.05 39c 2.10 20. 1.90 )4.0. 2.10 Total 91.98 Average 2.29 68 Tahle h^. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.50s Single T. M. - 3.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 39 •5 Eatio - .31 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 2.35 2. 2o05 22. 2o00 3o 2.30 23. 2.k6 k. 2.00 2k. 2.)+0 5. 2.25 25. 2.20 6. 2.20 26. 2.25 To 2.15 2T. 2.15 8. 2.25 28. 2.ij-0 9. 2.15 29. 05 10. 2.3^ 30. 25 11. 2ol5 31 = 10 12. 2.30 32. 50 13. 2o30 33. 15 Ik, 2M 3^. 60 15. 2.30 35" 15 16. 2.14-0 36. 2.20 IT. 2.15 3T. 2.20 180 2o05 38. 2.25 19. 2.55 39. 2.10 20, 2.50 ko. 2.35 Total 89.99 Average 2.25 69 Table k6. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13c17s Single T,Mo - 3.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ^9''T Ratio - .25 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Numb sr Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1 = 1.90 21. 1.95 2. 1.75 22 o 1.75 3o 1.80 23. 1088 1^. 1.76 2k. 1.72 5. 1.77 25. 1.95 6„ 1.75 260 1.98 7. 1.80 27. lo93 8. 1.88 28. 1.78 9o 1.95 29« 1.88 10 0 2.00 30. I080 11. 1.78 31. 1.9^ 12. 1.80 32. lo72 13. 1.72 33. >68 Ik. 2.10 3k. .87 15. lo90 35. .91 16. 1.70 36. 1=75 17. 1.75 37» 95 18. 1.86 38. 73 19. 1.95 39. 92 ?.0„ 1.75 ko. 98 Total 73 o 7^ Average 1.81^ 70 Table 47. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l6o27s Single T.M. - 3.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ik."J Ratio - .96 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.80 21. 2.04 2. 1.80 22. 1.92 3. 1.80 23. lo90 k. 1.92 2k. 1.80 5. 2.00 25. 1„96 6. 2.02 26. 2.02 7. 1.90 27. 1.91+ 8. 2.05 28. 1.82 9o 1.86 29. 1.82 10. 1.78 30. 2.00 11. 1.92 J-'-« 1.95 12. 2.0^4- 32. 1.90 13° 1.96 33. 1.80 111-. 1.98 3^0 1.78 15o 1.92 35. 2.10 16. l.9if 360 2.014- 17. 2o00 37. 1.96 18. io96 38. 1.811- 19. 1.82 39. 2.00 20. 1.92 4o. 1.90 Total 76.88 Average 1.92 71 Table k8. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - lil-o51s Single T.M. - 3.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 19<>5 Ratio - o70 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.15 21, 35 2. 2.30 22. 05 3» 2.50 23. 30 k. 2.05 214-. 20 5P 2.15 25. 1+0 6. 2.30 26. 2.1+5 7. 2.20 27. 2.20 8„ 2,25 28, 2.1+0 9o 2o20 29< 2,10 10 0 2.30 30. 2.25 11. 2.i|.0 31^ 2.30 12. 2.25 32. 2.1+5 13. 2.30 33. 2.20 Ik, 2.1+0 2.50 15. 2.30 35. 2.35 160 2„20 36. 2.60 17. 2A0 37. 2,30 18. 2.1+0 38c 2.1+0 19. 2o30 39. 2.15 20. 2.50 ko. 2.05 Total 91.85 Average 2.29 72 Table k9. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - li|-.OOs Single T.M. - 3-75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26,3 Ratio - .^k Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.30 21, 2j\-0 2. 2.20 22, 2.i^5 3. 2.40 23. 2.60 k. 2.ii.0 2k. 2.30 5. 2.30 25. 2,k^ 6. 2.30 26, 10 7. 2.20 27. 25 8. 2.50 28, 20 9. 2.75 29. 60 10 0 2.30 30. 2.80 11. 2.30 31. 2.25 12. 2.50 32, 2.30 13. 2.50 33. 2M Ik. 2„30 3k. 2.14-0 15. 2.30 35. 2o35 16. 2.50 36. 2.55 17. 2.20 37. 2.20 18. 2.55 38, 2.50 19. 2.30 39. 2.60 20, 2J4-0 ko. 2A0 Total 96.20 Average 2.)4-0 73 Table 50. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.9^3 Single T.M. - 3.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 32.2 Ratio - ,kk Spec imen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.15 21. 2.65 2. 2.15 22. 00 3. 2.30 23. 20 it.. 2.00 2k. i^O 5. 2.30 25. 15 6. 2.20 260 05 7. 2.00 27. 50 8. 2.00 28. 00 9. 2.05 29. 15 10. 2.30 30. 2.35 11. 2.1^0 31. 2.40 12. 2.25 32. 2.10 13. 2.50 33 o 50 li^. 2.30 05 15. 2.30 35. 55 16, 2,25 36. 15 17. 2,60 37. 30 18, 2,50 38. ko 19. 2.30 39. 20 20. 2.05 ko. 00 Total 90.00 Average 2„25 7h Table 51. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 1^1-.32s Single ToM. - 3-75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3^ = 0 Ratio - .37 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.30 21. 90 2. 2.25 22. 25 3. 2.30 23. 00 k. 2.25 2i^-. 90 5<. 2„25 25. 80 6. 2.00 26. 30 1 • 2.15 27. 00 8, 2,20 28. 15 9. 2,30 29, 2.15 10 0 2.15 30. 2.35 11. lo90 3I0 2.20 12. 2,05 32. 2.14-0 13 = 1.80 33 o 1.80 li^-. 2.00 00 15. 2.20 35» 20 16. 2.10 36» 35 17 = 2.00 37 c 10 18. 2.25 38. ko 19 0 2.35 39o 25 20. 2.00 30 Total 85.60 Average 2.li^ 75 Table 52, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 1^4-015s Single ToMo - 3.