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Reordering Ranganathan: Shifting User Behaviours, Shifting Priorities

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Reordering Ranganathan: Shifting User Behaviours, Shifting Priorities ISSN (Print): 0972-2467 SRELS Journal of Information Management, Vol 52(1), February 2015, p. 3–23 ISSN (Online): 0976-2477 Reordering Ranganathan: Shifting User Behaviours, Shifting Priorities Lynn Silipigni Connaway* and Ixchel M. Faniel OCLC Research, OCLC, Dublin, Ohio, USA; [email protected], [email protected] Abstract S.R. Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science provide a broad framework for designing and evaluating library programmes, activities and services. The laws continue to be extensively cited even today suggesting their continued revolution, currently available resources and services, and user behaviours. The idea has been to suggest how libraries andrelevance. librarians This can paper better attempts connect to to interpret those behaviours. the five laws After in examining the present the daychanging context roles of informationof the Five Laws abundance, on the basis digital of recommendations for realizing the intent of the laws have also been made. findings of recent research, the paper suggests reordering and reframing of the Five Laws of Library Science. A number of Keywords: Digital Environment, Five Laws of Library Science, Information Seeking Behaviour, Information Services, Web- Based Information Services. 1. Introduction Ranganathan, like Melville Dewey, came on the scene at a time when information was scarce; preserving library When Ranganathan proposed his Five Laws of Library collections was a major professional concern of librarians. Science, he came out with a comprehensive framework “Books are for use” was the driver. Dewey’s classification and guideline for evaluating library programmes, library system was essentially meant to help library users activities, and for formulating library policies and understand how to access materials. Books continue to strategies. This is clearly indicated by the fact that these hold a powerful place in our cultural psyche irrespective statements continue to be extensively cited even today, of whether it is read on paper or on a computer screen; more than eight decades after their publication. Not only the point is not, and never was, the medium. When we this, there have even been attempts at reformulating these say, “I just read a great book,” what is meant is that we laws to suit the present context of the Web, e-resources, had positive and worthwhile experience digesting new multimedia resources and the resulting developments information and transferring someone else’s thoughts and in information services. Despite the fact that even at the ideas into our own. Conversely, when we say, “Oh, it was time these laws were formulated books were not the only an awful book,” what is meant is that it was not worth kind of resources – magazines, newspapers, films, audio- our time. These experiences hold true for information or recordings and even microfiche were already in use – entertainment in any media. A Facebook like or Tweet Ranganathan stated his first law as Books‘ are for use’. This about a research presentation or a review on Goodreads only suggests that he used the term ‘books’ as a substitute transmits the same message: “I [processed] this [content], for all kinds of media that existed at that time and those and I would [recommend/not recommend] it to that might come into existence in future. “Books are for [audience].” It is essentially a new way of saying, “books use” is simply too powerful a statement and too succinct are for use,” “every reader his or her book,” or “every book to warrant much improvement. its reader”. So are the following examples: *Author for correspondence Abridged version of: Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, and Ixchel M. Faniel. 2014. Reordering Ranganathan: Shifting User Behaviors, Shifting Priorities. Dublin, OH: OCLC Research. http://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2014/oclcresearch-reorder- ing-ranganathan-2014.pdf Shifting User Behaviours, Shifting Priorities........ • Facebook post for a YouTube video; and more complex. Applying Ranganathan’s laws to the • Embedded link to a scholarly article in a blog post; situation obtaining now shows the difference between • Good Google search rank on a particular phrase; the time in which Dewey and Ranganathan worked and • Book cover picture on an Interest page. the information environment in which we operate today (Table 1). We have moved from an era of content scarcity The difference is that the notions of ‘book’ and ‘reader’ to one of incredible abundance and diversity, which is have expanded and are becoming increasingly more being contributed to by a multitude of channels and Table 1. Ranganathan’s five laws: Original and new conceptions First Law Books are for Use E-books are for reading. Netflix is for watching Blackboard is for study- ing Second Law Every Reader His / Her Every listener his / her Every artist his