Nachhaltige Infrastruktur Für Die Literatur- Und Informationsversorgung: Im Digitalen Zeitalter Ein Überholtes Paradigma – Oder So Wichtig Wie Noch Nie?

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Nachhaltige Infrastruktur Für Die Literatur- Und Informationsversorgung: Im Digitalen Zeitalter Ein Überholtes Paradigma – Oder So Wichtig Wie Noch Nie? Bibliothek, Forschung und Praxis 2014; 38(3): 344–364 Elmar Mittler Nachhaltige Infrastruktur für die Literatur- und Informationsversorgung: im digitalen Zeitalter ein überholtes Paradigma – oder so wichtig wie noch nie? Zusammenfassung: Durch die Informationsmacht der literature. The German Research Society (Deutsche For- Suchmaschinen ist im Zeitalter des Internet das Wissen in schungsgemeinschaft) has begun the redesign of the exis- Gefahr, kommerzialisiert zu werden. Informationelle Sou- ting system to adapt it to the digital revolution. Subject veränität zu besitzen, ist aber schon seit dem Altertum information services will now provide the information for auch von politischer Bedeutung. Die Infrastruktur für die special research communities. However, guidelines like wissenschaftliche Information in Deutschland ist durch the reduction of the collections to the material of imme- das System der überregionalen Sammelschwerpunkte ge- diate interest and the closing of special collections during prägt, die gewährleisten, dass auch spezielle Forschungs- the process of evaluation endanger the information infra- literatur zur Verfügung steht. Die Deutsche Forschungs- structure; thousands of journals have to be cancelled and gemeinschaft hat damit begonnen, dieses System der thousands of specialized titles will no longer be purcha- digitalen Publikationswelt anzupassen und Sondersam- sed. Planning on a broader horizon and a financial coope- melgebiete in Fachinformationsdienste umzuwandeln, die ration of the federal government and state governments leistungsfähige Informationsservices für spezielle Fach- are both essential in developing an information infra- communities bieten sollen. Allerdings erweisen sich Vor- structure for the future that can match the success of the gaben wie die Reduktion der Erwerbung auf den aktuellen traditional system. Bedarf und der Wegfall ganzer Sammelgebiete im Rahmen Keywords: Nationwide information infrastructure in Ger- einer reinen Projektförderung als Gefährdung der Informa- many; special collection libraries; research information tionsinfrastruktur: Tausende von Zeitschriften und Bü- services chern müssen abbestellt werden oder können nicht mehr gekauft werden. Breiter angelegte Planungen und neue Finanzierungsmodelle in Zusammenarbeit von Bund und DOI 10.1515/bfp-2014-0059 Ländern sind erforderlich, um zu zukunftsweisenden Strukturen zu kommen, mit denen an die bisherigen Erfol- ge angeknüpft werden kann. Inhalt Schlüsselwörter: Nationale Informationsinfrastruktur in Deutschland; Sondersammelgebiete; Fachinformations- Kurzfassung .............................345 dienste 1 Einleitung ...........................346 2 Die Bibliothek(en) als Infrastruktur der umfassen- A Sustainable Information Infrastructure in the Digital den Information – ein Blick in die Geschichte . 347 Age, an Obsolete Paradigm or More Important Than Ever 3 Der deutsche Weg der koordinierten Erwerbung Before? The Transformation Process from Sondersammel- mit überregionaler Bereitstellung ...........348 gebiete to Fachinformationsdienste in Germany 4 Das Prinzip Vollständigkeit – Bestands- Abstract: The information power of search engine pro- entwicklung oder Bestandsmanagement? .....350 viders is commercializing knowledge more and more. But 5 Die strikte Ausrichtung auf die aktuellen Bedürfnis- informational sovereignty has also political impact since se der Fachcommunities gegen Interdisziplinarität, the antiquity. The German system of national special col- Latenz und Serendipity ..................353 lection libraries guarantees access to specialised research 6 Die Überführung der Sondersammelgebiete in Fachinformationsdienste – eine erschreckende Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Elmar Mittler: [email protected] Zwischenbilanz ........................355 Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 3/21/15 12:16 PM Nachhaltige Infrastruktur für die Literatur-und Informationsversorgung 345 7 Die Förderung des konsequenten Wandels zur digi- dass mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit für den talen Bibliothek – e-only, komfortable Nachweis- Grundbedarf nicht gesammelte Titel der Forschung dauer- und Recherchesysteme und die Entwicklung neuer haft zur Verfügung standen. Möglicherweise auch als indirek- Informationsdienstleistungen ............. 358 te Folge des Antragsbooms bei der Normalförderung, der 8 Die Zukunftssicherung Informationsinfrastruktur durch den erhöhten Druck bedingt ist, Drittmittel für die für die Forschung als Gemeinschaftsaufgabe . 