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Preserving Power After Empire: the Credibility Trap and France's
Preserving Power after Empire: The Credibility Trap and France’s Intervention in Chad, 1968-72 Marc R. DeVore Open Access Copy—Please Do Not Cite Forthcoming in War in History 1 Abstract France’s 1968-72 intervention in Chad constitutes a forgotten turning point in the Fifth Republic’s foreign relations. Inter-connected institutions and treaties gave France a disproportionate influence over its African ex-colonies. French security guarantees underscored this system, however, whereby francophone African leaders continued to accept French economic and political leadership. French leaders discovered in Chad, however, that they had fewer choices and needed to dedicate more resources to fulfilling these commitments than President Charles de Gaulle had intended. Prosperous ex-colonies’ leaders judged French commitments’ value according to how France responded to crises in its least valued ex- colonies. Thus, although French analysts viewed intervening in Chad as irrational from a cost/benefit perspective, they found themselves pressured into doing so by other African governments who let it be known that they would interpret failing to support Chadian President François Tombalbye as a sign that they too could not count on France. Entrapped by prior commitments, French policymakers developed a new approach to using force, which I term strategic satisficing, far different from traditional French counterinsurgency practices. The tightly-coupled application of force and diplomacy in pursuit of limited objectives enables France to intervene with the frequency needed to uphold its post-colonial order in Africa. Introduction France’s role in Africa sets it apart from other states of its size. France is arguably the most politically potent foreign actor in Sub-Saharan Africa even though it is today a medium- sized European state with an economy that only occasionally ranks amongst the world’s top half dozen. -
Les Meilleurs Lycées Professionnels , Secteur De La Production
Les meilleurs lycées professionnels , secteur de la production 1 LILLE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL LOUIS ROUBAIX PU LOUCHEUR 2 LA REUNION LYCEE JEAN JOLY (PROFESSIONNEL) ST LOUIS PU 3 AIX-MARSEILLE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL ST HENRI MARSEILLE 16 PR 4 MARTINIQUE LYCEE DU NORD CARAIBE BELLEFONTAINE PU (PROFESSIONNEL) 5 MARTINIQUE LYCEE AMEP (PROFESSIONNEL) FORT DE FRANCE PR 6 GUYANE LYCEE BERTENE JUMINER ST LAURENT DU PU (PROFESSIONNEL) MARONI 7 AMIENS LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL CHATEAU POTEL LA FERTE MILON PU 8 PARIS LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL CHENNEVIERE PARIS 12 PU MALEZIEUX 9 LYON LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL LES CANUTS VAULX EN VELIN PU 10 GUADELOUPE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL GERTY MORNE A L EAU PU ARCHIMEDE 11 LA REUNION LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL JEAN PERRIN ST ANDRE PU 12 GUYANE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL ELIE CASTOR KOUROU PU 13 LILLE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL JULES VERNE ETAPLES PU 14 LA REUNION LYCEE DE TROIS BASSINS LES TROIS BASSINS PU (PROFESSIONNEL) 15 MARTINIQUE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL CHATEAUBOEUF FORT DE FRANCE PU 16 CRETEIL LYCEE FRANCOIS ARAGO VILLENEUVE ST PU (PROFESSIONNEL) GEORGES 17 NANCY-METZ LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL JEAN MORETTE LANDRES PU 18 AIX-MARSEILLE LYCEE DENIS DIDEROT (PROFESSIONNEL) MARSEILLE 13 PU 19 GUADELOUPE LYCEE ILES DU NORD (PROFESSIONNEL) ST MARTIN PU 20 CRETEIL LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL DENIS PAPIN LA COURNEUVE PU 21 CRETEIL LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL CLAUDE-NICOLAS VINCENNES PR LEDOUX 22 CRETEIL LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL FREDERIC ST DENIS PU BARTHOLDI 23 AIX-MARSEILLE LYCEE PROFESSIONNEL JEAN BAPTISTE MARSEILLE 10 PU BROCHIER 24 NICE LYCEE DU VAL D'ARGENS LE MUY PU (PROFESSIONNEL) 25 -
