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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1228-C Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California: Plicatulidae to Ostreidae

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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1228-C Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California: Plicatulidae to Ostreidae U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1228-C Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California: Plicatulidae to Ostreidae By ELLEN JAMES MOORE PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1228-C A total of 68 species representing 23 genera in the families Plicatulidae, Spondylidae, Anomiidae, Limidae, Gryphaeidae, and Ostreidae are illustrated, taxonomy revised and updated, geographic and geologic ranges given, occurrence by geologic formation cited, and habitat included when it can be confidently inferred UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress catalog card no, 86-600557 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract __________________________________Cl Systematics: Pelecypods Continued from Chapter B Introduction _______________________________ 1 Superfamily Ostreacea Continued Purpose and scope ________________________ 1 Family Gryphaeidae Continued Procedure _ ____________________ 1 Subfamily Pycnodonteinae Continued Acknowledgments ________________________ 4 Abbreviations ____________________________ 4 Genus Pycnodonte? _________________C20 Systematics: Pelecypods Continued from Chapter B ______ 5 Genus Hyotissa ____________________22 Superfamily Pectinacea _______ _ _________ 5 Genus Neopycnodonte _____ 23 Family Plicatulidae ___________________ __ 5 Genus Neopycnodonte? _______________23 Genus Plicatula ______________________ 5 Family Ostreidae _____ 24 Family Spondylidae ____________________ 6 Subfamily Lophinae _ 24 Genus Spondylus _________ ___________ 6 Genus Lopha __ 24 Superfamily Anomiacea ___________________ 9 Genus Lopha? _ 24 Family Anomiidae _______________________ 9 Genus Dendostrea __________________25 Genus Anomia _________________________ 9 Genus Dendostrea? _______ 25 Genus Anomia ? ________________________11 Subfamily Ostreinae _ 27 Genus Placunanomia __________ __________ 11 Genus Ostrea __ 27 Genus Pododesmus _______________________ 13 Genus Ostreola ____________________28 Superfamily Limacea ________________________13 Genus Ostreola? ___________________29 Family Limidae __ ______ _______ 13 Subfamily Ostreinae, incertae sedis __________29 Genus Lima _________________________13 Subfamily Crassostreinae 30 Genus Acesta _______________________14 Genus Acutostrea 30 Genus Limaria ______________________ 16 Genus Acutostrea? __________________32 Genus Limatula ___ _____ _______ 17 Genus Saccostrea _______ 32 Genus Limea __ ____________________ 17 Genus Striostrea _ 32 Genus Limea? ________________________ 17 Genus Striostrea? ___________________33 Superfamily Ostreacea _______________________ 17 Genus Crassostrea __________________35 Family Gryphaeidae ______________________ 17 Genus Crassostrea? _________________38 Subfamily Exogyrinae __________________ 18 Fossil localities 40 Genus Gryphaeostrea _____ ___18 Geologic formations cited for occurrence of pelecypods 41 Subfamily Pycnodonteinae _______________ 18 References cited __________ 42 Genus Pycnodonte __________________ 18 Index __________________________________ 49 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates follow index] PLATE 1. Plicatula, Spondylus. 2 4. Spondylus. 5. Spondylus, "Spondylus", Anomia. 6. Anomia, Placunanomia. 7-8. Anomia, Placunanomia, Lima, Pododesmus. 9. Spondylus, Limatula, Lima, Pododesmus, Acesta. 10. Lima, Limea?, Acesta, Limaria. 11. Pycnodonte, Dendostrea?. 12. Pycnodonte, Dendostrea?, Striostrea?. 13. Pycnodonte, Dendostrea?, Acutostrea. 14. Pycnodonte?, Dendostrea?, Acutostrea. 15. Pycnodonte?, Dendostrea?. 16. Hyotissa, Acutostrea, Pycnodonte?, Striostrea?, Dendostrea?. 17. Lopha, Pycnodonte?. 18. Saccostrea, Pycnodonte?. 19. Gryphaeostrea, Crassostrea?, Pycnodonte?. 20. Crassostrea?. 21. Pycnodonte?, Crassostrea?. 22. Crassostrea?, Striostrea?. IV CONTENTS PLATE 23. Crassostrea. 24. Crassostrea, Crassostrea?. 25. Striostrea?, Crassostrea?. 26-27. Crassostrea, Crassostrea?, Striostrea?. 28. Crassostrea. 29. Crassostrea, "Ostrea", Acutostrea, Striostrea?. 30. Ostreola, Acutostrea, Ostrea. 31. Dendostrea?, Ostreola?. 32. Dendostrea?, Ostreola?, Neopycnodonte?, Acutostrea 33. Acutostrea, Acutostrea?, Ostreola?. 34. Ostreola?, Dendostrea?, Acutostrea. FIGURE 1. Map showing divisions used in California for geographic range of species of pelecypods, Plicatulidae to Ostreidae C2 2. Map showing divisions used in Baja California peninsula for geographic range of species of pelecypods, Plicatulidae to Ostreidae ________________ 3 TABLES Page TABLES 1-10. Geologic and geographic distribution: 1. Plicatula _________________________________________________ C5 2. Spondylus _ _________________ 6 3. Anomia, Anomia? __________________ _ 9 4. Placunanomia, Pododesmus ______ 12 5. Lima, Acesta, Limaria, Limatula, Limea? 