DOCSLIB.ORG

Age and Origin of the Well-Preserved Organic Matter in Internal Sediments from the Silesian-Cracow Lead-Zinc Deposits, Southern Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Age and Origin of the Well-Preserved Organic Matter in Internal Sediments from the Silesian-Cracow Lead-Zinc Deposits, Southern Poland ©2017 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Economic Geology, v. 112, pp. 775–798 Age and Origin of the Well-Preserved Organic Matter in Internal Sediments from the Silesian-Cracow Lead-Zinc Deposits, Southern Poland Maciej Rybicki,1,† Leszek Marynowski,1 Stephen Stukins,2 and Krzysztof Nejbert3 1 University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Be˛dzi´nska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland 2 Natural History Museum, Department of Earth Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom 3 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Z˙ wirki i Wigury Str. 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland Abstract The molecular and petrographic characteristics of organic matter in internal sediments from the Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits in southern Poland reveal immature and well-preserved organic matter. Humi- nite reflectance values of organic matter in all internal sediments are low, with a mean value of 0.29%, cor- responding to a lignite range of coalification. Most organic compounds in the organic matter (e.g., cadalene, retene, simonellite, perylene, and β-sitosterol and its transformation products stigmastanol and stigmasta- 3,5-dien-one), as well as lignin degradation compound products (e.g., benzoic acid, vanillin, 4-benzaldehyde, benzenedicarboxilic acids, and hydroxybenzoic acids), are of terrestrial origin. Monosaccharides with dominant α- and β-glucose were identified as possible remnants of cellulose degradation products, suggesting an excellent state of organic matter preservation, given that monosaccharides are preserved only under conditions of limited oxygen after sedimentation, resulting from the rapid accumulation of internal sediments in meteoric paleokarst cavities followed by insignificant diagenesis. Petrologic and palynological data on internal sediments clearly indicate a Middle Triassic age for organic matter and for the development of a Triassic meteoric karst system immediately after Anisian carbonate sedimentation. Introduction Organic matter occurs (1) in the form of so-called dop- Organic matter commonly co-occurs with sediment-hosted ore plerite (Sass-Gustkiewicz and Kwieci´nska, 1994, 1999), i.e., deposits and could be involved in the genesis of economically black or brown coal-like fillings of cavities and fissures within valuable mineralization (Püttmann et al., 1988; Disnar and the breccia-type lead-zinc ores, (2) as dispersed organic mat- Sureau, 1990; Greenwood et al., 2013). In many cases, espe- ter within mineralized or unmineralized internal sediments cially in Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, hydrocar- (Dz˙uły´nski, 1976; Leach et al., 1996; Sass-Gustkiewicz, 1996, bons migrate separately or together with mineralization fluids 2007), a product of internal deposition in hydrothermal and/or within sedimentary basins and deposit in the form of liquid or meteoric paleokarst systems (e.g., Dz˙uły´nski, 1976; Dz˙uły´nski solid bitumens in the vicinity of sulfides (Spirakis, 1986; Mon- and Sass-Gustkiewicz, 1985; Ford, 1988; Głazek et al., 1989), tacer et al., 1988; Manning and Gize, 1993; Kozłowski, 1995; and (3) in the form of liquid hydrocarbons filling fluid inclu- Spangenberg and Macko, 1998; Spangenberg and Herlec, sions within sphalerite and Ca-Mg carbonates (Kozłowski, 2006; Rieger et al., 2008). Alternatively, organic matter may 1995; Karwowski et al., 2001). be liberated from surrounding sedimentary rocks. Organic Commonly, organic matter associated with Mississippi Val- matter may be also altered due to the impact of thermal fluids ley-type deposits is exposed to several postaccumulation pro- (Püttmann et al., 1988; Williford et al., 2011). In some cases, cesses which may alter its initial composition (Pering, 1973; ore deposits can form within only partially lithified organic Macqueen and Powell, 1983; Gize and Barnes, 1987; Leven- matter-rich marine sediments as a result of deep-ocean hydro- thal, 1990; Henry et al., 1992; Disnar, 1996; Landais and Gize, thermal influences (Simoneit, 1993; Chen et al., 2003). Black 1997; Gize, 1999). These processes include biodegradation shales are commonly enriched in metals and sulfides because (Connan, 1984; Pratt and Warner, 2000), thermal alteration of euxinic conditions during sedimentation that promote the (Simoneit et al., 1981), water washing (Palmer, 1993), and/or formation of ores during hydrothermal alteration (Püttmann oxidation since mining (e.g., Leythaeuser, 1973; Petsch et al., et al., 1989, 1991; Leventhal, 1993). Finally, concentrations of 2000). organic matter in