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 47<.0 Ratio - o30 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 1»90 21, 1.80 2. I08I+ 22, lo7^ 3. lo72 23. 2.00 k. 2 ..02 2k. 1.88 1 <,82 25. 1.82 6„ I066 26, 1.70 7. 1,88 27, 2.08 8„ 2.10 28, 1.78 9o 2.0ii- 29, 1.84 10 „ 1„84 30, 2.00 11. 1.78 31. 1.92 12 „ 1„78 32, 1.90 13 0 1.88 33. 1.82 Ik, lo98 3^. 2.0i^ 15 0 1.88 35. I08O 160 lo9^- 36, lo95 17 0 1»83 37. lo92 18 „ 2o02 38, 1.72 19 0 lo96 39. l»83 20 0 lo76 ko. lo97 Total l^olk Average 1.88 76 Table 53= Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 16.68s Single ToMo - J4-.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 20.7 Eatio - .80 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 1.92 2. 1.96 22. 2.00 3. 2. 00 23, 1.78 k, 2. Ck 2k. 1.92 5. 2 25. 1.8if 6. 08 26. 1,86 o 7« Ch 27 0 2.02 8. 2 00 28. 2.10 2 9. 1.86 29 0 2.00 10. 2.04 30. 1.90 11. 70 31. lo7i+ 12. 15 32. 1.88 13. 10 33. 2.00 li^. 00 3h^ 1.98 15. 90 35. 1.78 16. 00 36. 2.06 17. 2.00 37. 2.02 18. 1.90 38c 1.70 19. 1.66 39o 1.90 20. 1,90 ko. 1.70 Total 77.52 Average 1»93 77 Table ^k. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l6.i|-9s Single T.M. - i+^OO Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.5 Ratio - .60 Specimen Breaking Speciinen Breaking Kumber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.18 21o 2.10 2. 2.1k 22. 2.05 3o 2.20 23. 2.30 k. 2.05 2k. 1.90 5» 2.15 250 1.95 6. 2.25 26c • 2.30 7. 2.15 27. 2o00 8. 2.00 28. 2o20 9- 2.25 29„ 2„l8 10. 2o25 30. 2.15 11. 2.20 31. 2,ch 12. 1.90 32. 1.75 13 0 2.35 33. 2,15 li^-. 2.30 3^^. 2.10 15. 2,25 16, 2.25 35. 2.k0 17 0 . 1.90 360 2.25 18. 1.70 37. 2.20 19. 2.35 380 2,08 39o 2.15 20. 2.25 ll-O. 2.15 Total 85.^^7 Average 2,I3 78 Table 55o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.12s Single T.M. - i+oOO Twist per Inch in the Ply - 32o2 Ratio - .50 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Nuniber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 1.80 2. 2.25 22. 2.10 3. 2.10 23. 2.05 i^. 0 ^25 21^. 2.10 5c 2.05 25. 1.85 6. 2ol0 26. 2.25 7. 2.15 27. 2<.05 8. I08O 28. 2.35 9. 2.25 29. 2.05 10. 2.35 3O0 1.80 11. 1.90 3I0 1.95 12. 2.25 32. 2.10 13. 2.15 33. 2.05 Ik, 2.05 3k. 2.00 15. 2.15 35o 1.95 16. 2.00 360 1.80 l7o 2.05 37. 2A0 18. 2.00 38. 2.15 19. 2.30 39. 2.30 20. 2.05 ^0. 1.90 Total 85.25 Average 2,13 79 Table ^6. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12.00s Single T.M. - il-.OO Twist per Inch in the Ply - 37-3 Ratio - .k3 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.30 21. 2.50 2. 2.10 22. 2.00 3> 2.20 23. 2.65 k. 2.14-0 2.20 5. 2.55 25. 2.70 6. 2.25 26. o ko 7 = 2.50 27 o 55 8. 2.85 28. 70 9. 2.65 29. 35 10. 2.60 30. 20 11. 2.30 31. ko 12. 2.75 32. 2.15 13. 2.20 33. 2.80 Ik, 2,50 3^. 2.65 15. 2.14-0 35. 2.35 16 o 2.50 36. 2.60 17» 2.00 37. 2.30 18. 2.15 38. 2,55 19. 2.65 39. 2.10 20. 2,1^0 ko. 2.50 Total 96.90 Average 2.14-2 80 Table 57. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - li4-.2i<-s Single T.M. - i+.OO Twist per Inch in the Ply - k-'J .0 Eatio - .33 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.95 21, 1.60 2. 1.80 22, 1.7^ 3. 1.65 23, 1.65 k. 2.0I+ 2k, 90 5. 1.7^ 25. 10 6. 1.96 26. 00 7. 2„0iv 27. ok 8. 1.78 28, 1,96 9. 1.68 29, 2.08 10. 1.76 30. 1.76 11. 2.10 31. 1.88 12. 2.00 32. • 1.82 13. 1^75 33. 1.9^ Ik. 1.86 3k. 1.90 15. 2.00 35. 2.15 16. 1.82 36. 1.7^ 17. 2.08 37. 1.82 18. 1.9^ 38. 1.98 19. 1.95 39. 2.0h- 20. 1.82 i|-0. 1,64 Total 75.46 Average 1.88 81 Tahle 58. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 15.2i|-s Single ToM. - k,2^ Twist per Inch in the Ply - I9.7 Ratio - .90 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21, 20 2. 2.15 22, 10 3. 1.80 23. 10 k. 2.14-0 2k, 05 5. 2.05 25. 80 6. 2.20 26. 95 7. 1.90 27 < 1.90 8. 1.80 28. 2.30 9. 2.30 05 10. 1.95 30, 15 11. 2.60 31. 2.14-0 12 „ 2.05 32, 2.20 13. 2.15 33. 25 Ik. 1.90 3k, 05 15. 1.90 35. 35 16. 1.90 36, 10 17. 1.80 37. 1.85 13. 1.85 38, 1.90 19. 1.80 39. 2.1|-0 20. 1.80 ko, 2.35 Total 82.80 Average 2.07 82 Table 59= Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 16.26s Single T.M. - i]-.25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.2 Ratio - .69 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.10 21, 1,85 2. 