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Arkitektur I Konflikt Arkitektur i konflikt: Arkitekturens rolle i kampen om Jerusalem Ida Kathinka Skolseg MØNA4590 - Masteroppgave i Midtøsten- og Nord-Afrika-studier Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Mai 2016 II The city does not consist of this, but of relationships between the measurements of its space and the events of its past… The city, however, does not tell its past, but contains it like the lines of a hand, written in the corners of the streets, the gratings of the windows, the banisters of the steps, the antennae of the lightning rods, the poles of the flags, every segment mamrked in turn with scratches, indentations, scrolls. Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities. III © Forfatter Ida Kathinka Skolseg År 2016 Tittel Arkitektur i konflikt: Hva er arkitekturens rolle i kampen om Jerusalem Forfatter Ida Kathinka Skolseg http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Sammendrag Israel forsøker å presentere Jerusalem som en forent by, hvis udelelige egenskap er basert på Jerusalems rolle som jødenes religiøse, historiske og politiske hovedstad. Den politiske dimensjonen av "å bygge landet Israel" er en fundamental, men samtidig en skjult komponent av enhver bygning som blir konstruert. Den politiske virkeligheten dette skaper er ofte mer konkluderende og dominerende enn hva den stilmessige, estetiske og sensuelle effekten av hva en bygning kan kommunisere. "Ingen er fullstendig fri fra striden om rom", skriver Edward Said, "og det handler ikke bare om soldater og våpen, men også ideer, former, bilder og forestillinger." 27. juni, to uker etter at Seksdagerskrigen endte i 1967, ble 64 kvadratkilometer land og ca. 69 000 mennesker annektert inn i den vestlige delen av Jerusalem. Med de nye grensene skulle Gamlebyen, 28 palestinske landsbyer, jorder, vekstområder, samt deler av ørkenen forenes og transformeres til én hellig, evig, udelelig hovedstad. Hvordan kan et land bli bygget når det eksisterer en allerede gjenværende motstand til etableringen av det nye rommet og arkitekturen? I Israel, og i dette tilfellet Jerusalem, kan man se at arkitektur i likhet med konflikt er en fortsettelse av politikk. Ved å studere elementer hvor Israel har skrevet seg selv inn i forskjellige urbane og arkitektoniske prosesser gjennom arkitektur (og byplanlegging), vil denne masteroppgaven undersøke noen av de visuelle aspektene ved transformeringen av Øst-Jerusalem i tiden etter 1967 og frem til i dag. Dette vil belyse hvordan arkitekturen spiller inn i konflikten om Jerusalem, i kampen mellom to kjempende nasjoner. V VI Forord Jerusalem ble mer enn bare lyden av Gnossienne No. 3 og lukten av rosmarin, takket være Muhannad. Denne oppgavens tema ville aldri kommet til meg, om det ikke var for at han viste meg sin versjon av Jerusalem, der han presset sine egne grenser fordi jeg ikke forstod hvordan Jerusalems rom ble brukt av de ulike innbyggerne. Shukran. Med disse ordene avsluttes en lang og tidvis vanskelig skolegang, og det er mange som fortjener en takk. Først og fremst vil jeg rette en stor takk til min hovedveileder, Dag H. Tuastad, som har guidet meg gjennom denne prosessen. Gode råd og innspill har vært et imperativ for å kunne skrive en oppgave innen normert tid, og jeg setter enormt stor pris på alle diskusjonene gjennom dette året. For det andre vil takke min biveileder, Dag Tvilde, som har vist stor interesse for mitt tema og som har delt sine mange erfaringer fra feltet sitt med meg. Hans tilbakemeldinger og diskusjoner har vært uvurderlige for meg. Takk til Prof. Lutz Eberhard Edzard som med hebraiskundervisningen fikk verden til å virke som en time i Potions ved Hogwarts. Til sist vil jeg takke min Eirik, som hver eneste dag er en stor inspirasjon for meg. Takk for din tålmodighet, din støtte, dine tilbakemeldinger og for at du alltid gjør livet spennende og trygt. VII VIII Innholdsfortegnelse 1: Innledning .............................................................................................................................. 1 Studiens fokus og avgrensning ........................................................................................... 2 Plassering i litteraturen og teoretisk perspektiv ................................................................. 3 A Civilian Occupation ........................................................................................................ 7 Metode ................................................................................................................................ 9 Oppgavens struktur .......................................................................................................... 13 2. Jerusalem .............................................................................................................................. 15 Den himmelske byen ........................................................................................................ 15 Den jordiske byen ............................................................................................................. 16 Den hellige byen ............................................................................................................... 18 De tre Jerusalem ................................................................................................................... 19 Kommunale Jerusalem ..................................................................................................... 19 Stor-Jerusalem .................................................................................................................. 21 Hovedstaden Jerusalem .................................................................................................... 22 Avslutning ............................................................................................................................ 23 3. Arkitektur i Jerusalem .......................................................................................................... 25 Palestinsk arkitektur ......................................................................................................... 28 Diskusjon .......................................................................................................................... 29 Avslutning ............................................................................................................................ 33 4. Arkitekturens rolle i konstruksjonen av det evige og forente Jerusalem .............................. 35 Symbolikk i etnisk konflikt: games of truth ..................................................................... 36 Givat HaTsarfatit, French Hill ............................................................................................. 36 Diskusjon .......................................................................................................................... 38 Tabula rasa: arkitektur uten arkitekter ............................................................................. 39 Beit HaMishpat HaElyon, Israels Høyesterettsbygning. ...................................................... 44 Et besøk i Israels høyesterettsbygning ............................................................................. 45 Symbolikk i Høyesterettsbygningen ................................................................................ 48 "Antisemittisk kritikk av israelsk arkitektur" ................................................................... 51 Diskusjon .......................................................................................................................... 52 Avslutning ............................................................................................................................ 53 5. Konstruksjon og destruksjon i Jerusalem ............................................................................. 56 IX Western Wall Plaza, eller hvor ble det av Harat al-Magharibah? ........................................ 57 Diskusjon .......................................................................................................................... 59 Demografisk arkitektur ........................................................................................................ 61 Innvirkninger .................................................................................................................... 64 Diskusjon: Arkitektur i konflikt ....................................................................................... 67 Avslutning ............................................................................................................................ 71 6. Konklusjon ........................................................................................................................... 75 Litteraturliste ............................................................................................................................ 81 Faglitteratur: ..................................................................................................................... 81 Aviser/media .................................................................................................................... 86 Internett ............................................................................................................................ 88 Rapporter .......................................................................................................................... 89 Bilder ...............................................................................................................................
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