the form of coals or bitumens may co-occur The origin and age of organic matter from the Silesia-Cra- within orebodies without clear inherent connections to the cow zinc and lead deposits, although a subject of study for ore-forming event (e.g., Sass-Gustkiewicz and Kwieci´nska, many years (e.g., Kołcon and Wagner, 1983; Sass-Gustkiewicz 1994, 1999). Silesian-Cracow lead-zinc deposits from south- and Kwieci´nska, 1994, 1999), have not been determined so ern Poland belong to this last group. These ores are classified far. These issues are important in the field of both organic as Mississippi Valley-type deposits (Sass-Gustkiewicz et al., geochemistry and ore geology; appreciating this perspective 1982, and references therein), with most being economically could lead to a better understanding of the role of organic important resources among the Middle Triassic ore-bearing matter in the formation of Mississippi Valley-type deposits. dolomites of the Silesian-Cracow region. This study aims to clarify the origin, age, and geochemical alteration of organic matter from the Silesian-Cracow lead- zinc deposits using geochemical, palynological, and mineral- † Corresponding author: e-mail, [email protected] ogical analyses. Submitted: January 6, 2016 0361-0128/17/4489/775-24 775 Accepted: December 16, 2016 776 RYBICKI ET AL. Geologic Setting The Silesian-Cracow lead-zinc ore deposits are located at The study area is located in the Silesian-Cracow Upland, the contact of the Upper Silesian coal basin, the Cracow- southern Poland, where lead-zinc ore deposits occur in the Myszkow zone, and the Carpathian foredeep (Fig. 1). They are strata-bound, carbonate-hosted sulfide bodies, composed border zone of the Bohemian Massif (Sass-Gustkiewicz predominantly of sphalerite and galena. The deposits occur et al., 1982; Gałkiewicz and Sliwi´nski,´ 1985; Wodzicki, 1987; mainly in dolostone known as organic matter-poor, ore-bear- Górecka, 1993; Kozłowski, 1995; Sass-Gustkiewicz and ing dolomite (Bogacz et al., 1972, 1975) of Middle Triassic Dz˙uły´nski, 1998). The geologic structure of this ore district (Lower Muschelkalk) age, with lesser amounts of ore min- includes the Cracow-Myszkow zone and two tectonic-sedi- erals in rocks of Devonian to Upper Jurassic age (Sliwi´nski,´ mentary complexes: block-folded Paleozoic rocks, and nearly 1964; Hara´nczyk, 1979; Viets et al., 1996; Sass-Gustkiewicz horizontal Mesozoic sediments with patches of Tertiary rocks and Kwieci´nska, 1999). Most deposits occur in the relatively (Kozłowski, 1995). Considered in greater detail, the Cracow- large area between Bytom in the west, Chrzanów to the south, Myszkow zone is located between two structural units: the Olkusz to the east, and Zawiercie to the north (Górecka, 1993; Upper Silesian Massif to the west, and the Malopolska Massif Fig. 1). to the east. The first massif represents a consolidated Precam- Orebodies, as well as coexisting organic matter, devel- brian microcontinent (Górecka, 1993), whereas the second oped as open-space fillings and mineralized collapse brec- massif constitutes a separate crustal block interpreted as a cias within a complex, possibly meteoric and/or hydrothermal tectonostratigraphic terrane derived from Gondwana (Bełka paleokarst system. The origin of these open spaces, at the et al., 2002). contact of the ore-bearing dolomites and the Lower Gogolin 16°E 18°E 20°E 22°E Erosional edge Kraków-Lubliniec fault zone (KLFZ) Fault Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) 56°N Gdan´sk Uplifted Devonian sediments Triassic sediments Zones mineralized with Zn-Pb sulfides Warszawa Lubliniec 54°N Zawiercie Katowice Myszków Kraków 52°N Carpathian front Zawiercie Tarnowskie Góry Bytom Katowice Olkusz Jaworzno 0 10 km Chrzanów Fig. 1. Map showing the lead-zinc mineralization in Devonian and Triassic deposits of the Silesia-Cracow district (after Cabała, 2002). ORGANIC MATTER IN INTERNAL SEDIMENTS FROM THE SILESIAN-CRACOW LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS, POLAND 777 Beds, is controversial. According to Sass-Gustkiewicz (1996), the epigenetic hypothesis. Sass-Gustkiewicz et al. (1982), openings were developed at the time of the lead-zinc min- along with Dz˙uły´nski and Sass-Gustkiewicz (1985), have dem- eralization, whereas others suggest that they are a meteoric onstrated that the dominant ore-forming processes were meta- paleokarst system used and enlarged by hydrothermal lead- somatic replacements of carbonate rocks and fillings of open zinc solutions during the formation of the Silesian-Cracow spaces generated by hydrothermal karsting. Some authors deposits (Dz˙uły´nski, 1976; Leach et al., 1996). Such meteoric proposed that ore formation took place during the Neogene paleokarst systems are recognized in many Mississippi Valley- and was related to intense closing stages of the Alpine orogeny type deposits worldwide (Ohle, 1985; Sangster, 1988; Kesler in the Carpathian orogenic belt (e.g., Gałkiewicz, 1967, 1971; et al., 1988, 2007; Leach et al., 2003, 2005, 2006). The Silesia- Gałkiewicz and Sliwi´nski,´