14 6. Gryphaeostrea, Pycnodonte, Pycnodonte? ___________ 18 7. Hyotissa, Neopycnodonte?, Lopha?, Dendostrea? ______ 23 8. Ostrea, Ostreola, Ostreola?, "Ostrea", Acutostrea, Acutostrea? 27 9. Saccostrea, Striostrea ? ___________________ 33 10. Crassostrea, Crassostrea? _____ 36 PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA TERTIARY MARINE PELECYPODS OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA: PLICATULIDAE TO OSTREIDAE By ELLEN JAMES MOORE ABSTRACT PROCEDURE The description of the mollusks in the Tertiary formations of Califor­ All Tertiary marine mollusks originally described nia and Baja California is continued from Chapter B. The families Plicatulidae, Spondylidae, Anomiidae, Limidae, Gryphaeidae, and from California and the Baja California peninsula, and Ostreidae, which represent 23 genera and 68 species, are covered in all species originally described from other geographic this chapter; other chapters will follow in zoologically systematic localities but known to occur in the Tertiary of the Cal­ order. ifornias, are included in this study. All positively identi­ All the Tertiary species that were described from or are known to fied species that have been found on faunal lists are also occur in the Californias are included, along with their original descrip­ tions and their distribution by formation. The holotype is illustrated included. In genera that are extremely rare, I have where feasible, and tables show the geologic and geographic occur­ included species that are only questionably identified. rence of the species in each genus. In this work, species are arranged systematically fol­ Of the 23 genera studied, the Gryphaeidae and Ostreidae were most lowing the order of families, genera, and subgenera in need of taxonomic revision, and only 1 of the 39 species originally given in the Treatise (Moore, 1969; 1971). The order in assigned to Ostrea is retained in that genus. The marked response of oysters to their particular habitats causes which families are arranged and the generic and sub- more variation in shell character within individual species than in any generic categories have generally not been modified, other group of bivalves. The size, shape, and sculpture are all affected except in a few cases. Most modifications made reflect by substrate, by crowding, and even by the intensity of available light. either definitive papers published after publication of The abundance and gigantic size of Crassostrea and Striostrea the Treatise or works published earlier but not cited in during Miocene time in California parallels that of the pectinids during the same time period, just prior to the well documented cooling it. Within the systematic groups, species are arranged trend that reached its nadir during the Pleistocene. This population by geologic age, beginning with the oldest species and and gigantism explosion may be related to shallow, restricted seaways ending with the youngest. fed by rivers and streams rich in nutrients, in addition to the known Some of the names of genera and subgenera adopted relationship to the temperature of the seas. in this paper have not been used before for eastern Pacific Tertiary species. Brief synopses of generic and subgeneric characters are given in the appropriate INTRODUCTION places; more complete synopses will be found in the Treatise (Moore, 1969; 1971), in Keen (1971), in Hertlein PURPOSE AND SCOPE and Grant (1972), and in Olsson (1961). For genera and subgenera that are not included in the Treatise, com­ The description and illustration of the Tertiary plete descriptions are given in the text. marine mollusks of California and Baja California Distribution tables are included to show graphically started in Chapter A is continued in this chapter, which the geographic and geologic distribution of species treats the families Plicatulidae to Ostreidae. within each family. To facilitate finding a specific taxon, A total of 68 species assigned to the included families the species are listed alphabetically under genus and occur in the geographic study area. For convenience of subgenus in the tables. reference, the figures showing the geographic divisions The synonymy for each species includes the original used for the Californias are reproduced (figs. 1, 2). citation and subsequent substantive references. The Ci C2 PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA > SAN FRANCISCO O SANTA CRUZ - San Miguel Island Santa Rosa Island San Nicolas Islan 150 200 KILOMETERS _ . San Clemente Island I FIGURE 1. Divisions used for geographic ranges of species of pelecypods, Plicatulidae to Ostreidae, reported from California.
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