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B 03 1 7 1 D © Copyright by ROBERT CORRAN 1979 B 03 17 1 D CQRRAN, ROBERT A COMPARISON OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES IN SPOkT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION SINCE 1 9f>0 . THE OHn STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1979 CQPR. 197 9 CCRRAM, ROBERT University Microfilm s International 300 n. zeeb road, ann arbor, mi8 io«6 © Copyright by ROBERT CORRAN 1979 A COMPARISON OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES IN SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION SINCE I960 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert Corran, B.S., M.S. The Ohio State University 1979 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, Chairman Dr. Edward Coates Dr. Barbara Nelson C aI- Adviser School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreci­ ation to his Committee members, Dr. Edward Coates and Dr. Barbara Nelson for their assistance and evaluation of this study, and to Committee Chairman, Dr. Bruce Bennett, for his interest, encouragement and advice over the past two years. The assistance of individuals and organizations who furnished information and who responded to the questionnaire is gratefully acknowledged. In particular sincere thanks are extended to the staffs of the Sport Information Resource Centre, the Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch, and the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. On a more personal note the author wishes to express his sincere thanks to his son, Patrick, for bringing his sparkle into the process, and to his wife, Libby, for her continual support and understanding throughout the study. Without her encouragement this venture would not have been possible. VITA February 4, 1948 .............. Born, Belfast, Northern Ireland 1971 ...........................B.S., Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York 1972-1977 ..................... Physical Education Teacher, Mackenzie Collegiate Institute, Toronto, Ontario 1977 ...........................M.S., Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts 1977-1979 ..................... Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Sport, Violence and the Coach." Coaching Review, I (July, 1978), pp. 40-46. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in History and Comparative Physical Education: Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Studies in Administration of Athletics: Dr. Edward Coates Minor Field: Educational Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... ii VITA ............. ., • • iii LIST OF TABLES • • vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION • • 1 Statement of the Problem ...................... 11 Definition of Terms ............................ 11 Limitations of the Study ...................... 12 Significance of the Study ..................... 13 II. UNITED STATES' AND CANADIAN FEDERAL INVOLVE- 18 MENT IN SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION: 1900-1960 18 United States .................................. 18 Canada .......................................... 38 Summary ......................................... 49 III. UNITED STATES' AND CANADIAN FEDERAL INVOLVE­ MENT IN SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION: 1960-1978 ..................................... 53 United States ................................. 53 Canada ......................................... 93 Summary ........................................ 123 IV. A COMPARISON: GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND MOTIVATION ............................... 127 Political, Legislative and Bureaucratic Systems ..................... 129 Federal Agencies Involved in Sport and Physical Education ..................... 147 Motivation for Federal Involvement in Sport and Physical Education ................ 177 Chapter V. PROGRAM OF INVOLVEMENT ...................... 200 Amateur Sport and Competition .............. 200 Facilities Construction and Maintenance .... 209 Research and Sportsmedicine ................ 217 Leadership Development and Training ....... 223 National Awards and Tests .................. 22^ Planning, Technical and Advisory Services .. 235 Physical Education and Sports for the Handicapped ............................. 24-0 Sport and Physical Education in the Schools. 2^7 Professional Sports ......................... 253 Recent Developments ......................... 257 VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 263 Summary ..................................... 263 Conclusions ................................. 277 Recommendations ............................. 280 APPENDIXES A. Cover Letter to Accompany Questionnaire .... 283 B. Questionnaire ................................ 285 C. Institutions and Organizations Participating in the Study ................................ 290 D. The Fitness and Amateur Sport Act .......... 29^ E. Highlights on the White Paper on Sport ..... 299 F. The White House, Executive Order 11562 ..... 302 G. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports: Council Members 1978 ........... 3°5 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 307 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Framework for Comparison of United States and Canadian Federal Government Involvement in Sport and Physical Education .................. 127 2. Major Executive Agencies Within the United States Federal Government ....................... 13^ 3. Departments of the Federal Government of Canada ........................................... 141 4*. United States Federal Agencies Involved in Sport and Physical Education ................... 1^8 5. Opinions of United States Sport and Physical Education Organizations Concerning Extent of U.S. Federal Government Involvement in Sport and Physical Education ................. 160 6. Need for Greater Cooperation Between United States Federal Government and National Sports Governing Bodies/Educational Institituions .................................. l6l 7- Need for Greater Coordination among U.S. National Sport Governing Bodies ............... 161 8. Canadian Federal Agencies Involved in Sport and Physical Education ......................... 162 9. Opinions of Canadian Sport and Physical Education Organizations Concerning Extent of Canadian Federal Govern­ ment Involvement in Sport and Physical Education ............................. 171 10. Need for Greater Cooperation Between Canadian Federal Government and National Sport Governing Bodies/Educational Institu­ tions ........................................... 172 11. Need for Greater Coordination among Canadian Sport Governing Bodies ......................... 173 vi Table Page 12. Opinions of United States Sport and Physical Education Organizations Regarding U.S. Federal Government Motivation for Involvement in Sport and Physical Education ........................................ 186 13- Opinions of Canadian Sport and Physical Education Organizations Regarding Federal Government Motivation for Involvement in Sport and Physical Education ................................ 196 14. Adequacy of United States Federal Government Financial Assistance to Sport and Physical Education Programs .............................. 201 15* Preferential Distribution of Funds to Sport and Physical Education Programs by United States Federal Government ...................... 202 16. Effectiveness of Distribution of United States Federal Government Funds to Sport and Physical Education Programs .................... 202 17* Adequacy of Canadian Federal Government Financial Assistance to Sport and Physical Education Programs .................... 205 18. Preferential Distribution of Funds to Sport and Physical Education Programs by the Canadian Federal Government .................... 205 19. Effectiveness of Distribution of Canadian Federal Government Funds to Sport and Physical Education Programs .................... 206 20. Adequacy of United States Federal Government Financial Assistance to Facilities Construction and Maintenance ............ 210 21. Need for More Facilities in United States ..... 211 22. Support for United States National Training Centers Under Various Funding and Control Schemes ........ 211 23 . Adequacy of Canadian Federal Government Financial Assistance to Facilities Construction and Maintenance ................... 214 vii Table Page 24-. Need for More Facilities in Canada ............. 215 25. Support for Canadian National Training Centre Under Various Funding and Control Schemes ..... 216 26. Adequacy of United States Federal Government Support to Sportsmedicine and Research Programs ......................................... 219 27. Adequacy of Canadian Federal Government Support to Sportsmedicine and Research Programs ........ 221 28. United States Federal Government Provision of Support for Leadership and Coaching Development ...................................... ZZk 29. Canadian Federal Government Provision of Support for Leadership and Coaching Development ..... 227 30. Evaluation of the Presidential Fitness Awards .. 230 31. Provision of United States Federal Government Funds for Privately Administered National Awards/Testing Programs ......................... 231 32. Evaluation of the Canada Fitness Award ........ 233 33. Provision of Canadian Federal Government Funds for Privately Administered National Awards/ Testing Programs ................................ 233 3^. Utilization of United States Federal Government Planning, Technical and Advisory Services by Sport and Physical Education Organizations in the Past Two Years ........................... 237 35. Utilization of Canadian Federal
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