2.10 22, 1.80 3o 2.15 23. 2.25 k. 2.15 2k, 2.30 2.05 25. 2.05 6. 2»05 26. 15 7. 2.30 27. 75 8. 2.30 28, 70 9. 2.15 29. 00 10. 2J.5 30, 35 11. 2.25 31. 15 12. 2.15 32, 1.85 13. 1080 33. .10 Ik, 1.90 3k. .10 15 0 lo70 35. .80 16. 1.71 36, 1.95 17 0 2.10 37. 2.25 18„ 2.25 38. 2.10 19. lo90 39. 2o30 20. 2.1.5 ko, 2.20 Total 82.i|-l Average 2 o 06 83 Table 60. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 15.8i4-s Single T.M. - i^-o25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3108 Ratio ~ .57 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.15 21. 25 2. 2.10 22. xo 3. 1.95 23. 20 k. 2o30 2k. 05 5e 2.15 25. 35 6. 2.30 26. 85 To 2.25 27 o 00 8. 2o25 28. 10 9. 2.15 29. 25 10. 2.25 30. 15 11. 2.05 31. 95 12. 2.05 32. 1.90 13 0 2.15 33 o 90 Ik. 2.05 30 15o 2.25 35 o 10 16. I08O 360 15 IT. 2.15 3T. 25 18 c 2.10 38. 35 19 0 2.05 39. 05 20. 2 .,15 i^-Oo 2ol5 Total 85.05 Average 2.126 a Table 6lc Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.^4-9s Single T.M. - k.2^ Twist per Inch in the Ply 37.2 Ratio - ,kB Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1 1. 2o25 21. 60 2. 2o25 22, 25 3. 2.15 23. 30 k. 2„25 2k, 10 5. 2.30 25. 25 6. 2o30 26, 30 "-7 ( o 2o25 27. 2A^ 8. 2J^0 28. 2.i|.0 9. 2.75 29. 2.30 10 0 2.25 30. 2.15 11. 2ol5 31. 20 12. 2.50 32 < 65 13. 2„20 33 < 50 Ik. 2.30 3^. 50 15. 2.ij-0 35 = 35 16. 2.30 36. 75 17. 2o25 37. 15 18. 2.50 38. 30 19. 2.35 39< 25 20. 2„70 ko. 35 Total 93.90 Average 2,3^ 85 Table 62. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 11.53s Single T.M. - k,2^ Twist per Inch in the Ply - k6o2 Ratio - .39 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.90 21, 1.88 2. 1.80 22, 2„08 3. 2.05 23, 1.70 k. 1.60 2k, 2.15 5o 1.90 25. 25 60 2.05 26. 12 7. 2.05 27. 05 8. 1.80 28. 08 9. 1.80 29. 00 10. 2.20 30. 73 11. 1.95 31 < 10 12. 2.05 32. 1.80 13. 2.15 33. 2.18 Ik, 2ol5 3^. 2.10 15. 2.25 35. 2.05 16. 2.25 36. 2,08 17. 1,90 37' 1.18 18. 2.15 38. 1.95 19 0 2.10 39. 1.95 20. 2.25 ko. 1.85 Total 80.23 Average 2.006 86 Table 63. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.73s Single T.M. - i^-.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 20.5 Eatio - .99 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.10 21, >15 2. 2.05 22, .ko 3. 2.05 23, .ko k. 2.50 2k. = 85 5. 2.15 25. .00 6. 2.15 26, 1.95 7. lo90 27. 1.80 8„ 1.90 28, 2.30 9. 2.50 29, 20 lOo 2.05 30. 15 11. 1.95 31, 15 12. 2.05 32. 30 13. 1.80 33. k^ Ik, 2.05 X.85 15 0 1.80 35. 1.9G 16. 1.80 36- 2,05 17. 1.80 37. 2,05 18. 2.05 38. 1.90 19. 1.75 39. 1.70 20. 1.75 ko. lo95 Total 81.65 Average 2.0i^ 87 Table 64o Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.90s Single T.M. - 4.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.1 Ratio - .78 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Nuiriber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 2.68 2. 1.92 22. 2.61 3. 2,08 23. 60 k. 2.01 24. 75 5. 2.08 25 o 60 6. 2.02 26. 10 7. 2.12 27. 40 8. 2.20 28. 10 9. 2.30 29. 30 10. 2.40 30. 30 11. 2.40 31. 12. 2.20 95 32. 00 13. 2.35 33. 10 14. 2.50 30 15. 2.10 35. 20 16. 2o25 36, 2.45 17 0 2.25 37 o 18. 2.60 2.40 38. 2.05 19. 2,20 39. lo95 20. 2.40 40. lo95 Total 90o22 Average 2 c, 2 5 88 Tahle 65. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.96s Single T.M. - k.'^O Twist per Inch in the Ply - 30'5 Ratio - ,66 Spec imen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.25 21, 07 2. 2.00 22, 80 3. 2.1+0 23, 80 k. 2.20 2k. 25 5. 2.20 25. 10 6. 2.25 26, 35 7. 2.10 27. 25 8. 2.10 28. 1.80 9. 2.35 2.45 10. 2.50 30. 2.30 11. 2.25 31. 2.30 12„ 2.35 32. 1.95 13. 2.50 33 < 00 Ik, 2.50 3k. 90 15. 2.30 35 < 20 16, 2,k^ 36. 10 17 0 2.35 37. 30 18. 1.90 38. 2.25 19. 2.25 39. 2.05 20. 2.i|.0 it-Oc 2o55 Total 38.37 Average 2.21 89 Table 66. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - lif.96s Single T,M. - if.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 36.5 Eatio - .55 Specimen Breaking Sx)ecimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.00 21, 2, 10 2. 2.15 22, 2, 10 3. 2.15 23. 2, 05 \. 2ol5 1, 80 5. 2.25 25. 1, 75 6. 2.10 26, 2, 05 7. 2.15 27. 2 35 8. 2.30 28, 2, 30 9. 2.00 29. o 00 10. 2.05 30< 1, 95 11. 2.00 31. 1. 90 12. 2.15 32 < 2„25 13. 2,05 33. 2o25 W, I080 3^. 10 15. 