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A Baffinland Mine Case Study – Phase 2 Project Proposal

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A Baffinland Mine Case Study – Phase 2 Project Proposal Running head: AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING An Impact Assessment on Shipping in the Canadian Eastern Arctic: A Baffinland Mine Case Study – Phase 2 Project Proposal By Jessica N. Cucinelli Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Management at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2020 © Jessica N. Cucinelli, 2020 AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING ii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………. i v List of Tables………………………….………………………………...…………………..... v List of Figures……………………..………………………………………………………..... vi List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………..………………….. vii Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………….. viii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………... 1 1.1 Baffinland Iron Ore Mine……………………………………………………………… 1 1.1.1 Development Project Description………………………………………………..…….. 1 1.1.2 Geographic Scope………………………...………………………………………………. 3 1.1.3 Temporal Scope…………………………………………………………………………… 5 1.2 Management Problem………………………………………………………………….. 6 1.3 Research Objectives……………………………………………………………………. 7 1.4 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………… 8 Chapter 2: Context …………………………………………………………………………... 9 2.1 Study Site………………………………………………………………………………. 10 2.1.1 Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area……………………………. 10 2.1.2 Wildlife……………………………………………………………………………………... 12 2.2 Government-Indigenous Relations……………………………………..……………… 15 2.3 Pond Inlet (Mittimatalik)……………………………………………………………….. 17 Chapter 3: Impacts from Arctic Shipping Hazards ……………………………………….. 22 3.1 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 23 3.1.1 Aquatic Invasive Species…………………………………………………………………. 24 3.1.2 Underwater Noise Pollution…………………………………………………………….. 26 3.1.3 Chemical Pollution……………………………………………………………………….. 32 3.1.4 Habitat Disturbance……………………………………………………………………… 36 3.1.5 Vessel Strikes……………………………………………………………………………… 39 Chapter 4: Baffinland’s Proposed Management Plans……………………………………. 40 4.1 Results………………………………………………………………………………….. 41 4.1.1 Aquatic Invasive Species…………………………………………………………………. 44 4.1.2 Underwater Noise Pollution…………………………………………………………….. 46 4.1.3 Chemical Pollution……………………………………………………………………….. 48 4.1.4 Habitat Disturbance……………………………………………………………………… 49 4.1.5 Vessel Strikes………………………………………………………………………………. 50 Chapter 5: Impact Assessment……………………………………………………………… 51 5.1 Methods………………………………………………………………………………... 51 5.1.1 Impact Matrix……………………………………………………………………………… 51 5.1.2 Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………. 54 5.2 Results………………………………………………………………………………….. 55 5.2.1 Comparing Shipping Hazards…………………………………………………………… 56 5.2.2 Comparing VECs…………………………………………………………………………. 56 5.2.3 Comparing Individual Impacts………………………………………………………….. 56 Chapter 6: Discussion………………………………………………………………………... 57 6.1 Management Gaps……………………………………………………………………... 57 6.1.1 Chemical Pollution………………………………………………………………………… 57 6.1.2 Habitat Disturbance……………………………………………………………………… 58 AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING iii 6.1.3 Vessel Strikes………………………………………………………………………………. 59 6.2 Rationale for Assigning Impact Scores………………………………………………... 60 6.3 Management Priorities…………………………………………………………………. 60 6.4 Managing Environmental vs Socio-cultural Impacts………………………………….. 62 6.5 Related Issues………………………………………………………………………….. 63 Chapter 7: Managing Adverse Impacts…………………………………………………….. 64 7.1 Avoidance……………………………………………………………………………… 64 7.2 Mitigation………………………………………………………………………………. 67 7.3 Remediation……………………………………………………………………………. 69 7.4 Compensation………………………………………………………………………….. 70 7.5. Additional Measures…………………………………………………………………... 71 Chapter 8: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 72 8.1. Project Limitations……………………………………………………………………... 74 8.2. Areas of Future Research………………………………………………………………. 74 References…………………………………………………………………………………….. 76 Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………………. 93 AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING iv Abstract Cucinelli, J. (2020). An Impact Assessment on Shipping in the Canadian Eastern Arctic: A Baffinland Mine Case Study – Phase 2 Project Proposal [graduate project]. Halifax, NS: Dalhousie University. Sea ice is melting at an unprecedented rate, improving access to the Arctic and greatly increasing development opportunities such as mining. The Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation Phase 2 project proposal aims to expand iron ore production at the Baffinland mine facility in Nunavut. If approved, this development will extend the shipping season beyond open-water season as well as increase vessel traffic from the port in Milne Inlet, through Eclipse Sound and out into Baffin Bay. This will increase the likelihood of shipping hazards such as