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Frances Wright's Experiment with Negro Emancipation

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Frances Wright's Experiment with Negro Emancipation Frances Wright’s Experiment with Negro Emancipation HELEN ELLIOTT The early nineteenth century ushered in an era of reform, which touched many American institutions. With serious purpose, many an earnest soul set about to make the world a better place. Utopian schemes based upon ideals of common property and other plans with deep religious motives made their way into the newly developing west. Frances Wright destined to become a crusader for the emancipation of negro slaves and the rights of women, was a connecting link in the history of several western reform movements. She was born in Dundee, Scotland, on Sept. 6, 1795.’ Members of her fam- ily, on the father’s side, were extensive landowners and merchants. The mother’s family had descended from the “lettered aristocracy of England.”2 There seems to have been a remarkable similarity in the views of Frances Wright and her father, James Wright, which was somewhat unusual, since he died when Frances was two years old. James Wright was much interested in the governmental reforms of his day. He was deeply affected by the French Revolution, and had translations of French political and philosophical pam- phlets made, and distributed in S~otland.~So ardent did he be- come in the espousal of the ideas of Thomas Paine, that he became an object of governmental espionage for a time.’ About this time, he changed the motto on the family crest from “For the king, sometimes” to “Our country is dear, Liberty is dearer.” To such a motto the daughter, Frances, could give whole-hearted up port.^ After the death of the parents, the three orphaned Wright children were reared by relatives in England. The brother died, at an early age and the sisters, Camilla and Frances, were close companions till Camilla died. In the home of the English relatives, Frances, naturally studious, found congenial surroundings with a fine library and good Frances Wright D’Arusmont. Biographu, Notes and Pditiaal Letters (Dundee, Scotland, 1844), 3. The first part of this material is really an autobiography of Frances Wright, who, in 1831, married William Phisuepal D’Arusmont, whom she met when he was teaching in the community school at New Harmony. Indiana. Ibid., 5. 8 Ibid., 4. Ibid. Ibid.. 6. 142 Indiana Magazine of History teachers. The loneliness of an orphan’s life was in a meas- ure, compensated by her opportunity for wide reading and study. She relates in her autobiography, that she learned early in life that “Truth had still to be found and that men were afraid of truth.”6 Watching the work of English peasants and their ejec- tion from the estates of the wealthy, Frances Wright de- veloped an intense sympathy for the lowly and down-trodden. She early reached a conclusion that her life’s work must be devoted to the cause of the poor and helpless.? Her study of the Greek philosophers brought to her a great enthusiasm for the teachings of Epicurus, “a devotion which lasted throughout her life.”* In the defense of the teachings of her master, she wrote her first work, EpicurUs.8 Her investigation of Greek philosophy had turned her alert mind to the road of free inquiry, a route she was destined to follow the remainder of her life. Her study of history had awakened in her a great in- terest for America. To many a person of high idealism, the reactionary era following the Napoleonic wars, brought much pessimism. To Frances Wright, the American ideal of govern- ment seemed the hope of the world-“There existed a country consecrated to freedom and in which man might awake to the full knowledge and exercise of his powers.”1o In 1818, Frances, accompanied by her sister Camilla, made her first trip to the United States. To an uncle, who insisted that the thought of their trip to America was startling and painful and who proposed that they visit Italy instead, Frances re- plied: “The sight of Italy, dear Uncle, prostrated under the yoke of Austria, would break my heart.”l’ During her stay in New York City, one personal triumph came to the young visitor in the production of her play “Altorf,” by a New York company of English actors. The theme of the play was the struggle of the forest cantons of Switzerland against the power of Austria. The play was produced as of unknown authorship. One newspaper account said of it : “The author is unknown. He has trusted his work 6 Ibid.. I. lbid.. 8. * William Randall Waterman. Frances Wright (New York. 1924). 19. 