2.10 35. 20 16. lo90 36. 30 17. 1.95 37. 20 18. 2.15 38. 15 19. 1.95 39. 00 2O0 2.05 i^O. 05 Total 83.25 Average 2.081 90 Table 67. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12.6ks Single T.M. - 4.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - k6.1 Ratio - .kk Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.02 21, 1.98 2. 1.96 22, 2.00 3. 2.15 23. 1.86 k. 1.82 2k. lo94 5. 2.12 25. 1.92 6. 1.92 26. 2.10 7. 2.00 27 < 2.00 8. 2.05 28, 2.05 9 = 1.92 29. 1.96 10. 2.12 30. 2.20 11. 1.94 31. 2.18 12. 2.l4 32. 1.90 13. lo9k 33. 1.98 Ik, 2.10 3^^. 2,00 15. 2.02 35. 2.10 16. 2.02 36. 1.96 17. 2.09 37. lo74 18. 1.89 38. 2.12 19. 2.08 39. 2,10 20. 2.02 ko. 1.92 Total 80.33 Average 2.01 91 Table 68. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.13s Single T.M. - 4c75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - I9.8 Eatio - l.li4- Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.88 21, 2,dk 2. lo96 22, 1.66 3. 2.0I4- 23. 1.75 h. 1.96 2k. 1.7!^- 5. 1.96 25. 1.82 6. i,eh 26. 70 7» i.eh 27. 97 8. 1.86 28, 85 9. 2.10 29. 1.92 10. 1.78 30. 1.92 11. 1.72 31. 02 12, 1.68 32. 00 13. 2.oi^- 33. 10 Ik. 2.00 3^. Ok 15 0 1.92 35. 78 16. lo8i^ 36. 88 17 0 2.01 37. 90 18. 2.05 38. 75 19.. 2,15 39« &k 20. 2.01 1+0. 2.05 Total 76.37 Average 1.91 92 Table 69, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Sing;l e Strand Breaking Strengths» Count - 15.14-Os Single T.M, - 4,75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.1 Ratio - ,87 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2»30 21, 2o05 2o 2,10 22 „ lo90 3. 2 „ 12 23 0 1.95 k. 2.15 2k. 2.30 5o 2.15 25o 2o25 6. 2.25 260 2el0 7o 2„25 27. 2„ii-0 8. 2„08 28. 2e45 9» 2o40 29 c 2„25 10. 2.25 3O0 2„00 110 2.00 310 I085 12 „ 2o25 32. 1.90 13» 2 „ 10 33 0 2.20 1^. 1„80 3h. 2ol0 15 = 2„05 35. 2„30 16. 2,05 360 2o35 17 0 2.25 37c 2o20 18 „ 2„i|.0 38. 2.k0 19 0 2„l|-0 39« 2ol5 20„ 2„10 1^0. 2.10 Total 86.60 Average 2.16 93 Table 70. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l'!4-A6s Single T.M. - 4.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 31*8 Ratio - .71 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Huiriber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2.35 21. 1.80 2. 2.05 22, 1.80 3. 2.15 23. 2.15 h. 2.30 2k. 2.10 5. 2.15 25o 2.20 6. 1.90 26. 2.05 7. 1.95 27. 1^95 8. 2.15 28. 2.10 9. 2.10 29. 1.80 10. 2.05 30. 2.30 11. 1.90 31. 2.25 12. 1.90 32o 2.05 13. 1.90 33. 1.90 Ik. 2.10 3k. 2.05 15. 2.00 35. 2.15 16. 2.00 360 2.10 17. 2„15 37 0 2.00 18, 1.85 38. 2.25 19. 2.00 39. 2.30 20, 2.25 ko. 2.10 Total 82.60 Average 2.06 9^ Table 71, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 13.85s Single T.M. - ^.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3^=6 Eatio - .62 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.98 21. 2. 2.00 22. 00 3. 2.00 23 o 06 k. 2.08 2i+„ 10 5. 2.15 25. 02 6. 1.92 260 95 7. 2„06 27. 18 8, 2.li|- 28. 00 9. 2.10 29o 014- 10 0 2ol0 30. lil- 11. 2.10 31. 98 12. 2.10 32. 2.02 13. 2.15 33 o 2.08 Ik, 1.98 3^^ 2.00 15. 2.12 35. 1.96 160 2„02 36. 2.0^4- 17. 2.08 37 = 2.12 18. 2.00 380 2.08 19. 2.08 39. 2.08 20. ' 2o06 kOo 2ol6 Total 82.27 Average 2.056 95 Table 72, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.35s Single T.Mo - 4„75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 46.7 Ratio -Ms Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.02 21. 1.88 2, 1.88 22. 2,02 3o 1,90 23 0 1.68 k. 2.02 2k-. 2,08 5. 1.76 25o 2.02 6. 1,76 26. 1.74 •7. 1.92 27. 1.78 8. 2,10. 28. 1.85 9o 1,98 29. lo94 10. 2.02 30. 1,92 11. 2.00 31. 2.04 12. 2.05 32. 2.02 13. 1.70 33. 1.85 li^. 1.80 3^0 lo94 15. 1.80 35 0 1.90 16. 1.90 36. 2,05 17 0 1.86 37 = 1.90 18.. 2.08 38. 1.98 19. I060 39. 2o02 2O0 1.9^ 40. 1.78 Total 76.88 Average 1„92 96 Table 73- Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12 AGs Single T.Mo -A.75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 5^.3 Ratio - A2 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 1.66 21. 1,80 2o l = 8i+ 22. 1.75 3o 1.66 23 = 1.60 k. l.i4-2 2k. 1.7^ 5. 1,76 25. 1.78 6, 1.56 26. 1.55 7» 1,60 27. 1.70 8. 1.61+ 28. 1.82 9o 1.68 29. 1.69 10« 1.76 30. 1.7^ llo 1.80 31. 1.76 12. 1.78 32. IA2 13. 1,50 33o 1.88 Ik. l.i^-0 3^*-. 1.80 15. 1.56 35. 1.56 l6„ 1.50 36. 