DECISION 91-290 DC of 9 MAY 1991 Act on the Statute of the Territorial Unit of Corsica
DECISION 91-290 DC OF 9 MAY 1991 Act on the statute of the territorial unit of Corsica The Constitutional Council received a referral on 12 April 1991 from Mr Pierre MAZEAUD, Mr Jacques CHIRAC, Mr Bernard PONS, Mr Robert PANDRAUD, Mr Franck BOROTRA, Mr Henri CUQ, Mr Alain JONEMANN, Mr Jean-Louis GOASDUFF, Mr Lucien GUICHON, Mr Michel TERROT, Mr Roland VUILLAUME, Mr Bernard DEBRE, Mr Emmanuel AUBERT, Mr René COUVEINHES, Mr Etienne PINTE, Mr Georges GORSE, Mr Philippe SEGUIN, Mr Edouard BALLADUR, Mr Claude BARATE, Mr Nicolas SARKOZY, Mr Michel GIRAUD, Mr Jean FALALA, Ms Françoise de PANAFIEU, Mr Robert POUJADE, Mr Dominique PERBEN, Mr Charles PACCOU, Mr Gabriel KASPEREIT, Ms Martine DAUGREILH, Mr Eric RAOULT, Mr Richard CAZENAVE, Mr Jean-Louis MASSON, Ms Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY, Mr Michel PERICARD, Mr Antoine RUFENACHT, Mr Jean-Louis DEBRE, Mr Gérard LEONARD, Mr Jacques TOUBON, Mr Jean-Michel COUVE, Mr Patrick OLLIER, Mr Jean VALLEIX, Mr Claude DHINNIN, Mr François FILLON, Mr Patrick DEVEDJIAN, Mr Alain COUSIN, Mr Jean KIFFER, Mr Christian ESTROSI, Mr Jean-Pierre DELALANDE, Mr Pierre- Rémy HOUSSIN, Mr Roland NUNGESSER, Mr Jean-Yves CHAMARD, Mr Jean TIBERI, Mr Georges TRANCHANT, Mr Jean-Paul de ROCCA-SERRA, Mr Jacques MASDEU-ARUS, Mr Jean-Claude MIGNON, Mr Olivier DASSAULT, Mr Guy DRUT, Mr Olivier GUICHARD, Mr Pierre PASQUINI, Mr Arthur DEHAINE, Mr Robert-André VIVIEN, Mr Robert GALLEY, Mr Arnaud LEPERCQ, Mr François GRUSSENMEYER, Mr Henri de GASTINES, Mr René GALY-DEJEAN, Mr Serge CHARLES, Mr Didier JULIA, Mr Charles MILLON, Ms Louise MOREAU, -
Index Des Entretiens Oraux (Lieux, Thèmes, Politique Étrangère
Index des entretiens oraux (lieux, thèmes, politique étrangère, personne de Georges Pompidou) Index des lieux A Australie...................Henri Fages, Henri Froment-Meurice Auvergne..........................Olivier Guichard, Michel Jobert Afghanistan...................................Jean-Bernard Raimond Afrique. Michel Bongrand, Yvon Bourges, Daniel Droulers, B Jacques Foccart, Paul Huvelin, Michel Jobert, Jean-Louis Lucet, Pierre Moussa, Jacques Patault, Jean-Bernard Raimond, Guy de Rothschild, Michel Rougagnou, Robert Belgique......................Gérard Pruvost, Michel Rougagnou de Souza, Antoine Veil Biafra..................................................Maurice Schumann Algérie.......Jean Blancard, Alain de Boissieu, André Bord, Bretagne.......François Bloch-Lainé, Robert Galley, Jérôme Claudius Brosse, Jacques Calvet, Louis Dauge, Philippe Monod, Georges Pébereau, Olivier Philip Dechartre, Georges Dominjon, Maurice Doublet, Bernard Ésambert, Henri Fages, Jacques Foccart, René Galy- Dejean, Jean-Marcel Jeanneney, Michel Jobert, C Dominique de La Martinière, Jean-Philippe Lecat, Jean- Louis Lucet, François Maurin, Jean Méo, Pierre Messmer, Cambodge – Louis Dauge, Henri Froment-Meurice, Roland Nungesser, Michel Rougagnou, Jean-Marie Michel Jobert, Jean-Bernard Raimond Soutou, Antoine Veil, Lucien Vochel, Michel Woimant Cameroun....................................................Xavier Deniau Allemagne Berlin – Gabriel Robin Canada.................Jacques Chevallier, Maurice Schumann RDA – Gabriel Robin RFA – Jean Béliard, Henri -
LES GOUVERNEMENTS ET LES ASSEMBLÉES PARLEMENTAIRES SOUS LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE
