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Excavations at San José Mogote 2 the Cognitive Archaeology COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL PREHISTORY AND HUMAN ECOLOGY OF THE VALLEY OF OAXACA Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus General Editors Volume 1 The Use of Land and Water Resources in the Past and Present Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Anne V.T. Kirkby. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 5. 1973. Volume 2 Sociopolitical Aspects of Canal Irrigation in the Valley of Oaxaca, by Susan H. Lees. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 6. 1973. Volume 3 Formative Mesoamerican Exchange Networks with Special Reference to the Valley of Oaxaca, by Jane W. Pires-Ferreira. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 7. 1975. Volume 4 Fábrica San José and Middle Formative Society in the Valley of Oaxaca, by Robert D. Drennan. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 8. 1976. Volume 5 Part 1. The Vegetational History of the Oaxaca Valley, by C. Earle Smith, Jr. Part 2. Zapotec Plant ­Knowledge:­Classification,­Uses­and­Communication, by Ellen Messer. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 10. 1978. Volume 6 Excavations at Santo Domingo Tomaltepec: Evolution of a Formative Community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Michael E. Whalen. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 12. 1981. Volume 7 Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part 1: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Richard E. Blanton, Stephen Kowalewski, Gary Feinman, and Jill Appel. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 15. 1982. Volume 8 Chipped Stone Tools in Formative Oaxaca, Mexico: Their Procurement, Production and Use, by William J. Parry. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 20. 1987. Volume 9 Agricultural­Intensification­and­Prehistoric­Health­in­the­Valley­of­Oaxaca,­Mexico, by Denise C. Hodges. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 22. 1989. Volume 10 Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, with ceramic analysis by William O. Payne. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 27. 1994. Volume 11 Women’s Ritual in Formative Oaxaca: Figurine-Making, Divination, Death and the Ancestors, by Joyce Marcus. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 33. 1998. Volume 12 The Sola Valley and the Monte Albán State: A Study of Zapotec Imperial Expansion, by Andrew K. Balkansky. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 36. 2002. Volume 13 Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology, by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 40. 2005. Volume 14 Excavations at Cerro Tilcajete: A Monte Albán II Administrative Center in the Valley of Oaxaca, by Christina Elson. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 42. 2007. Volume 15 Cerro Danush: Excavations at a Hilltop Community in the Eastern Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Ronald K. Faulseit. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 54. 2013. Volume 16 Excavations at San José Mogote 2: The Cognitive Archaeology, by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 58. 2015. Related Volumes Flannery, Kent V. 1986 Guilá Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. New York: Academic Press. Flannery, Kent V., and Joyce Marcus 2003 The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations. Clinton Corners, New York: Percheron Press. Marcus, Joyce, and Kent V. Flannery 1996 Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Jadeite statue placed below the floor of Structure 35, a temple of the Monte Albán II period (painting by John Klausmeyer). COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan Number 58 PREHISTORY AND HUMAN ECOLOGY OF THE VALLEY OF OAXACA Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, General Editors Volume 16 Excavations at San José Mogote 2 The Cognitive Archaeology by Kent V. Flannery Joyce Marcus with contributions by Chris L. Moser Ronald Spores Dudley M. Varner Judith Francis Zeitlin Robert N. Zeitlin Ann Arbor, Michigan 2015 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL ©2015 by the Regents of the University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-915703-86-9 Cover design by Katherine Clahassey The Museum currently publishes two monograph series: Anthropological Papers and Memoirs. For permissions, questions, or catalogs, contact Museum publications at 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079; [email protected]; www.lsa.umich.edu/ummaa/publications Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flannery, Kent