Photo- Every student his / her Book iTunes. shop EasyBib Third Law Every Book its Reader Every blog its reader. Every Google Map its Every digital repository Traveler its researcher. Fourth Law Save the Time of the Save the time of the Save the time of the Save the time of the Reader listener. Traveler researcher. Fifth Law Library is a Growing Organism Ranganathan’s New Conceptions in the Current Environment Original Statements contributors. These differences are at the centre of what our mind the way in which the digital and Web revolutions has changed the interpretations of the five laws. have transformed the balance in our relationships with the user community, resources and services. Interestingly the fifth law —“Library is a growing organism”—has not changed. The library is growing given The following sections will look at what today’s librarians, the increasingly daunting array of content facilitated by library researchers and information scientists have said librarians for individuals to discover access and share. about the changing roles of the five laws and also review Libraries must provide access to not only externally relevant literature to show how the five laws still apply, produced content but also content produced within the but where, we believe, it’s time for a change in focus and academic community40. Librarians have moved beyond emphasis. Findings from our research on user behaviour their doors to bring relevant content to their user also will be included to show how the Five Laws of Library community and to make visible to the outside world the Science is as relevant today as it was in 1931. content created by their user community clearly indicating an expansion in the places in which librarianship occurs 2. The New First Law: Save the and the tools librarians use to help those they serve achieve their goals. This brings us to the crucial issue Time of the Reader being examined in this research, which is: if materials have become so abundant that “books are for use” is now Ranganathan had predicted that the fourth law, “save the less about scarcity and more about choice, availability, find- time of the reader,” will become more important once the ability and share-ability, what does that do to the five laws? requirements for the first three laws are satisfied. Given This is not to suggest that it is time to abandon the laws, the vast array of content being offered through a multitude which are an enormously helpful way to link the goals of of information service providers, scarcity of time is the librarianship with concrete programmes and activities. most pressing issue facing people today. It is proposed What is being suggested here is that a reordering of the here that “save the time of the reader” has become the five laws be considered in a world where information is most important of Ranganathan’s five laws and should becoming increasingly abundant in multiple formats and be the lens through which to interpret the others. Recent in a variety of settings. This will help us keep topmost in research indicates that in the changed environment both 4 SRELS Journal of Information Management | Vol 52(1) | February 2015 Lynn Silipigni Connaway and Ixchel M. Faniel saving time and convenience have become important to Google because it is quicker2. “Millennials, by their own today’s information seekers25,28. As libraries have begun admission, have no tolerance for delays”96. They respond to operate alongside other information service providers, quickly to communications from others and expect such as Google, Amazon and Facebook, how people the same in return75, especially from their information experience library services, particularly online service, sources17,18,27,29,101. According to a Pew Research Center has become more important40. Three aspects of time are report, teachers report that digital technologies “encourage discussed here: students to assume all tasks can be finished quickly and at the last minute”82. Yet, librarians and instructors still are • Time as simply time; a measure of how long it takes a adjusting to meet the needs of students. Undergraduate user to achieve a desired outcome; and graduate students reported a preference for searching • Time as a shorthand for convenience or almost any the Web instead of the online library catalogue, because efficiency-based value that users ascribe to their the Web was fast and easy48. Not surprisingly, the Internet experience with a library; and Wikipedia are used extensively to get an initial • Time as stand-in for the entire service experience overview of a topic80. Head and Eisenberg report that beyond the actual quality of content, materials, “almost all” of the students in their study “used course resources, etc. readings, library resources, and public Internet sites such as Google and Wikipedia, when conducting course- 56 2.1 Examining the Law in Today’s related research” . However, students’ use of Wikipedia has been compared to a “covert, underground Learning Environment Black Market”24,25,106 as its use often is not acknowledged.
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