LES GOUVERNEMENTS ET LES ASSEMBLÉES PARLEMENTAIRES SOUS LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE - 2 - AVERTISSEMENT La liste des ministères établie par la présente brochure fait suite à celles figurant : 1° dans le tome I du Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1871 à 1940 ; 2° dans la publication séparée, intitulée « Ministères de la France de 1944 à 1958 ». Elle couvre la période du 8 janvier 1959 au 31 juillet 2004. Outre la liste nominative des membres des Gouvernements, on trouvera les renseignements relatifs : - à l’élection des Présidents de la République ; - aux dates des élections aux Assemblées parlementaires et à la composition politique de celles-ci, ainsi qu’aux dates des sessions du Parlement ; - aux lois d’habilitation législative prises en application de l’article 38 de la Constitution ; - à la mise en jeu de la responsabilité gouvernementale ; - aux réunions du Congrès ; Dans les notes en bas de page de la liste nominative des membres des Gouvernements, les formules utilisées correspondent aux cas suivants : * Devient : changement des fonctions gouvernementales * Nommé : légère modification des fonctions gouvernementales et changement de titre * Prend le titre de : changement de titre sans changement des fonctions gouvernementales. Le texte de la présente brochure a été établi par le Secrétariat général de la Présidence et le service de la Communication. - 3 - CONNAISSANCE DE L’ASSEMBLÉE 2 LES GOUVERNEMENTS ET LES ASSEMBLÉES PARLEMENTAIRES SOUS LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE 1958-2004 (Données au 31 juillet) ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE - 4 - TOUS DROITS RÉSERVÉS. La présente publication ne peut être fixée, par numérisation, mise en mémoire optique ou photocopie, ni reproduite ou transmise, par moyen électronique ou mécanique ou autres, sans l’autorisation préalable de l’Assemblée nationale. -
State Dinners - 5/17/76 - France (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 33, folder “State Dinners - 5/17/76 - France (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 33 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION DOCUMENT Itinerary Detailed Scenario for the state visit of the President of France and ND B Mrs. Giscard D'Estaing, May 17-22, 1976. (52 two-sided pages) File Location: Sheile Weidenfeld Files, Box 33, Folder: 5/17/1976 - France (2) SD 217/2017 RESTRICTION CODES (A) Closed by applicable Executive order governing access to national security information. (B) Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document. (C) Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in the donor's deed of gift. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NA FORM 1429 (1-98) WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION DOCUMENT Report Government report, 18 pages. -
The Defense Budget in France: Between Denial and Decline ______
FFooccuuss ssttrraattééggiiqquuee nn°° 3366 bbiiss ______________________________________________________________________ The Defense Budget in France: between Denial and Decline ______________________________________________________________________ Martial Foucault December 2012 Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Défense The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non- governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With office in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of the European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-36567-113-2 © Ifri – 2013 – All rights reserved All requests for information, reproduction or distribution may be addressed to: [email protected]. Ifri Ifri-Bruxelles 27 rue de la Procession Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE 1000 – Bruxelles – BELGIQUE Tel : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tel : +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Fax : +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : www.ifri.org “Focus stratégique” Resolving today’s security problems requires an integrated approach. Analysis must be cross-cutting and consider the regional and global dimensions of problems, their technological and military aspects, as well as their media linkages and broader human consequences. -