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Drmno Lignite Field (Kostolac Basin, Serbia): Origin and Palaeoenvironmental Implications from Petrological and Organic Geochemi
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Faculty of Chemistry Repository - Cherry J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 77 (8) 1109–1127 (2012) UDC 553.96.:550.86:547(497.11–92) JSCS–4338 Original scientific paper Drmno lignite field (Kostolac Basin, Serbia): origin and palaeoenvironmental implications from petrological and organic geochemical studies KSENIJA STOJANOVIĆ1*#, DRAGANA ŽIVOTIĆ2, ALEKSANDRA ŠAJNOVIĆ3, OLGA CVETKOVIĆ3#, HANS PETER NYTOFT4 and GEORG SCHEEDER5 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, 2University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Djušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, 3University of Belgrade, Centre of Chemistry, ICTM, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade; Serbia, 4Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark and 5Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Steveledge 2, 30655 Hanover, Germany (Received 26 November 2011, revised 17 February 2012) Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the origin and to recon- struct the geological evolution of lignites from the Drmno field (Kostolac Ba- sin, Serbia). For this purpose, petrological and organic geochemical analyses were used. Coal from the Drmno field is typical humic coal. Peat-forming vegetation dominated by decay of resistant gymnosperm (coniferous) plants, followed by prokaryotic organisms and angiosperms. The coal forming plants belonged to the gymnosperm families Taxodiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Cupres- saceae, Araucariaceae, Phyllocladaceae and Pinaceae. Peatification was rea- lised in a neutral to slightly acidic, fresh water environment. Considering that the organic matter of the Drmno lignites was deposited at the same time, in a relatively constant climate, it could be supposed that climate probably had only a small impact on peatification.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Molecular Signatures of Natural and Thermogenic Products in Tropospheric Aerosols - Input and Transport
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Laurel J. Standley for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography presented on June 12, 1987. Title: Determination of Molecular Signatures of Natural and Thermogenic Products in Tropospheric Aerosols - Input and Transport Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Bernd R.Y. Simoneit A cheniotaxonomic study of natural compounds and their thermally altered products in rural and smoke aerosols within Oregon is pre- sented. Correlation with source vegetation provided information on the formation of aerosols and their transport. Distributions and concentrations of straight-chain homologous series such as n- alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkan-2-ones, n-alkanols and n-alkanals were analyzed in rural aerosols, aerosols produced by prescribed burning and residential wood combustion, and extracts of source vegetation. Cyclic di- and triterpenoids were also examined. The latter components provided more definitive correlations between source vegetation and aerosols. Results included: (1) an increase in Cmax in regions of warmer climate; (2) possible correlation of aerosols with source vegetation 100 km to the east; (3) the tracing of input from combustion of various fuels such as pine, oak and alder in aerosols produced by residential wood combustion; and (4) preliminary results that demonstrate a potentially large input of thermally altered diterpenoids via direct deposition rather than diagenesis of unaltered sedimentary diterpenoids. CCopyright by Laurel J. Standley June 12, 1987 All rights reserved DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NATURAL AND THERMOGENIC PRODUCTS IN TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS - INPUT AND TRANSPORT by Laurel 3. Standley A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed June 12, 1987 Commencement June, 1988 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Coals – a Hardly Recognized Source of Environmental Contamination
    SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 407 (2009) 2461– 2473 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Review Native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in coals – A hardly recognized source of environmental contamination C. Achtena,b, T. Hofmanna,⁎ a University of Vienna, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria b University of Münster, Department of Applied Geology, Corrensstr. 24, 48149 Münster, Germany ARTICLE DATA ABSTRACT Article history: Numerous environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources have been Received 15 October 2008 reported in literature, however, unburnt hard coal/ bituminous coal is considered only Received in revised form rarely. It can carry native PAH concentrations up to hundreds, in some cases, thousands of 29 November 2008 mg/kg. The molecular structures of extractable compounds from hard coals consist mostly Accepted 5 December 2008 of 2–6 polyaromatic condensed rings, linked by ether or methylene bridges carrying methyl Available online 4 February 2009 and phenol side chains. The extractable phase may be released to the aquatic environment, be available to organisms, and thus be an important PAH source. PAH concentrations and Keywords: patterns in coals depend on the original organic matter type, as well as temperature and Native PAH pressure conditions during coalification. The environmental impact of native unburnt coal- Bituminous coal bound PAH in soils and sediments is not well studied, and an exact source apportionment is Hard coal hardly possible. In this paper, we review the current state of the art. Sediment © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Soil Contents 1. Introduction .........................................................2462 2. Reserves and production ..................................................2462 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Systematic Review Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Jooyeon Hwang 1,* , Chao Xu 2 , Robert J. Agnew 3 , Shari Clifton 4 and Tara R. Malone 4 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 2 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; [email protected] 3 Fire Protection & Safety Engineering Technology Program, College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Health Sciences Library and Information Management, Graduate College, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (T.R.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-405-271-2070 (ext. 40415) Abstract: Firefighters have an elevated risk of cancer, which is suspected to be caused by occupational and environmental exposure to fire smoke. Among many substances from fire smoke contaminants, one potential source of toxic exposure is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The goal of this paper is to identify the association between PAH exposure levels and contributing risk factors to Citation: Hwang, J.; Xu, C.; Agnew, derive best estimates of the effects of exposure on structural firefighters’ working environment in R.J.; Clifton, S.; Malone, T.R. Health fire. We surveyed four databases (Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) for this systematic Risks of Structural Firefighters from literature review.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine Remedial Action Guidelines (Rags) for Contaminated Sites
    Maine Department of Environmental Protection Remedial Action Guidelines for Contaminated Sites (RAGs) Effective Date: May 1, 2021 Approved by: ___________________________ Date: April 27, 2021 David Burns, Director Bureau of Remediation & Waste Management Executive Summary MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 17 State House Station | Augusta, Maine 04333-0017 www.maine.gov/dep Maine Department of Environmental Protection Remedial Action Guidelines for Contaminated Sites Contents 1 Disclaimer ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction and Purpose ............................................................................................... 1 2.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Consistency with Superfund Risk Assessment .............................................................................. 1 2.3 When to Use RAGs and When to Develop a Site-Specific Risk Assessment ................................. 1 3 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Applicable Programs & DEP Approval Process ............................................................................. 2 3.1.1 Uncontrolled Hazardous Substance Sites ............................................................................. 2 3.1.2 Voluntary Response Action Program
    [Show full text]
  • EICG-Hot Spots
    State of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD PUBLIC HEARING TO CONSIDER AMENDMENTS TO THE EMISSION INVENTORY CRITERIA AND GUIDELINES REPORT FOR THE AIR TOXICS “HOT SPOTS” PROGRAM STAFF REPORT: INITIAL STATEMENT OF REASONS DATE OF RELEASE: September 29, 2020 SCHEDULED FOR CONSIDERATION: November 19, 2020 Location: Please see the Public Agenda which will be posted ten days before the November 19, 2020, Board Meeting for any appropriate direction regarding a possible remote-only Board Meeting. If the meeting is to be held in person, it will be held at the California Air Resources Board, Byron Sher Auditorium, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, California 95814. This report has been reviewed by the staff of the California Air Resources Board and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Air Resources Board, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This Page Intentionally Left Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................. 5 II. THE PROBLEM THAT THE PROPOSAL IS INTENDED TO ADDRESS .................... 6 III. BENEFITS ANTICIPATED FROM THE REGULATORY ACTION, INCLUDING THE BENEFITS OR GOALS PROVIDED IN THE AUTHORIZING STATUTE .................... 8 IV. AIR QUALITY ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Biomarker Distributions and Stable Carbon Isotopic
