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Managing the World's Largest Population of Spix's Macaws

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Managing the World's Largest Population of Spix's Macaws Managing the World’s Largest Population of Spix’s Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii) Blue Macaw Coordinator by Ryan Watson with Dr. Amrita Deb, Head of Conservation Department and Dr. Sven Hammer, Director of Wildlife & Veterinary Service bstract be one of the world’s most threatened birds and The Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) has not been observed in the wild since the last A is currently home to 50 individuals of the known individual disappeared in October 2000. world’s most threatened parrot, the Spix’s Macaw Currently, there are also 78 birds in the official (Cyanopsitta spixii), representing 67% of the birds captive breeding program supported by the listed in the international studbook for the official Brazilian Governments branch for natural heritage captive breeding program. As a consequence of and sustainability— INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO assembling a large flock from diverse sources, a DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS high incidence of disease was initially found to be NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS (IBAMA), as listed in present within the AWWP population, constituting the international studbook. At present, AWWP a wide variety of psittacine pathogens. In maintains 67% (n = 50) of these captive birds. an attempt to combat the high incidence of disease, AWWP has invested in an extensive In the same year that the last known Spix’s health management program. Valuable data on Macaw disappeared from the wild, a new chapter pathogenesis, transmission, clinical presentation, in the history of the species was being written diagnostics and treatment have been collected. The with AWWP receiving its first two pairs of Spix’s extremely low level of heterozygosity in the captive Macaws from Birds International Incorporated population as a whole, as a result of inbreeding (BII) in the Philippines. Subsequently, in 2002, and over-representation of one bloodline, is AWWP received one male and three female an additional challenge in the management of birds from Swiss aviculturist, Roland Messer. AWWP’s Spix’s Macaws. It seems, the lack of genetic diversity has already manifested itself in Following a successful year in 1999 when BII the form of infertility, late maturation, embryonic produced 10 offspring, the next four years mortality and chick deformities. Despite all the only yielded another 3 birds. Additionally, challenges and setbacks the breeding program avian disease was having an impact on their is progressing, with recruitment now significantly population. Furthermore, at that time Avian exceeding mortality. Influenza was sweeping through Asia and BII is located in very close proximity to a chicken Introduction to Spix’s Macaws at AWWP farm. These factors played an important role in The Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) is the BII’s decision to transfer ownership of the birds private wildlife collection of His Excellency Sheikh to AWWP. Accordingly, AWWP received the entire Saoud Bin Mohd. Bin Ali Al-Thani. Located in remaining Philippine population of 25 Spix’s the barren centre of Qatar, AWWP has a primary Macaws, in four shipments between the end of focus on the propagation of rare and threatened 2003 and early 2004. AWWP was aware that species, including the Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta there was a high incidence of disease and other spixii). The Spix’s Macaw is often considered to serious health issues within the new stock and 118 2007 Proceedings similarly it was acknowledged that many of the program. Whilst maintaining the birds in isolation, birds coming to AWWP might never reproduce. regular health screening was carried out, with consultation from parrot specialist veterinarians Around the same time that the Philippine Spix’s Dr. Marcellus Burkle and Dr. Susan Clubb. At each Macaws were arriving in Qatar, AWWP also health check, diagnostic techniques included took over the management of Roland Messer’s complete blood counts (CBC), blood chemistry, population, following allegations from the Swiss choanal and cloacal cultures, radiography and authorities against Messer regarding insufficient endoscopy. Amplifying target nucleic acid via the husbandry standards. Shortly afterwards, Messer polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) and transferred ownership of 11 of his 13 birds to serology was used to test for viral diseases and AWWP, whilst retaining ownership of the only crop biopsies for Proventriculus Dilation Disease breeding pair in the group. Within approximately (PDD). two months of the transfer of these birds to AWWP’s ownership, it became apparent that all The health checks revealed that both the Swiss and 11 of the birds now under the ownership of AWWP Philippine populations had been exposed to PDD, suffered from psychological or physiological Avian Polyoma Virus (APV), Avian Paramyxo Virus conditions of