Journal Officiel De La République Française
** Année 1979. — N° 30 S. Samedi 5 Mai 1979 ** JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE DÉBATS PARLEMENTAIRES SÉNAT 4 SECONDE SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 1978-1979 COMPTE RENDU INTEGRAL 16° SEANCE Séance du Vendredi 4 Mai 1979. Question de M. Octave Bajeux. — MM. Octave Bajeux, le secré- SOMMAIRE taire d'Etat auprès du ministre de l'agriculture. PRÉSIDENCE DE M. ALAIN POHER Critères de classement des zones « forestières », « deshéritées » et de « piedmont » (p. 1136). 1. - Procès-verbal (p. 1123). Question de M. Marcel Champeix. — MM. Marcel Champeix, le 2. — Questions orales (p. 1124). secrétaire d'Etat auprès du ministre de l'agriculture. Aide d'organismes régionaux aux entreprises Naufrage d'un pétrolier au large des côtes bretonnes (p. 1124). (p. 1138). Question de M. René Tinant. — MM. René Tinant, le secré- Question de M. Raymond Marcellin. — MM. Raymond Marcellin, taire d'Etat à l'agriculture. Joël Le Theule, ministre des transports. Relations avec la Haute-Volta Préjudices causés à l'économie par le travail clandestin (p. 1126). (p. 1139). Question de M. Jean Cauchon. — MM. Jean Cauchon, Robert Question de M. Louis Orvoen. — MM. Louis Orvoen, Jacques Galley, ministre de la coopération. Barrot, ministre du commerce et de l'artisanat. Situation des Français au Tchad Situation des commerçants non sédentaires (p. 1128). (p. 1140). Question de M. Jean Cauchon. — MM. Jean Cauchon, le ministre Question de M. Jean Cauchon. — MM. Jean Cauchon, le ministre de la coopération. du commerce. ' Situation des conjoints travaillant dans de petites entreprises 3. — Communication du Gouvernement (p. 1141). commerciales et artisanales (p. 1130). 4. — Dépôt de propositions de loi (p. -
1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ALAN W. LUKENS Interviewed
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ALAN W. LUKENS Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: November 17, 1989 Copyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Princeton Georgetown Army Service in WWII Early interest in foreign affairs Early assignment with USIS Ankara Istanbul 1951-195, Cultural affairs officer Turkey in the early 195./s Impact of Truman Doctrine Progress of USIS in Turkey 0artini1ue 195,-1952 Political Affairs Officer French rule in 0artini1ue Press Office at State 1952-1953 Publici4ing the Foreign Service Problems with the press program Paris 1952-192. International Staff of NATO Impressions of NATO Paul Henri Spaak European concentration on politics in NATO Impressions of Soviet threat in 195./s U.S. interests in European integration Bra44aville 192.-1921 Principal Officer Origin of assignment Nature of French E1uatorial Africa 1 Independence of Belgium Congo French colonial politics U.S. interests in Africa Independence ceremonies State position on independence movements Evacuation of Americans 8umuma and the fight against 9atanga Problems with establishing embassies Hostility toward the United States Family Tragedy and end of assignment Paris 1921-1923 Political Officer General Gavin as Ambassador Origin of assignment as special assistant to Gavin Gavins relations with de Gaulle Ambassador Bohlen The Ambassador and the embassy Transfer to African section of embassy U.S. relations with de Gaulle Rabat 1923-1925 9ennedy meeting debacle 0oroccan base closing U.S. relations with 0orocco Impressions of Soapy Williams African personnel work for State Dakar 1923-193. Deputy Chief of 0ission Situation in Senegal American interests in Senegal Nairobi 193.-1932 Deputy Chief of 0ission Origin of assignment Role of economic interests in U.S. -
Record B-52 Bombing Raid Seals Ho Chi Minh Trail De