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NERC Open Research Archive 1 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2 3 Vascular plant biomarker distributions and stable carbon isotopic 4 signatures from the Middle and Upper Jurassic (Callovian–Kimmeridgian) 5 strata of Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, northwest Scotland 6 7 Kliti Grice 1,*, Clinton B. Foster 2, James B. Riding 3, Sebastian Naeher 1, Paul F. 8 Greenwood 1,4 9 10 1 WA Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, 11 Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, WA 6845, Australia 12 2 Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia 13 3 British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 14 5GG, United Kingdom 15 4 Centre for Exploration Targeting and WA Biogeochemistry Centre (M090), The University 16 of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 8 9266 2474; Fax: +61 8 9266 2300 24 E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Grice) 1 25 Abstract 26 The molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition of higher plant biomarkers was 27 investigated in Middle to Upper Jurassic strata of the Isle of Skye, northwest Scotland. 28 Aromatic hydrocarbons diagnostic of vascular plants were detected in each of nineteen 29 sedimentary rock samples from the Early Callovian to Early Kimmeridgian interval, a 30 succession rich in fossil fauna including ammonites that define its constituent chronozones. 31 The higher plant parameter (HPP) and higher plant fingerprint (HPF) calculated from the 32 relative abundance of retene, cadalene and 6-isopropyl-1-isohexyl-2-methylnaphthalene (ip- 33 iHMN) exhibit several large fluctuations throughout the Skye succession studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Criteria 171
    Environmental Health Criteria 171 DIESEL FUEL AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Diesel fuel and exhaust emissions (EHC 171, 1996) UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 171 DIESEL FUEL AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 171 DIESEL FUEL AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS First draft prepared by the staff members of the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Germany, under the coordination of Dr. G. Rosner Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework if the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 1996 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the Page 1 of 287 Diesel fuel and exhaust emissions (EHC 171, 1996) development of manpower in the field of toxicology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Aromatic Biomarkers in the Geochemical Characterization of Oil Application to Prinos Basin Oils
    Technical University of Crete School of Mineral Resources Engineering MSc Course in Petroleum Engineering The Use of Aromatic Biomarkers in the Geochemical Characterization of Oil Application to Prinos Basin Oils Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MSc in "Petroleum Engineering" Thesis Triantos Antonios Stavros Examination Committee Prof. N. Pasadakis Scientific advisor Prof. N. Kallithrakas Dr. P. Kiomourtzi Chania 2018 Chapter 1 Acknowledgements "The MSc Program in Petroleum Engineering of the Technical University of Crete was attended and completed by Mr Triantos Antonios-Stavros due to the HELPE Group Scholarship award." I would like to express my deep gratitude to professor Nikolaos Pasadakis; my research supervisor of this thesis work. Throughout my studies, he was an exemplar of teacher and he was the one who encouraged me to follow the science of organic geochemistry. Thank you professor. Some special words of gratitude go to my friends who have always been a major source of support throughout all these years of my academic career. Finally, I wish to thank my parents and my brother for their love and interest in me. This work is dedicated to them and to the memory of my dear grandfather I ¯sfi`e´e›mffl ˚t´o ˛h`a‹vfle ˜bfle´e›nffl `o“n˜l›y ˜lˇi˛k`e `affl ˜bˆo“y ¯p˜l´a‹yˇi‹n`g `o“nffl ˚t‚h`e ¯sfi`e´a¯sfi˛h`o˘r`e, `a‹n`dffl `d˚i‹vfleˇr˚tˇi‹n`g ”m‹y˙sfi`e¨l¨f ˚i‹nffl ”n`o“w `a‹n`dffl ˚t‚h`e›nffl ˜fˇi‹n`d˚i‹n`g `affl ¯sfi‹m`oˆo˘t‚h`eˇrffl ¯p`e¨b˝b˝l´e `o˘rffl `affl ¯p˚r`eˇtˇtˇi`eˇrffl ¯sfi˛h`e¨l¨l ˚t‚h`a‹nffl `o˘r`d˚i‹n`a˚r‹y, ”w˝h˚i˜l˙sfi˚t ˚t‚h`e `gˇr`e´a˚t `oˆc´e´a‹nffl `o˝f ˚tˇr˚u˚t‚hffl ˜l´a‹y `a˜l¨l ˚u‹n`d˚i¯sfi`c´o“vfleˇr`e´dffl ˜bfle¨f´o˘r`e ”m`e.