the introduction of aquatic invasive species, underwater noise pollution, chemical pollution, habitat disturbance, and vessel strikes (with marine mammals), likely posing serious environmental and socio-cultural impacts, threatening local wildlife and neighbouring Inuit communities (e.g. the Hamlet of Pond Inlet). This study is threefold as it identifies shipping hazards and their potential impacts on valued- ecosystem components; reviews Baffinland’s proposed management measures to reduce adverse impacts; and provides a high-level assignment of the likelihood and severity of impacts from shipping given Baffinland’s proposed management plans. This study addresses the above research objectives through employing both a literature and policy review, while an impact matrix was developed to identify potential management gaps and areas of management priority. Recommendations were provided to further minimize adverse impacts from shipping hazards. The results suggest a need for Baffinland to strengthen their proposed management plans prior to project approval. Keywords: Arctic shipping, shipping hazards, Baffinland Iron Ore Mine, impact assessment, impact management, Arctic wildlife, Inuit, Eclipse Sound, Pond Inlet AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING v List of Tables Table 1 List of the Six Identified Seasons in Pond Inlet, Nunavut, Adapted from Carter et 5 al., 2018 and Itulu, 2018 Table 2 Identified Interest Groups Sorted by Affiliation (Baffinland, 2019) 7 Table 3 List of Management Measures that Baffinland Corporation Plans to Implement to 43 Minimize Impacts from Shipping Hazards Table 4 Severity of Impact 52 Table 5 Likelihood of Impact (Lawson & Lesage, 2013) 52 Table 6 Impact Rating Adapted from Lawson and Lesage (2013) 53 Table 7 Impact Matrix Comparing the Estimated Level of Impact for Each VEC Assuming 55 the Respective Shipping Hazards Have Occurred (Red/3 = High, Orange/2 = Moderate, Yellow/1 = Low, Grey/0 = Negligible) Table A1 Impact Rating (N = Negligible, VL = Very Low, L = Low, M = Moderate, H = 93 High) AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING vi List of Figures Figure 1 Regional map of the Baffinland Mine Site Complex, Milne Port and Baffinland’s 3 northern shipping route, adapted from Google Maps Figure 2 Map of water depths along Baffinland’s northern shipping route, modified from 4 Frouin-Mouy et al., 2019 Figure 3 Flowchart of research methodology 9 Figure 4 Proposed boundary map of Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area 11 (Parks Canada, 2020) Figure 5 Map of local wildlife and habitat use during open water season (A), freeze-up 14 season (B), and frozen season (C) within the study site (Carter et al., 2018) Figure 6 Inuit owned land in the community area of Pond Inlet (Qikiqtani Inuit Association, 16 2014) Figure 7 Seasonal harvest cycle, Pond Inlet (Carter et al., 2018) 18 Figure 8 Map of local community activity during open water season (A), freeze-up season 21 (B), and frozen season (C) within the study site, modified from Carter et al., 2018 Figure 9 Average hearing range for marine mammals relative to commercial shipping noise 28 (Southall et al., 2017) Figure 10 Sound propagation map of a panamax-size ore carrier (10-2000 Hz) transiting 29 Koluktoo Bay (A), Milne Inlet (B), Eclipse Sound (C), and Pond Inlet (D) in open water season, modified from Zykov & Mathews, 2010 Figure 11 Worst-case trajectory of maximum floating oil concentration (g/m3) in Eclipse 33 Sound during ice-covered period (Reich et al., 2016) Figure 12 Map of the six designated anchoring locations (depicted as stars) within the study 38 site, adapted from DFO, 2019 and Google Maps Figure 13 Reduction in sound propagation from vessels traveling at 14 knots verses 9 knots in 47 Eclipse Sound, image modified from Zykov & Mathews, 2010 and Quijano et al., 2018 by M. Austin (personal communication, October 21, 2020) Figure 14 Low impact shipping corridors proposed by members of Pond Inlet (Dawson et al., 67 2020) AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING vii List of Abbreviations BWE Ballast Water Exchange CFU Colony-forming unit DFO Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada EBSA Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area EMS Environmental Management System IIBA Inuit Impact Benefit Agreement IMO International Maritime Organization MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MHTO Mittimatilik Hunters and Trappers Organization MTPY Million-Tonnes-Per-Year MWO Marine Wildlife Observers NIRB Nunavut Impact Review Board NM Nautical mile NMCA National Marine Conservation Area OPEP Oil Pollution Emergency Plan TINMCA Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area UNCLOS United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People VEC Valued Ecosystem Component WWF World Wildlife Fund AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SHIPPING viii Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Ronald Pelot
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