1.6k l7o 1.72 37. 1„72 18. 1.92 38. 1.70 l9o 1.70 39c 1.62 20. 1.62 ko. 1.81+ Total 67.19 Average 1.68 97 Table ^k. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.79s Single T.M, - 5.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26.2 Eatio - .96 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.60 21. 2.0^4- 2. 1.70 22. 1.98 3. 2.10 23. 1.96 k. 2.15 2k, Ik 5. 2„00 25. 08 6. 1.70 26. 16 7. 2.18 27. 87 8. 2„05 28. 1.66 9. 1.78 29. 1.89 10. 1.78 30. 02 11. 1.80 31. 02 12. 2.02 32. 12 13 = 1.9^ 33. 75 Ik. 2.05 3^ = 9k 15 0 2.02 35. 18 16. 2.05 36. 10 17. 2.05 37. dk 18. 2.014- 380 02 19. 2.10 39o lo78 20. 2„08 ko. 2.02 Total 79.56 Average 1.99 98 Table 75. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 14.50s Single T.M. - 5o00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 31°5 Ratio - .79 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.00 21. .20 2. 1.80 22. .30 3. 2.08 23» Oii- k. 2.12 2k, .96 5. 2.18 25. .00 6. 2„00 26. .32 7. 2.10 27 o .10 8. 2.06 28. .20 9. 2.15 29, .12 10. 2.50 30. 1.9^ 11. 2.10 3I0 2.30 12. 2.40 32. 2.00 13. 2„00 33. 2,20 li^. l»80 3^. 2.1^5 15. 2.20 35. 2,ii-0 16. 2.30 36. 2.15 17. 2.40 37. 2.15 18. 2,20 38. 2,00 19. 2.30 39. 2.15 20. 2.30 4o. 2,20 Total 86,07 Average 2,15 99 Table 76. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12.00s Single ToMo - 5.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 37^O Eatio - 063 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1„ 1.90 21„ 2.20 2. 2.10 22. 2.25 3. 2.ii-0 23. 2.10 k. 2„10 1.85 5. 2.20 25 = 2.I4-5 6. 2.if0 26, ko 7. 2„20 27 o 00 8. 2.10 28. 30 9o 2oif0 29 o 10 10. 2.ii-0 3O0 ^„20 11. 2o40 11 o 2.i]-0 12. 2.if0 32. 2„50 13. 2.50 33. 2.14-0 Ik, 2.00 3^. 2.14-0 15 0 2.i+0 35. 2.20 16. 2.50 36. .kk 17. 2 Ac 37. ,20 18. 2.i|-0 38. >15 19. 2.20 39o .35 2O0 2o30 ^Oo 1.98 Total 90o57 Average 2.26 100 Table 77. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - li|-.57s Single T.Mo - 5 = 00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - kk-,k Ratio - .57 Spec iraen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. lo90 21„ 1.7^ 2. 1.90 22. 1.92 3. 1.7^ 23. 1 72 ^4-. 1.9^ 2k, 1 90 5. 1.88 25. 1 9k 6. 1.72 26. 1 80 7. 1.78 27. 1 7^ 8. 1.80 28. 1 66 9. 2.02 29» 1 70 10. 1.78 30. 2 6k 11. 1.98 31. 1.95 12. 1.90 32 o 1.78 13. 1.70 33. 1.70 Ik. 1.9^ 3^^ 1 .92 15. 1.68 35 o 1 .80 16. I080 36. 1 .90 17 0 1.82 37 o 1.68 18. 1.90 38. 70 19 c l.6k 39c 95 20. 1.70 ko. 1.9^ Total 73.00 Average 1.82 101 Table 78. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13.10s Single T.M. - 5.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ^2.k Ratio - ,kQ SpeciTnen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds • f • . 1. lo78 21, 1,6k 2. 1.60 22, loi+5 3o I08O 23. 1.82 k. 1.62 2k. 1.^4-2 5. 1.68 25. 7k 6. l.i<-2 26, 80 7o I082 27. 57 8. l.'jk 28, 7^4- 9. I082 29. 60 10. 1.72 30. 60 11. 1.80 31. 90 12. 1.68 32. k2 13. 1.82 33. 1.83 Ik. 1.50 1.82 15. 1.82 35. 55 16. 1.68 36 < 68 17. 1.72 37. Ik 18. I062 38. 60 19. 1.72 39^ 68 20. 1.70 ko. 1,72 Total 67.38 Average 1.68 102 Table 79„ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12.21s Single T.M. - 5.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply- - 6oA Eat io - .i+-l Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Huniber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. l.ifO 21, 1,26 2. 1.32 22, 1.52 3. 1 = 55 23. 1.3^ k. lo36 2k. lo55 5o lo50 25. 10^4-7 6. lo30 26, 1.55 7. 1.3^ 27. 1.50 8„ l.ii-2 28, l.if2 9. 1.5^ 29, 1.38 10. l.if2 30. 1.40 11. 1.26 31. 1.37 12.f 1.5^ 32. 1.25 13 0 1.50 33. 1.32 Ik, 1.36 3k, 1.36 15. IM 35. 1.30 16. 1.26 36. IM 17 o IM 37 > iM 18. 1.58 38 < 1.50 19. lo32 39. 1.52 20o lo50 ko. 1.38 Total 56.74 Average 1.42 103 Table 80» Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - ll+.60s Single ToM, - 5-25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 26,1 Ratio - 1.05 Specimen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.50 21, 2.55 2. 2.65 22, 2.20 3. 2.30 23^ lo95 k. 1.90 2i^, 1,80 5. 2o20 25. 2.30 6. 2.20 26, 2o20 7. 2o30 27, 2o25 8, 2,60 28, lo90 9-^ 2.60 29. Mo 10. 2»60 30< .00 llo 2.10 31. ,ko 12. 2.25 32. ,i4-0 15. lo90 33. .10 li^. 2.25 3^< 1,85 15 = 1 = 90 35. 2,50 160 2„)40 36. 2e25 1T» 2 0 00 37. 2o25 18. 