    [Show full text]
  • CMB Protocol
    Protocol for Applying and Validating the CMB Model for PM2.5 and VOC EPA-451/R-04-001 December 2004 Protocol for Applying and Validating the CMB Model for PM2.5 and VOC By: John G. Watson et al. Desert Research Institute University and Community College System of Nevada Reno, NV 89512 Prepared for: C. Thomas Coulter and Charles W. Lewis, Project Officers U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Contract No. 5D1808NAEX US. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards Emissions, Monitoring & Analysis Division Air Quality Modeling Group i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This revised protocol for applying and validating the Chemical Mass Balance Model (CMB) was originally developed by Desert Research Institute (DRI) of trhe University and Community College System of Nevada under Contract 5D1808NAEX with EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards. The Project Officers were C. Thomas Coulter1 and Charles W. Lewis.2 Substantial contributions to the initial draft of this protocol were made by DRI staff members John G. Watson, Judith C. Chow, and Eric M. Fujita. Tom Coulter spent considerable time reviewing and reformatting the protocol, and harmonizing it with the latest version of CMB: EPA-CMB8.2. He also developed and produced its Appendixes A, B and G. DISCLAIMER This protocol was reviewed by EPA for publication. The information presented here does not necessarily express the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the State of Nevada. The mention of commercial hardware and software in this document does not constitute endorsement of these products. No explicit or implied warranties are given for the software and data sets described in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    atmosphere Article Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons E. D. Vicente 1, A. Vicente 1, T. Nunes 1 , A. Calvo 2 , C. del Blanco-Alegre 2 , F. Oduber 2, A. Castro 2, R. Fraile 2 , F. Amato 3 and C. Alves 1,* 1 Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] (E.D.V.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (T.N.) 2 Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (C.d.B.-A.); [email protected] (F.O.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (R.F.) 3 Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2019; Accepted: 3 December 2019; Published: 6 December 2019 Abstract: Residential dust is recognized as a major source of environmental contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and plasticizers, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs). A sampling campaign was carried out to characterize the dust fraction of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), using an in situ resuspension chamber in three rooms (kitchen, living room, and bedroom) of four Spanish houses. Two samples per room were collected with, at least, a one-week interval. The PM10 samples were analyzed for their carbonaceous content by a thermo-optical technique and, after solvent extraction, for 20 PAHs, 8 PAEs and one non-phthalate plasticizer (DEHA) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Middle Jurassic Fossil Wood of the Polish Jura
    82 Contemporary Trends in Geoscience vol . 2 DOI: 10.2478/ctg-2014-0012 Justyna Smolarek1, Leszek Marynowski1 Aromatic hydrocarbons from the Middle Jurassic 1Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, fossil wood of the Polish Jura Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Key words: Abstract fossil wood, Middle Jurassic, organic Aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the for the majority of the samples are in the matter, biomarkers, aromatic fossil wood samples in relatively small range of 0.1 to 0.5, which results in the high- hydrocarbons, GC-MS amounts. In almost all of the tested sam- ly variable values of Rc (converted value of ples the dominating aromatic hydrocarbon vitrinite reflectance) ranging from 0.45 to is perylene and its methyl and dimethyl de- 0.70%. Such values suggest that MPI1 param- rivatives. The most important biomarkers eter is not useful as maturity parameter in present in the aromatic fraction are dehy- case of Middle Jurassic ore-bearing clays, droabietane, siomonellite and retene, com- even if measured strictly on terrestrial or- pounds characteristic for conifers. The dis- ganic matter (OM). As a result of weather- tribution of discussed compounds is highly ing processes (oxidation) the distribution of variable due to such early diagenetic pro- aromatic hydrocarbons changes. In the ox- cesses affecting the wood as oxidation and idized samples the amount of aromatic hy- the activity of microorganisms. MPI1 pa- drocarbons, both polycyclic as well as aro- rameter values (methylphenanthrene index) matic biomarkers decreases. Contemporary trends in Geoscience vol .
    [Show full text]