some kind, including PDD in one bird. (APMV), Avian Herpes Virus (AHV) and Psittacosis (Avian Chlamydia). We also learnt that as a In the interest of bio-security, AWWP continued species they seem to be particularly susceptible to manage the Swiss population separately from to the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as the Qatar population. However, in late 2005, the evidenced from repeated identification of the situation in Switzerland became unworkable due bacteria from healthy birds, in the absence of to staffing problems as well as a failed attempt to any clinical signs. Endoscopy revealed that our steal the birds. We had been planning to transfer Spix’s Macaws appear to have unusual air-sac the birds to the United Kingdom, but the plans physiology, with certain air-sac walls appearing relied on the cooperation and prompt action of the in random locations and occasionally missing all British authorities. With winter fast approaching, together in some individuals. swift action was necessary but not forthcoming so the only viable option was to bring the birds to The former Philippine population, whilst outwardly Qatar. At AWWP a temporary quarantine facility in better health than the Swiss population, has was constructed, containing six indoor aviaries. more occult veterinary problems. The air-sacs of This was the home of the birds for next 6-12 the Philippine birds were very cloudy and many months before they were progressively integrated of them exhibited an anthracosis of the lungs, into the AWWP breeding facility. the likelihood of which was higher in older birds. Both conditions are most likely associated with Spix’s Macaw Health Management heavy air pollution around Manila where BII is Due to the many veterinary issues within the located. Subsequently we have discovered that newly acquired Spix’s Macaw flock as well as the these conditions can improve over time but it is conservation importance of the species, AWWP a very slow recovery process. Of all the former developed and implemented a rigorous veterinary Philippine birds, the three with the clearest AFA Annual Convention 119 air-sacs are of the first four received in 2000. attempting treatment of the disease, which could Unfortunately, endoscopy was not performed help to save other birds from PDD in the future. on any of AWWP’s Spix’s Macaws until 2004, so we cannot determine the status of the air-sacs It has been noted at AWWP that Spix’s Macaws when the birds first arrived. In general however, affected with PDD do not develop the typical on the basis of data from birds endoscoped massively dilated proventriculus or pass undigested multiple times over the past three years, we can seeds in the droppings as is typical for the disease. ascertain that the condition is slowly improving. Instead, they suffer progressive damage to the Central Nervous System (CNS) and PDD is often Another interesting difference between the two only confirmed when post mortem samples from populations is the eye color; with the Philippine the CNS, adrenals, heart and digestive organs are population all having extremely dark irises whilst sent for histopathological examination. Another all the Swiss birds have completely white irises. In possible link that is being explored is the relationship the case of the eyes, we suspect that the dark iris between Avian Paramyxo Virus (APMV-1) and is caused by heavy metal accumulation, as certain PDD. A growing body of evidence suggests that heavy metals are known to deposit in the eyes an APMV-1 titer will be found in bird collections and are likely to be found in high concentrations in maintaining PDD-positive birds and can therefore the polluted air engulfing the highly industrialized be used as a preliminary indicator (GRUND 1999). city of Manila. The discoloration of the iris takes much longer to fade and is variable according to Since 2004, 73 crop biopsies have been taken each individual. Some bird’s eyes do not appear from 46 individual Spix’s Macaws at Al Wabra, to be fading at all, while others have undergone with several individuals having had as many as significant fading. It is our understanding that three biopsies during this period (see table 1). A heavy metals are very difficult to purge from the crop biopsy is considered to have a sensitivity body, so it is possible that none of the former of between 60-70% for detecting the changes in Philippine birds will ever have the same white nerve cells caused by PDD. A positive test for PDD irises as the former Swiss birds is said to be definitive but a negative (no obvious lesions) test is no guarantee that a bird is free of Proventriculus Dilation Disease (PDD) the disease even if they present healthy. The third in Spix’s Macaws at AWWP and most frustrating result is when a bird presents Of the eight Spix’s Macaws that have died since sub-clinical symptoms, which raise suspicions for we lost our first bird in 2003, PDD has been PDD (indicated by signs of lymphoplasmacytic responsible for five of these deaths. Three of inflammation surrounding ganglia but not within these PDD-related deaths occurred in 2004, in the ganglia).
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