2,00 38 e 2.00 19 0 2A0 39< 2A0 20. 2,00 lo95 Total 88 A5 Average 2.21 10^ Table 8l„ Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15o20s Single T.M. - 5-25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - Sl"^ Batio - .88 Spec imen Breaking Specimen Breaking Wunible r Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.92 21. 1.8i^ 2, 2.10 22. 2o00 3. 2.0i{- 23 0 2.02 k. l»95 2if. 1.95 •5. 2.10 25» 1.92 6. 1.86 26. 2.0^ 7o 1,90 27. 2o02 8, 2.08 28. 2.15 9» lo95 29, 2.0il- 10 „ I060 30. 1.98 11. 1.98 31. 1.96 12. 1.82 32 0 2.05 13. 2.08 33. 1.88 Ik. 2.15 3^. lo95 15. 1.96 35 0 2.10 16, 1„98 36. 2.10 1T» 2.02 37» 2o05 18. 2.00 38. 1.98 19. 2.05 39o 1.92 20. 1,88 ko. 2,00 Total 79o37 Average I.98 105 Table 82. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 1^4-.5^1-3 Single T.M. - 5-25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3" =5 Batio - .7^1- Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Numt)e r Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1, 2^18 21, 2.02 2. I082 22. 2.16 3. 2„12 23. I082 k. 2.00 2k. 1.9^ 5c 2.20 25. 1.86 6. 2.02 26. 02 7. 2o08 27 < ,01+ 8. 1.90 28. .dk 9r. 2.06 29. ,12 10. 1.86 30. .90 11. 2.00 31 < .78 12. 2.00 32. 13. 2.08 33. .02 Ik. 2.01 3k. .15 15. 2.0J+ 35 < .18 16. 1.78 36. .00 17. 1.76 37. ,10 18. 1.92 38. .97 19. 1.82 39 = ,20 20. 2,0^ ko. 1.92 Total 79.77 Average 1.99 106 Table 83. Cotton 3O/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 1306Is Single T,M„ - 5-25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ^1-4.0 Eatio - ,62 Specimen Breaking Sx>ecimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. ^' 1.90 21, .72 2, 2ao 22. ,86 3o 2.05 23. 1.88 k. 1,98 2k. 1.76 3. 1,76 25. 2.15 6. 2ol0 26, 2.10 7. 1.86 27, 1,80 8, 2.10 28, 1.86 9» 1.72 29. I082 10. lo9^ 30, .95 11. lo7^ 31. .05 12, 1„96 32, ,00 1.3 0 1.75 33. ,02 Ik. 2,00 3^. .9^ 15. 2.02 35 < 1.98 160 lo96 36. 2o05 17 0 1.96 37 • 1.82 18. I082 38. 1,88 1.9 0 2.01 39< lo77 20. I086 ko. 1.92 Total 76.92 Average 1»92 107 Table 84. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12o36s Single ToM, - 5-25 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 50«1 Ratio - c55 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Nuniber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 1.80 21. 1.55 2e 1.60 22 0 1.80 3. lo50 23. 1.7^ )4, 1.T8 2k, 1,78 5« 1.90 25 c 1.66 6, 1.90 26. lo56 To l.TO 27 0 1.85 8„ l.T^ 280 1,65 9o 1.8if ?9. 1.50 10 0 1.50 •50. 1.^ 11. 1.80 3I0 1.80 12. lo52 '•^'cL a 1.77 13. 1.T8 33 0 1.60 li|-o 1.68 3^K 1.50 15. 1.80 35 0 1.74 16. l„6i|- 36. I080 IT. 1.82 37c loT5 18. I066 36. 1.66 19 0 lo5^ 39o 1-50 20. lp6c ho. 1.80 Total 67067 Average i.69 108 Table 85. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13o73s Single T,Mo - 5o50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 25.3 Eatio - 1.20 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.05 21. 2.15 2, 1.90 22, 2.10 3. 2,15 23 < 2.05 k. 2o08 2.k. lo90 5. 2.15 25 < 2.1^0 6. 2.05 9.6. 2.30 7» 2.20 • 27. 2.20 8. 1.80 28. 2ol5 9- 2 3^0 29. 2.25 10. 2«00 30. 2.00 11. p '•so il. 2.00 12. io90 32. 1.85 13 = 2M 33. 2.10 111-. 2.50 3^< lo95 15. 2o30 35. 1.85 16 „ 1.90 36. 2.10 17» I085 37^ 2.10 18. 2.30 38. 2.15 19. 2.20 39. 2.05 20. 2,05 1.90 Total 85.49 Average 2.1b- 109 Table 86. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - li^-oT8s Single T.M, - 5.50 Twist per Inch in the Ply •- 32.^ Ratio - .9^1- Spec imen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.90 21. ,62 2. 2.10 22. .80 3. 2.00 23. .86 k. i.6o 2k, .02 5. 2,06 25. .10 6. 2.10 26. >15 7. 2.00 27. .06 8. 1.50 28. 1.94 9. 1.92 29. 1.92 10. l.8i^ 30. 00 11. 1.96 96 12 0 1.98 32; 82 13. 1,64 33 c Ok li^. 1.82 3^0 1.98 15 o 2.02 35. 1.70 16. IM 36. 1.80 17. 2.0i|- 37 o 2ol0 18. 1.86 38. 2.05 19. 1.7^ 39. 1.9^ 20. 2o02 ko. 1.80 Total 75.92 Average 1.90 110 Table 87, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 15.70s Single T.M. - 5o50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 37^ Ratio - .81 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.90 21. .62 2. 2.02 22. .80 3« 1.84 23» ,00 k. 1.81^- 2k. 1.94 5. 1.68 25. 90 6, lojk 26. 72 7. I066 27. 66 8. 1.74 28. 66 9. 2.08 29. 1.90 10 0 2.02 30. 1.85 11. l.,74 31» 1,82 12. 1.66 32. 