363 Forschung einzuwerben, ist das neue Programm der Fach- informationsdienste, wie im Normalverfahren der DFG auf Projektanträge mit überschaubarer Laufzeit umgestellt wor- Kurzfassung den, die nach fachlicher Prüfung bewilligt oder abgelehnt werden. Außerdem soll auch die Auswahl der Literatur auf Durch die Informationsmacht der Suchmaschinen ist im Zeit- den kurzfristigen Bedarf eng definierter Fachcommunities alter des Internet das Wissen in Gefahr, kommerzialisiert zu ausgerichtet werden. Damit aber können z. B. Lizenzen elek- werden. Eine informationelle Souveränität zu besitzen ist tronischer Zeitschriften nur noch für einen begrenzten Kreis auch von politscher Bedeutung. Ein historischer Rückblick von Fachwissenschaftlern abgeschlossen werden. Somit wer- zeigt, dass seit dem Altertum die umfassende Sammlung von den interdisziplinär arbeitende Forscher – von anderen Inte- Literatur als Grundlage wissenschaftlicher Forschung und ressierten wie Wissenschaftsjournalisten ganz abgesehen – politischer Kraft immer wieder genutzt worden ist. Anderseits ausgeklammert. Als zusätzliches ernsthaftes Problem hat sind auch Alternativen selektiver Erwerbung in „schlanken“ sich erwiesen, dass die schwerpunktmäßige Ausrichtung auf Bibliotheken insbesondere für Hochschulen immer wieder die Fachinformationsdienste zur Einstellung auch von geis- diskutiert worden; dabei kam man aber immer auch zu dem tes- und sozialwissenschaftlich ausgerichteten Sondersam- Ergebnis, dass ein optimiertes Arbeiten der Einzelbibliothek melgebieten geführt hat, die in besonderer Weise auf eine nur funktionieren kann, wenn ein umfassendes Reservoir für umfassende Sammlung auch von Literatur angewiesen ist, die Forschung im Hintergrund zur Verfügung steht. Am ame- die kurzfristig von einem engen Kreis der Spezialisten (noch) rikanischen System wurde z. B. bemängelt, dass es zu wenig nicht benötigt wird. Gerade in Europa hat sich in der Renais- Input in die fachlich qualitative Auswahl bei den Einzelbiblio- sance gezeigt, wie epochemachend die Wiederentdeckung theken steckt und die großen Bibliotheken in ihrem von Kon- und neue Nutzung „latenter Sammlungen“ in den Bibliothe- kurrenzdenken geprägten Bildungsumfeld nicht effizient zu- ken für die Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte werden kann. Nicht sammenarbeiten können. Demgegenüber erwies sich die ohne Grund sieht das „Comité des Sages“ durch die Digitali- deutsche Praxis der letzten Jahrzehnte mit gut organisierter, sierung die Chance einer neuen Renaissance. Nur wenn es umfassender Sammlung im Rahmen der überregionalen gelingt, die wissenschaftliche Literatur vollständig in den Sammelschwerpunkte, qualifizierter Auswahl an den Einzel- immer schneller voranschreitenden Forschungsprozess effi- bibliotheken und dem gezielten Angebot von Mehrfachexem- zient zu integrieren und die flüchtigen digitalen Medien plaren in den Lehrbuchsammlungen als eine perfekte Kom- dauerhaft zugänglich zu machen, kann die Wissenschaft in bination erfolgversprechender Strategien. Der DFG ist es Deutschland weiter erfolgreich sein. Es ist verständlich, dass gelungen, das System der überregionalen Literaturversor- die DFG als wissenschaftsfördernde Institution sich mit die- gung erfolgreich zu moderieren, obwohl ihr finanzieller Bei- ser sich ausweitenden Infrastrukturaufgabe überfordert trag an den Gesamtkosten verhältnismäßig gering war. Dem fühlt; ihre mit dem FID-Programm vorgezeichnete Förder- Zuschuss von 75% der Mittel für den Kauf ausländischer ausrichtung auf die Entwicklung und Unterstützung von spe- Literatur standen bei den Sondersammelgebieten, je nach ziellen Dienstleistungen für die informationelle Versorgung Fachgebiet, Kosten allein für die vollständige Erwerbung der der Fachwissenschaften erscheint von daher durchaus deutschen Literatur gegenüber, die diesen fast gleichkom- konsequent – es müssen dann aber alternative Wege für die men konnten. Darüber hinaus wurden die Personalkosten Finanzierung der Sammlungsaufgabe gefunden werden. voll von den Bibliotheken finanziert, die wegen der speziali- Für die flüchtigen digitalen Medien kann der alte Samm- sierten Bestände deutlich erhöhten Personalaufwand für Be- lungsbegriff, der physischen Besitz voraussetzte, nicht mehr schaffung und Katalogisierung (mit minimalen Möglichkei- gelten. Das heißt aber nicht, dass die Rolle der Bibliotheken ten zur Fremdleistungsnutzung) haben. Da die DFG nur die als internationale Infrastruktur für die umfassende Zugriffs- Spitze des Bedarfs mitfinanzierte, ist es nicht verwunderlich, sicherung auf forschungsrelevante Dokumente obsolet ge- dass die systematische Förderung der Erwerbung der speziel- worden wäre. Im Gegenteil: War die Realisierung schon im len Forschungsliteratur im Rahmen des Sondersammel- ausufernden Druckzeitalter der letzten Jahrzehnte nur noch gebietsprogramms jahrzehntelang auch bei ihren Gremien in organisierter Arbeitsteilung möglich, so muss das Manage- volle Anerkennung fand – war doch damit gewährleistet, ment der Informationsinfrastruktur im Zeitalter
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