• .,, tilGH TIDE LOW TIDE ~-14-66 4-14-66 4 2 AT 1342 I 8 AT 2024 3.5 AT G224 2.7 AT 0736 VOL. 7 NO 2978 KWAJALEIN, MARSHALL ISLANDS FRA~CE REFUSES CERE~ONY FOR FARI~' LIBERATORS RECORD B-52 BOMBING RAID PARIS (UPI)--THE FRENCH GOVE~NMENT HAS SEALS HO CHI MINH TRAIL REFUSED TO AllOW THE INVAllDES NATIONAL SArGOW {UPI )--THE u.s. AIR FORCE DISCLOSED TODAY THAT THE fiRST B-52 ATTACK ON NORTH SHRINE TO BE USED THIS YEAR FOR ANNUAL V,ET NAM WAS THE GRE~TEST BOMBING RAID SINCE WORLD WAR II. OfFICIALS SAID IT SET OF'f A CEREMONIES HONORING AMERICANS KillED IN MASSIVE MOUNTAIN LANDSLIDE THAT SEALED OFF' THE STRATEGIC Mu G'A PASS ON THE COMMUNIST'S THE l IBERAT ION OF PAR IS IN WORLD WAR II, IT Ho CHI MINH TRAIL INfllTRATION AND SUPPLY LINE INTO SOUTH V,ET NAM. WAS DISCLOSED TODAY "THE RECONNAISSANCE PILOTS SAID IT LOOKED LIKE THE WHOLE MOUNTAIN SLID INTO THE PASS," As A RESULT, THE COMMEMORATION SERVICE SAID A U.S. AIR FORCE SPOKESMAN. "ROUTE 15 THROUGH Mu GIA PASS IS DEfiNITELY CLOSED BY A WHICH HAD BEEN HELD FOR 20 YEARS AT THE MASSIVE LANDSLIDE. INVAllDES IN PARIS Will HAVE TO BE T~ANS AIR FORCE AUTHORITIES SAID THE STRIKE EARLY YESTERDAY BY THE GIANT GUAM-BASED B-52s WAS FERRED TO AN AMERICAN MILITARY CEMETERY IN THE MOST MAMMOTH BOMBING RAID SINCE THE AUG. 9, 1945 ATOMIC BLAST THAT KILLED 73,884 PER THE SUBURBS OF SURESNES. SONS AT NAGASAKI AND KNOCKED JAPAN OUT OF MISS MARCEllE THOMAS, ORGANIZER Of THE WORLD WAR I I. -
The Original Documents Are Located in Box 28, Folder “State Visits - Giscard D'estaing (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 28, folder “State Visits - Giscard d'Estaing (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. May 14, 1976 No. 247 PROGRAM FOR THE STATE VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC AND MRS. GISCARD D'ESTAING. May 17-22, 1976 P-1onday, May 17. 9:55 a.m. His Excellency the President of the French Republic, Mrs. Giscard d'Estaing and their party will arrive Andrews Air Force Base via Special Concorde Flight. 10:30 a.m. Arrival at the White House where the President of the French Republic and Mrs. Giscard d'Estaing will be greeted by the President of the United States and Mrs. Ford, the Secretary of State and Mrs.Kissinger, the Chairman of the ~oint Chiefs of Staff and Mrs. Brown, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps and r.1rs. -
Items-In-France
UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 26 Date 12/06/2006 Time 2:11:31 PM S-0882-0001-26-00001 Expanded Number S-0882-0001 -26-00001 items-in-France Date Created 23/06/1969 Record Type Archival Item Container s-0882-0001: Correspondence Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: with Heads of State, Governments, Permanent Representatives and Observers to the United Nations Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit of New- UJi i. Canjeru Pro s Fix Keyslcna > Maurice Schumann Gifcarfr d'Estajng Olivier 'Guichard , Foreign' Minister rmanve Minister Education Minister ', JF loquacity helps win nego- ARISTOCRATIC by family, A BARON, .has devoted tost - tiations, France has just *>.wealth J&nd intellect;'he •*~V of"1 career "'to' 'serving i acquired a redoubtable nego* is ' back -tftolnfi'' .what he Gerieralide.-Gaulle andfiaull- lotowsvbast-— administering tiator . .... Articulate 58-year- the country's economy as ismi . i Curiously,, rewards •'old. pbh'tici&n, jqurnalist;.comr have been? feWf-for/despite J Firia'rice- Minister .... Born mentator, -.-novelist", ..' :Firs't February' 2j_ 1926, but looks winning personality! 'and ex- gained fam& es spokesman .of like- a'" young Jet --setter Re- quisite rnanners, has. been in .-.General Charles ,de.*:GauUe's spite a receded, hair line ..." relative obscurity ,'un2l .re- ..Free French forces iri ion- -'.:ConsecvatiJ'e in politics and cently. .... .Born- July 27, don where for four war. years in. economies, and favors.- Jnr 1920, jand did not become,a , he.broadcast nightly to occu- Cabinet.• minister until' two ternatiopal j monetary : coop-' -.pied france .-;•.