1.74 13 0 I060 33. 1.90 11^. 1.6M. 34. 2.10 15. Io90 35. 2.02 16. 2.02 36. lo95 17. I08O 37 o 1.84 18 „ 1.82 380 2.00 19. 1.84 39. 1.88 20. 2.05 ko. lo75 Total 70.25 Average 1.78 111 Table 88, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths. Count - 15.i+7s Single T.M. - 5-50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ^2.^^- Ratio - .71 Specimen Breaking Spec iiiten Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. lc50 21, lo5^ 2. 1.66 22, 1.68 3. 1,80 23. 1.76 k. 1.76 2k, 1.70 5. 1.76 25, 1.75 6. 1.88 26, 1.83 7^ 1.76 27, 2o02 8. 2.01 28, 1.97 9. 2.01 29, 1.86 10 0 1.70 30. 1.88 11. 1.96 31. 1.70 12. 2„00 32 < I080 13. 1.614. 33. 1.75 Ik. 1.70 3k. 1.76 15. 1.76 35. 1„9^ 160 1.76 36. 1.87 17. 1.80 37. lo58 18. 1.56 38. 1.63 19o 1.5^ 39. 1.72 20. 1.88 ko. 1.50 Total 68„95 Average 1.72 112 Tahle 89. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12.if0s Single T.M. - 5°50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - ^1-8.5 Ratio - .61 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.90 21. .50 2. 1.72 22. MS 3. 1.90 23. .92 k. 1.76 2k. .73 5. 2o00 25. .70 6, 1.70 26 „ 1.86 7. 1.70 27. 93 8. 1.7^ 28. 52 9. 1.81^ 29. ,02 10. 1.86 50. 9k 11. 1.90 31. 80 12^ 1.80 32. 69 13? 1.68 33. 60 li^. 1.9^ 3^. 70 15. 1.9^ 35» 68 16. 1.50 36. 68 IT. 1.80 37 o 55 18. 1.9^ 38. 91 19. 1.50 39. 83 20. 1.66 ko. 1.90 Total 71.66 Average 1.79 113 Table 90. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 12.70s Single T.M. - 5-50 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 60.2 Eatio - .50 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo ' 1.21^ 21, 1.32 2. 1.58 22, 1.5^ 3. 1.50 23. 1.14-0 if. 1.32 1.14-2 5. l.i|-2 25, 1.36 6. 1.14-2 26, 1.20 7. 1.30 27. 18 8. 1.28 28. 20 9. iM 29. 33 10. 1.16 30. 1^2 11. 1.32 31. 37 ^1 1.36 32. 1.36 13. lo3^ 33. 1.1^1+ Ik. 1.36 3k. 1.1+0 15. 1.32 35. 1.5^ 16. 1.26 36. 1.20 17. 1,21^ 37. 1.55 I8c 1,42 38. 1.3^ 19. 1,26 39. 1.1+2 20. 1.52 ko. 1.42 Total '?kM Average 1.36 nil- Table 9I. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 16.01s Single T.M. - 5-75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 30.0 Eatio - 1.10 Speciraen ' Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.62 21. 1.72 2. I08O 22, 1.82 3. 1.76 23. 1.80 h. 1.64 2k. 1.62 5. 1.80 25. 1.78 6. 1.82 26, 2.16 7. 2.10 27. 1.7k 8„ 1.76 28. 1.80 9. 1.86 29^ 1.94 10. IM 30. 60 11; 1.82 31. 65 12. 1.86 32, 60 13. 1.66 33. 7^^ li^. 1.90 34. 1.74 15. 1.60 35 < 1.80 16. l»6o 36. IM 17. 1.86 37. 1.62 18 „ 2„02 38. 1.75 19. 1.62 39. 1,96 20. 1.72 ii-0. 1.92 Total 71 ..26 Average 1.781 115 Table 92. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - l4.50s Single T.M, > 5o75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3^.2 Eatio - .91 Spec imen Breaking Spec imen Breaking Number Strength Humber Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 1.78 21, 2.10 2. 1.7^ 22. lo90 3. 1,9^ 23. 1.92 k. 2„05 2k., 2.20 5« 1.61^ 25. 1..6 2 6. 1.90 26. o ,10 7. 1.70 27. >92 8. 1.82 28. ,00 9. 1.70 29. .82 10. 2.10 30. .65 11, lo8if 31 < 1.58 12. lo50 32. 1.96 13. 2.10 33. 2.10 Ik. I088 3h, 2.05 15. 2„20 35. 2,05 16, 2.00 36. 2.10 IT. 2.10 37. lo90 180 I06O 38 c 1.9^ 19» 2,05 39c 2.15 20. 1.82 ifO. 1„86 Total 76 c 38 Average lo91 116 Table 930 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13oif9s Single To Mo - 5o75 Twist per Inch in the Ply - kk ,^ Batio - .Jk Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo 2,20 21, 2.10 2. 2A5 22. 1.68 3<. 2o00 23. 2.20 k. 2o20 24, 2.05 5o 1.87 25. I065 6, 2,05 26 < 1,96 To l«50 27. 2.00 8. 2o00 28. 2o30 9. 2,44 29. 1.68 10 0 l»6o 30. lc94 llo 1066 31. 2 ,20 12. lo95 32. .00 13 0 2„10 33. 30 Ik, 2,14 3h, 10 15» 2.13 35 < 00 160 2„10 36. lo96 iTo 2ol0 37 < 1.88 180 1.95 38, 2.15 19 0 2ol0 39< 2.10 20» 2.02 4o< 2.04 Total 80.85 Average 2.021 117 Table 9^1-0 Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13o^ls Single TcM, - 6„00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 3008 Eatio - lolT Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds lo '" 1,9^ 21. 1,92 2o lo96 22. 2„00 3» 1.88 23o 2.02 k. lo90 21}.. 2.08 5» 1 = 83 25 „ 1.96 6. 2o05 26. 1,90 To I085 27. 2.10 80 le78 28. 2.05 9o 1„92 29o 1.81^ lOo 1.95 30. 1.96 llo 2.00 310 2.02 12 0 2 ..05 32 0 lo78 13o 2.00 33. 