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The Spix's Macaw Conservation Program a Non,.Extinction Story

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The Spix's Macaw Conservation Program a Non,.Extinction Story ( I \/ /' ) and captive-breeding efforts; the 2nd ( '/ )( '( '/ (' / \( '/ )\ )/ I Workshop on Population Management and Captive Breeding of the Spix's Macaw; and the official meeting of the Permanent Committee for the Recovery The Spix's Macaw ofthe Spix's Macaw. This meeting high­ lighted the importance ofthe collabora­ tive nature of this program, which is Conservation Program proving to be a model of international a Non,.Extinction Story public/private collaboration in endan­ gered species management. Natasha Schischakin Conservation Coordinator, Houston Zoo, Misleading Headlines Houston, Texas However, recently published articles species is dependent on the success of promote a much different scenario. In he Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta the captive-breeding and field program. London, The Times headline screamed spixii, one of the world's most The global captive population has that "Collector's may drive world's rarest T critically endangered species, grown significantly from a low of 11 parrot to extinction" and the World was recently the focus of three days of known birds to 60 (54 ofwhich are cap­ Parrot Trust's PsittaScene August 1999 meetings in Houston, Texas (September tive-hatched); new holders are partici­ newsletter article entitled "More on 30 - October 2, 1999). Endemic to one pating in the program, the field research Spix's Macaw" claimed that "the holders small area of Northeastern Brazil, in a program has collected valuable data on of the captive birds simply refuse to co­ habitat known as the "caatinga' (an arid the natural history of this species and operate" and included much erroneous region of flat savanna scrubland inter­ the ecology ofthe region, a strong com­ information. Readers of these articles spersed with seasonal creeks and munity outreach program is in place, cannot be faulted for believing the sto­ gallery forests), the Spix's Macaw was habitat protection and restoration pro­ ries, as these seem to be reliable and considered to be extinct in the wild 10 jects are ongoing, and basic-research on knowledgeable sources. years ago. Nevertheless, this species is psittacine reintroduction techniques has Unfortunately these type of misin­ now recovering through the concerted been successfully completed. The formed statements are great for "sound efforts of the Brazilian government and progress of the last 10 years has been bytes" that attract media attention, but an international committee whose dramatic. do not contribute to the conservation members include the aviculturists that The meeting, hosted by the Houston of the species. This is not the first time hold this endangered species, govern­ Zoo, included a symposium entitled that the Spix's Macaw has been used as ment officials, conservationists and "The Spix's Macaw - Conservation a political and fundraising tool, a "sym­ ornithologists. and Management of an Endangered bol" of how aviculture contributed to With only one known remaining Species," focusing on the last 10 years this species' demise. bird in nature, the conservation of this of field research, community outreach The Actual Story If those headlines are false, then Spix's Macaw Captive Population 1989-1999 what is the actual story? It is a story that involves a great amount of hard work, 60 ...------------------------------.-, both in the field and in the captive­ f breeding efforts. It is also a story of success against great odds, and inter­ ::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~I-I national collaboration between public and private sector that is unparalleled. ~ I m How can one make that statement .u-------------~-.,-~~ ---t.,:~.~::::,~\"~.'.:,::.:.::',',~.~:':.:.: ~ considering the recent reports? The 3 0 ~.., ~..:::.:•.:':-,:..... ... f---_ i~ - :::,':~'i.::,,':J.'.~,;,:~,,;:.:'.::.~: answer is easy - with facts and data. ----f~ h ;.~~,.:::.:','~;:,.:~".'.::::.::('.',>:,::.:.~~',,:":,:": ~ ~ ..::.....:., 2 0 IL~ L.·.~.,.:.;.:::,',;:::.·.;~~. ;.~.:.~.:.:,:.;:::~; :'~ *1:,:.~.,,'.I::,·::,·.~,i,;;~ . • !,.,.. -*....::'. - ..... .. ~.~.',;.~,:.~" ? ~ The Vanishing Spix's Macaw ~ 1>;~~ ~;,:rz. ·;~('---:I:,'~--IIa:;'c ...--i.:~.,:~.:.;.~.~,:.:,: f--- \~; To truly understand the current situ­ II~ II~ ation of the Spix's Macaw conservation 1: niT t1 rI effort, one must first go back to the late 1980s when only a handful of on1ithol­ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 ogists and aviculturists realized that this species was on the verge of quietly o wild-caught captive-bred ~ total population vanishing. In an attempt to draw atten- 46 November/December 1999 tion to this situation, a meeting was held by Loro Parque, a major bird park in the Canary Islands, Spain (which had a pair of Spix's Macaws in its collec­ tion). Although this attempt was unsuc­ cessful, it laid the groundwork for the future international program. The status of the Spix's Macaw was at the center of much controversy at the 1988 meeting of the now extinct IUCN-SSC Parrot Specialist Group in Curitiba, Brazil. Although everyone talked about the need to develop a recovery program, there was no chance for a consensu as the partici­ pants differed greatly on how to pro­ ceed as politics and personalities got in the way of any agreement. Much of the meeting was spent on arguing about the legality of individual captive birds and not on steps to develop an urgently needed recovery effort. Many ornithologists and conservationists were already considering the Spix's Macaw extinct, believing that the few captive birds scattered throughout Brazil and the world were relics of no con ervation value. At that time, it was much ea ier to blame the wildlife trade and aviculture for this species' demise than to formulate a strategy to save it. Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta sPixii), the female that was reintro­ Enter lBAMA duced to the wild. It was not until 1989 that the pro­ gram officially began with the establish­ Photo courtesy of Birds International, Inc. ment by the Brazilian wildlife authori­ tie ofIBAMA (Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Natural Renewable Resource) of a temporary working group to review the status of this species and to make recommendations to the government for its recovery. This was a new approach for the govern­ ment, which considered this a pioneer­ ing group. As a member of this original group, it was clear to us that the situa­ tion was beyond critical. The wild pop­ ulation was believed to be extinct and we came up with only 11 confmned birds worldwide in captivity (although many more were rumored to exist). The working group's directives from the government were not to decide that the species was extinct, but to develop a last minute management plan to save it. The focus had to be on The future ofthe SPix's Macaw program - part ofthe 1999production at Birds the few remaining birds in captivity International, Inc. Some ofthese birds are destined to be reintroduced to the wild. and the first priority was to set up a the afa 'V TCHBIRD 47 breeding program for the existing birds in Brazil. It was not an easy task - as everyone was willing to participate, but no wanted to give up their bird to move it to another location. All were unsexed and a few were held as single specimens. At that time, the Brazilian government and the holders were reluctant to use laparoscopy, consider­ ing it too risky. To solve this problem, the Houston and National Zoos supported th~ sex­ ing of the Brazilian birds through kary­ otyping, a technique which was acceptable to all. After obtainin~ the necessary USFWS, USDA (first time they allowed importation of psittacine samples without quarantine or irradia­ tion) and CITES permissions I collect­ ed blood-feather samples from all known birds in Brazil. Unfortunately The last Spix's Macaw in the wild. there was a short 24 hour window to get them to the laboratory. With help from the U.S. State Department repre­ including previously unthinkable the oversight of the Committee (in sentative who was waiting at the strategies such as amnesty. It was which they also· participate). plane's door to help with customs, the widely believed that many holders Unfortunately, in the six years that the samples and I made our connection in kept birds "underground," but were amnesty decree was in effect, not one Miami and arrived safely at the Avian unwilling to join the conservation new holder was admitted to the Genetic Sexing Laboratory of Marc effort because of the prosecution and Committee under its conditions. Many Valentine in Memphis, TN in less than confiscation threat. If that were true, of the dozens of supposed illegal birds 16 hours! We were finally on our way there was a very real risk that they turned out to be "phantoms," never to starting the program. would simply disappear without ever actually materializing. Despite this, I am being included in the recovery pro­ always hopeful that we will find new A Permanent Comfnittee gram. In 1990, the Brazilian govern­ birds that have been "underground." Another of the working group's ment passed an amnesty decree to all duties was to establish the structure for holders of Spix's Macaws. Although Found - the Last Wild Spix's the Permanent Committee. Everyone very controversial in some circles (who Soon after the first meeting of the recognized that this had to include all were not involved in the recovery Committee in 1990, reports came of international holders, and that it would effort), it meant to show the goodwill the discovery (or re-discovery) of one have to be a group which represented of the Brazilian government towards remaining bird near the small rural all the stakeholders in the program. any holders and to encourage full par­ town of Cura~a in Northeastern Brazil. The Brazilian government accepted ticipation in the program. This was a An ICBP (now BirdLife International) the recommendations and in 1990, very pragmatic approach to a very seri­ organized expedition had discovered established the Permanent Committee ous problem and placed the recovery its location with the help of Brazilian for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw.
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