0 Later, Epicurw was extended and published under the name, A Few Day8 in Athens, Waterman. op. cit., 20. lo Waterman. op. cit., 21. D’Arusmont, op. cit.. 11. Frances Wright’s Experiment with Emancipaticm 143 to its own merits and to the unprejudiced liberality of an American audience. He has trusted a tale of freedom to the feelings of the only nation where the cause of freedom dare be asperted.”’* What an interesting situation for one who was soon to be a woman’s rights leader, to have her work mistaken for a man’s! After some visiting in New York, the two sisters toured the northern and eastern states. The enthusiasm of Frances for everything American led her to believe that in almost all things Americans were superior. With the unfailing courtesy of Americans, their understanding of and devotion to their government, she was greatly impressed. One is inclined to believe that she saw with the prejudiced eye of a young dreamer and idealist. For one American institution she had, however, no en- thusiasm. She expressed no dasire to include the southern states in her travels, “for the sight of slavery is revolting everywhere, but to inhale the impure breath of its pestilence, in the free winds of America, is odious beyond all that imag- ination can conceive.”l3 Of this first visit, she wrote eight years later: “Delighted with the sound of political liberty, the absence of bayonets and constrained taxation, I spoke and published as I felt, in praise of American institutions, and called, and, I believe, first generally awakened the at- tention of the European public to their study and apprecia- tion.”’+ Upon her return to England, Frances Wright published, in 1821, a volume entitled Views on Society and Manners in America. With the publication of this book, she became well known in England and on the continent. Her book was translated into several languages and was widely read by liberals and reformers. \mile she shrank from formal so- ciety, she found herself agreeably surrounded by a number of people interested in political and social reform. Jeremy Bentham read her book and sought her friendship. At his Queen’s Square home, Frances often met with him and his circle, which included James Mill, economist, Francis Plore, astute politician, George Grote, author of The History of Greece, and the jurist, John Austin.15 Waterman. op. cit., 37. Quoted from the New York Colmbian, Feb. 18, 1819. 18 Frances Wright D’Arusmont, Views on Societq and Manners in America (London, 1821). 517. 14 Frances Wright, Course of Popvbr Lectures (London, C. 1829). 157. Waterman. op. cit.. 61. 144 Indiana Magazine of History But however much she may have enjoyed her association with English reformers, it was the acquaintance with the Marquis de Lafayette, which her book brought about, that was to be of profound importance to her, for “at sixty-three, the passion for political liberty burned as strongly in the bosom of the old veteran as in those glorious days when, side by side, with Washington, he had fought for the inde- pendence of the United States.”le He read all the books that he could get, describing American life. In this way, he learned of Frances Wright and in a short time, invited her to France. In September of 1821, she went to Paris and arranged to meet Lafayette. A short time after this meet- ing, she was invited to visit at his home in LaGrange. This was the beginning of a friendship of no ordinary character. In her autobiography she says that she had his most inti- mate private and political ~0nfidence.l~So ardent did Fran- ces Wright become in her enthusiasm for Lafayette that she urged him to adopt her and Camilla as his children. His family frowned on these developments and a crisis arose, but later reconciliations were effected and the friendship continued. The General’s affection and high regard for Frances Wright is shown in a letter from him to an unknown friend. After discussing some matters pertaining to the business affairs of the two sisters and quoting from a letter recently received from Fanny, he says: “Of other matters my dear daughter says very little, but that she loves her adopted father, which you all well know, and whether I do love her is not much a question with you.”18 In her asso- ciations with Lafayette, she was close to liberal reforms working under cover in France and on one occasion she took charge of French exiles in England.lg In April of 1827, she was back in France for a six month’s visit at La Grange where she worked on writing a life of the General.*O In 1824, when Lafayette accepted the invitation of the American people to revisit the United States, Frances and Camilla decided to come to America. Their sailing followed the General’s a few days, and they were visitors at many ‘6 Ibid., 62. 17 D’Arusmont, Biography. Notes and Letters, 13.
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