1.80 1^0 2.15 3^0 1.88 15. 2,00 35o 1.96 16. 1.98 360 1.9^ 17» 2.(A 37 0 2„08 18„ 1.86 38. 2.05 l9o 2o05 39. 2.00 20 0 2o08 ^0, 1.76 Total 78.37 Average lo96 118 Table 95. Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 1^4-.29s Single T.M. - 6.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - 37.1 Eatio - .97 Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1. 2.20 21. 2.05 2. 1.9^ 22, 1.62 3. 1.8^4- 23. 1.92 14-. 2.15 2ii-, 1.80 5. 1.75 25. 10 6, 1.80 26, 9^ 7. 1.90 27. 10 8. 1.80 28, 60 9. 1.95 29. 1.72 10. 2.10 30. 1.90 11. 1.80 31. 1.80 12, 1.90 32. 1.92 13. 1.6^ 33. 1.85 Ik, i.6if 1.83 15. 1.90 35. 1.61^ 16. 1.95 36. 1.90 17. 1.82 37. 1.90 18. 1,82 38. ,18 19. 1.72 39. ,80 20. 1,82 i^O. 1.95 Total 7^.71 Average 1.86 119 Table 96» Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - 13c77s Single T.Mo - 6.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - i|-3.2 Ratio ^ .8k Specimen Breaking Specimen Breaking Humber Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1, loi|-2 21, Io70 2, l.^ 22, iM 3o 1„62 23. IM h. 1.58 2k, 1.56 5^ 1.78 25, I076 6. 1.56 26, lo92 7. 1.50 27. 1,77 8, 1.75 28, 52 9o 1.56 29. 76 10. 1.70 30- I4-8 llo 1.58 31. 90 12 0 1,^4-2 32. 75 13. 1,78 33. 1.55 Ik. 1,90 3^. 1.92 15. 1.5^ 35. lo9^ 16. 1.9^ 36. lo56 17. IM 37. i.a 18., 1.80 38, 1.72 i9o l.ifO 39. lo70 20 c 1.6k ii-0. I085 Total 66,51 Average I066 120 Table 97, Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - Ik 067s Single ToM. ~ 6.00 Twist per Inch in the Ply - kdoQ Eatio - .Jk SpecinBn Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1, io50 21, lo35 2. iM loi4-2 3o iM 23, iM k. 1,6k 2k, 1.63 5. i.kk 25. Io70 6. 1A2 26, 1A8 7. 1.66 27, 1.36 8. 1„80 28. l„66 9o loif2 29, l,i|-2 10 „ 1.50 30. I062 110 lo70 31. I0I+8 12 0 1.66 32, 1»50 13» lo50 33. I065 Ik. 1=36 3k, lo32 15 0 1,62 35- lo70 16. lo7^ 36. 1»50 17 0 I062 37 < 1,^|4 180 1.50 38. lo52 19» lo30 39. 1»60 20 0 1.60 ko. I068 Total 6lo55 Average lo5^ 121 Table 98• Cotton 30/2 Yarn Single Strand Breaking Strengths Count - lloi^-7s Single ToM. - 6„00 Twist per Inch in the Ply- - 62 oO Ratio - o58 SpeclEoen Breaking Specimen Breaking Number Strength Number Strength Pounds Pounds 1, ,98 21, ,96 2o 1,10 22, lo20 3o lo3^ 23. 1»3^- k. 1„20 I0O8 5. 1.08 25. 1.25 6. lc28 26, lo32 To lo2l^ 27. =95 80 o98 28. 1 .10 9. l„l4 29. 1 ,20 10 0 lc22 30. 1 .2l| 11. loSif 31. 1 >15 12, 1„02 32 < 1 .30 13o I0I2 33 < l„2i^ li^o I0I6 3^< lo20 15« lo36 35. 1.36 160 lo20 36. 1 = 16 17« lo40 37 < 1,10 1.8. lo36 38. o96 19 0 1.3^ 39c lo36 20., 1.32 ko. 1,20 Total ^+7,85 Average 1.20 122 Table 99o Nylon Single Strand Breaking Strengths for 30s Staple Yarno Single Twist Multiple Breaking Strength Pounds 2„50 .96 2.75 1,00 3«00 1,03 3o25 o99 3»50 I0O3 3.75 1.01 i<-.00 1.09 i|-o2'5 I0O9 h-.^O „98 i<-o75 loOO 5oOQ o99 5o25 ,99 5.50 ,97 123 Table 100o Cotton Single Strand Breaking Strengths for 30s Yarno Single Twist Multiple Breaking Strength Pounds 2,50 o60 2.75 .75 3.00 .81 3.25 .83 3o50 .88 3.75 .88 i4-,oo .95 ^=25 .93 i^c50 .96 if .75 .98 5o00 „94- 5=25 „95 5o50 .96 5o75 .9^ 6.00 .90 246493 12^ BIBLIOGEAPHY Literature Cited 1. Zobel, Go, "The Study of Twist upon Two-Ply Yarns", Textile Forum, 20 (April 1950). pp« 19-22, 2. American Society for Testing Materials, Standards on Textile Materials, Philadelphia, 1950, p. 277. 3o Campbell, Mo E., and Lee, Eo Lo, "Spinning and Fiber-Properties of Six American Upland Cottons Grown in Stoneville, Mississippi, Crop of 1939";; Uo So Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service," May 19^0, p. 2k. ko American Society for Testing Materials, op, cit,, p, 277• 5o American Society for Testing Materials, op. cit», p. 57» 60 Haven, Go B,, Mechanical Fabrics, New Yorks John Wiley and Sons, Inco, 1932, Po 63I0 Other Literature Besset, Jo, "The Law of Critical Yarn Diameter and Twist", The Textile Research Journal, 20 (April 1950) c ppo 2i|-9-258„ Duerst, Jo, "Predicting Cotton Yarn Strength", Textile Industries, 17 (September 1951)^ PP^ l6l-l62e Hill, Ro Lo, Laudau, Ac Lo, Spinning Cotton and Synthetic Fibers, Scranton, Pa^, International Textbook Compiany, PPo Lopez, Ro, "Determination of Twist in Yarns*', Textile Institute Journal, 1^4- (December 19^1-7) ppo S21-22o