V. Excavations at San José Mogote 1 : the household archaeology / by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus ; with a multidimensional scaling of houses by Robert G. Reynolds. Excavations at San José Mogote 2 : the cognitive archaeology / by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus ; with contributions by Chris L. Moser, Ronald Spores, Dudley M. Varner, Judith Francis Zeitlin, Robert N. Zeitlin. p. cm. -- (Memoirs ; no. 40, no. 58) (Prehistory and human ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca ; v. 13, v. 16) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-915703-59-9 (Vol. 1) ISBN 978-0-915703-86-9 (Vol. 2) 1. Indians of Mexico--Mexico--San José Mogote--Antiquities. 2. Indian pottery--Mexico--San José Mogote. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)--Mexico--San José Mogote. 4. San José Mogote (Mexico)--Antiquities. I. Title: Excavations at San José Mogote one. II. Marcus, Joyce. III. University of Michigan. Museum of Anthropology. IV. Title. V. Series. VI. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan ; no. 40. GN2.M52 no. 40 [F1219.1.S215] 306--dc22 2005002562 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper). COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Contents List of Illustrations xi List of Tables xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 San José Mogote and the Cognitive Archaeology of the Zapotec 1 A Note on Absolute Chronology 3 Cognitive Archaeology 3 2 Ritual Life during the Archaic 6 Forager Camps and Ad Hoc Ritual 7 Ad Hoc Ritual at Gheo-Shih, Oaxaca 7 Guilá Naquitz Cave 7 The Question of Solar Alignment 8 An Early Case of Human Sacrifi ce 11 Implications for the Future 11 3 Men’s and Women’s Ritual in Early Segmentary Society 12 Tierras Largas Phase Society 12 Worldwide Variation in Men’s Houses 13 Women’s Ritual 14 The Tierras Largas Phase Men’s Houses 15 Building Orientation and Calendric Ritual 17 The Sequence of Men’s Houses at San José Mogote 19 4 The San José Phase and the Cognitive Archaeology of Early Rank Society 43 Changes in Society 43 Cosmology and Iconography 45 Women’s Ritual 47 Men’s Ritual 49 A Possible Secular Public Building in Area A 56 The Beginnings of Adobe Architecture, Stone Masonry, and the Pyramidal Platform 60 5 Guadalupe Phase Ritual and Sociopolitical Cycling 68 Sociopolitical Alliance Building 69 Temple Building 71 The Guadalupe Phase Temple of a Rival Chiefl y Center 79 Conclusions 87 6 The Reburial of Elite Middle Formative Youths on Mound 1 89 Burial 65 89 Burial 66 92 Burial 67 98 Burial 68 99 Burial 71 103 Overview 104 vii COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 7 An Introduction to the Rosario Phase 105 The Rank Society Headed by San José Mogote 105 Dating Buildings to the Rosario Phase 106 The Rosario Phase at Tierras Largas 115 Dating Rosario Buildings 117 8 The Conversion of Mound 1 into a Rosario Phase Acropolis 119 Excavation of the Structure 19 Overburden 121 The Excavation of Structure 19’s Three Construction Stages 123 Features 101–104 141 Other Items Found in Zone E 141 Feature 97 and Burial 64: Possible Dedicatory Offerings 146 Structure 28 147 9 Architecture and Writing in the Service of the Chief 165 Structure 14 165 Structure 37 170 Monument 3 and the Iconography of Chiefly Power 177 Structure 31: A Rosario Phase “Performance Platform” 193 Mound 1 at the End of the Rosario Phase 199 10 Monte Albán Ia: Synoikism and Social Memory 201 Visits during the Early Monte Albán I Hiatus 202 The Internal Ceramic Chronology of Monte Albán I 202 Dating the Disconformity between Stratigraphic Zones B and A2 203 Feature 77 204 Feature 78 205 The Ritual Buildings of Zone A2 205 Structure 23 208 Structure 24 209 Burial 58 214 Sherds from the General Fill of Zone A2 214 The Activities of Zone A2: A Reconstruction 217 “Social Memory”: The Cognitive Aspects of Ritual Visits to Abandoned Sites 217 11 The Monte Albán Ic Hiatus (with Observations on the Lack of Fit between Survey and Excavation Results) 219 The Limitations of Surface Survey 219 Surface Sherds at San José Mogote 220 Late Monte Albán I and the Problems of Caso, Bernal, and Acosta’s Type G12 221 Conclusions 222 12 The Monte Albán-Tilcajete Conflict and the Origins of the Two-Room Temple 223 Structure 1 223 Structure 20 224 Structure 16 225 The Significance of the Tilcajete Temples 225 13 The Monte Albán II Renaissance at San José Mogote 227 The Sequence of Monte Albán II Temples on Structure 14 229 Altar 1 231 A Possible Post-occupation Offering above the Ruins of Structure 37 231 Possible Rituals
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