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6. Waste Management TAMK UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Environmental Engineering Final Thesis Miikka Ristkari SANITATION IN RURAL CHINA: WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENE MANAGEMENT IN KUNMING MUNICIPALITY, YUNNAN PROVINCE Supervisor Senior Lecturer Eeva-Liisa Viskari Commissioned by TAMK University of Applied Sciences Kunming Institute of Environmental Science Tampere 2007 TAMK University of Applied Sciences Final Thesis 2(67) Environmental Engineering Miikka Ristkari Miikka Ristkari Sanitaatiohuolto Kiinan Maaseudulla:Jätehuolto ja Hygieniahuolto Kunmingin Kunnassa, Yunnanin Maakunnassa Tutkintotyö 43 sivua + 23 sivua liitteissä Työn valvoja Lehtori Eeva-Liisa Viskari Työn teettäjä Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu Joulukuu 2007 Hakusanat Kiina, Yunnan, Kunming, maaseutu, sanitaatio, jätehuolto, kuivakäymälä, ekosanitaatio Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutustua maaseudun sanitaatiohuoltoon Kunmingin Maakunnassa, Yunnanin Provinssissa, Kiinassa. Pienimuotoiseen tutkimukseen sisällytettiin jätehuollon, vesihuollon ja julkisen hygienian hallintatavat, pääpainon ollessa ekosanitaatiossa. Hallintapoja löydettiin useita, mutta sanitaatiohuollon tilanne maaseudulla on vielä riittämätön. Sanitaatiohuollon osa-alueissa löydettiin joko infrastruktuurin tai itse hallinnan vaihtelevia puutteita. Osa ongelmista johtuu rahoituksen puutteesta, osa keskitetystä hallinnosta ja osittain tilanne johtuu vajavaisista paikallishallinnon ”työkaluista”, toimintatavoista. Koska tutkimus toteutettiin yhteistyössä Kunming Institute of Environmental Science:n kanssa, on tutkimukseen liitetty parannus- ja yhteistyöehdotuksia tulevia opiskelijoita varten. TAMK University of Applied Sciences Final Thesis 3(67) Environmental Engineering Miikka Ristkari Miikka Ristkari Sanitation Management in Rural China: Waste Management and Hygiene Management in Kunming Municipality, Yunnan Province Final Thesis 43 pages + 23 pages appendix Thesis Supervisor Senior Lecturer Eeva-Liisa Viskari Commissioned by TAMK University of Applied Sciences Kunming Institute of Environmental Science December 2007 Keywords Rural sanitation, waste management, public hygiene, wastewater management, Kunming Municipality, Yunnan Province Abstract Rural sanitation management in Chinese context is studied in Dianchi Lake catchment basin, Kunming Municipality, Yunnan Province, China. Small-scale study is conducted to find out management practices for waste management, wastewater management and public hygiene management. Varying management methods are identified, with indications being that there is a lack of management on varying aspects of sanitation in the rural areas around Kunming Municipality, partly due to financial problems of the field sites, partly because centralized coordination, best practices information and available tools for sanitation management do not exist. TAMK University of Applied Sciences Final Thesis 4(67) Environmental Engineering Miikka Ristkari Abbreviations Organizations, entities KIES Kunming Institute of Environmental Science TAMK TAMK University of Applied Sciences WHO World Health Organization KMEPB Kunming Municipality Environmental Protection Bureau YPEPB Yunnan Province Environmental Protection Bureau PLAN Plan International, NGO Technologies DT dry toilet (water is not used as a carrier) UDDT urine-diverting dry toilet HSBP Household-scale Biogas Plant Methodologies PHAST Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation Terms MSW Municipal solid waste Currency 1 RMB ~ 0.1 € TAMK University of Applied Sciences Final Thesis 5(67) Environmental Engineering Miikka Ristkari Table of Contents Tiivistelmä..........................................................................................................................................2 Abstract..............................................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................4 Table of Contents..............................................................................................................................5 Foreword............................................................................................................................................7 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................9 2. PROJECT BACKGROUND......................................................................................................10 2.1. Ecological Sanitation Project Timeline.............................................................................12 2.2.1. Future of ecological sanitation in Kunming Municipality.......................................12 3. COOPERATION AND WORK METHODS...........................................................................12 3.1. Field work............................................................................................................................13 3.1.1. Purpose of field visits...................................................................................................13 3.1.2. Organizing field visits..................................................................................................13 3.1.3. Field visit locations......................................................................................................14 3.1.4. Field visit interviews....................................................................................................15 3.1.4.1. Recording and translation methods...................................................................17 3.2. Literature review.................................................................................................................17 3.3. Cooperation..........................................................................................................................17 4. PUBLIC SANITATION SERVICES........................................................................................18 5. PUBLIC HYGIENE SERVICES...............................................................................................20 5.1. Public Hygiene Management..............................................................................................20 5.2. Maintenance of public toilets.............................................................................................22 5.3. Design of rural public toilets..............................................................................................23 5.4. Ideas for improved rural public sanitation.......................................................................24 5.4.1. Maintenance models for public toilets.......................................................................25 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................................28 6.1. Waste management issues..................................................................................................29 6.2. Recommendations and future project ideas.....................................................................32 6.2.1. Recommended actions.................................................................................................32 6.2.1. Waste management project ideas...............................................................................33 7. WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................34 7.1. Rural wastewater transportation.......................................................................................35 7.2. Wastewater control and treatment methods....................................................................37 7.2.1. Semi-urban control and treatment methods.............................................................37 7.2.2. Rural control and treatment methods.......................................................................38 7.3. Future Projects....................................................................................................................39 8. CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................................................................40 8.1. Recommendations on student participation in the umbrella project.............................41 9. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................43 TAMK University of Applied Sciences Final Thesis 6(67) Environmental Engineering Miikka Ristkari APPENDIX 1 – INTRODUCTION TO KUNMING MUNICIPALITY...................................45 APPENDIX 2 – SURVEY TO ZHONGHE AND TAISHI VILLAGES....................................59 TAMK University of Applied Sciences Final Thesis 7(67) Environmental Engineering Miikka Ristkari Foreword This small-scale study in Kunming Municipality was aimed at investigating current situation of the management of rural and peri-urban sanitation, namely waste management, wastewater management and public hygiene management and gathering in-situ information on the challenges that face Kunming Municipality on sanitation management. The objective of the study was to use the information to formulate project ideas and suggestions on what steps might be taken to improve the situation. The report should provide insight into sanitation management and maintenance problems in Kunming
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