DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 359 923 IR 016 132

AUTHOR Honey, Margaret; Henriquez, Andres TITLE Telecommunications and K-12 Educators: Findings from a National Survey. INSTITUTION Center for Technology in Education, New York, NY. SPONS AGENCY Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 93 CONTRACT R117F80011 NOTE 95p. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) -- Reports Research /Technical (143)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Techniques; Computer Assisted Instruction; *Computer Networks; Educational Improvement; *Educational Technology; *Elementary School Teachers; Elementary Secondary Education; Information Netwcrks; Information Transfer; Instructional Leadership; Media Specialists; National Surveys; Profiles; *Secondary School Teachers; Tables (Data); Teacher Education; Technological Advancement; *Telecommunications IDENTIFIERS Internet; Teacher Surveys

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted to obtain a systematic profile of activities currently being undertaken by kindergarten through grade 12 educators in telecommunications technology. Based on the responses of 550 educators from 48 states, selected because of their involvement with computer technology, this survey represents the first large-scale description of educators' telecommunications practices. Benefits and obstacles to using telecommunications effectively as a professional resource and a learning tool are described; findings suggest that telecommunications serve asa valuable resource for both of these purposes for educators who responded. These educators represent a specialized group of highly educated and experienced teachers, who are knowledgeable about computer technology and who have been using a range of computer-based applications in classrooms for several years. Computer and library media specialists are generally the leaders in telecommunications practices, serving as a resource for other teachers. Most respondents are self-taught, and their responses highlight the lack of training in telecommunications for teachers. Implications of findings for improving the educational uses of telecommunications are discussed. Ten tables and 49 figures present survey findings. Appendix A isan annotated bibliography that lists 55 educational telecommunications services and regional Internet providers, and Appendix B lists the computer networks respondents used. (Contains 21 references.) (SLD)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Telecommunications and 12 Educators: Offiire of Educalanai Research and Improvement U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION a Findings from EDUCATIONAL RE SOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) National Survey r Thrs documenl Nis beenreceived reproduced from the as person or organrzation r Minor charrges have beenPointsreproductionorlgrnatmg made of tovrew itimprove Quality or opmrons stated in Ms 00Cu Margaret Honey OEmen! RI doposittOn not necessarily or POliCy represent official Center for Technology inBank Education Street College of Education Andres Henriquez 2 3 Telecommunications and K-12 Educators: a National s Findings from Andres Henriquez Margaret Honey Survey Center for Technology inBank Education Street College of Education s. FindingsTelecommunicationsMargaret from Honey a Nationaland Andres and Survey K-12 Henriquez Educators:

Copy r, ht a 199 3 by Bard, Street t_oliege of i ducttion a, ;l It VILA Ill( L., I, >tr ofr,retriewalAt! 13,;ok sySle,11.Sneer C011eQe of tit fe:...-f.ett No ; ,n t of tf,,, Pilot(); Ifca!!,?ate.ti. ,r, (P. .! Ott two- of by iiny means. electronic. .',111134,7 the ludo! pertla,),(al in.; Panted in 1.11(.. United 51,11e., 01 tone; CENTER FOR Bonk StreetBolt CollegeBeranek of and Education Newman Inc. kvorri University Notional Center on Education and Brownthe Economy University WIN Contents AcknowledgmentsThere are many people whose We are grateful to the many individuals who have been work- Kathy Spoehr, Bob Speilvogel, Jim 42 SchoolsProfileIntroduction of Respondents' analysisthementshard survey work of vvent theinstrument, and findings, into thoughtful the theanddesign the com- of educatorsorganizationsThelocate FrEdMail the represented telecc.mmunicating who Foundation, helped here. us the othertelecommunications,relateding for colleagues. many to K- years12 education These on andissues individ- many and Winters.Squire,Finally, Karen we wouldWarner, like and to thankKirk 86 ComputersandRespondents'Pro FileTraining of Respondents with Experience Technologycolleague!,wepreparation wouIC like at ofin the Educationthisto thankCenter report. our forand First. the enoughandnologyInternational Learning in to Education. let Society Initiativesus make NYSERNET,for usewere Tech- of kind thoughtfuldraftsamountsuals contributed of the of advice timesurvey. significant to helped reviewing and theirto make thisathe veryinvested teachersreport lengthy reflects their and survey. time educators their in We storiescompleting hope who !210 Telecommunications:Respondents'Profile of Technology Schools in Moeller,Hawkins.nology.Center forMartha Denis Katie Children Hadley,Newman,McMillan, and Jan Tech-Babetteand theirthanksurveyuted mailing information the in manytheirlists. newsletter.PSINet networks about distrib- the ---local, We Chriscernsreflectedthe survey Clark,and a interests.anbroad John instrument Clement,range We ofthank that con- beennicationsmovingand will pioneering forwardbe practices instrumental thein theytheir telecommu- have inschools I6 andTelecommunicationsMotivation, ProfessionalTraining Experience, tothisandJulie thank project.help Thompson David throughout We Sabin() providedwould all for alsophases advice his like of study.*lineandnational, announcementsstate-runwhich And private, we would not-for-profit, ofposted likethe surveyto on- BobbiePeterHanington,Matthew Hutcher, Kurshan, Forsyth, Donald Steve Cecilia Marcia Holznagel, Klein, Lenk, Jim theThisand Centerdistricts. research for wasTechnology supported in by 20 TelecommunicationsStudentDevelopment Learning and worksamplebase toon thank ofconstructing isteachers bated. Pau' Tepas Weon the which would ofdata- KRC. the like Inc. theacknowledgetelecommunicatingeducatio, many state who all departments the helped individuals educators. us locate of in Murnane,Mitchell,Malcom,Levin, Dina GailFrank Gary Luciano. Morse, McKeown, Obermeyer, ShirleyRichard James RIEducation Improvement.EducationalI 7F8001 under I fromResearch U.S.Grant the Department OfficeNo. and of 2426 TelecommunicationsProfileImpactTelecommunications' onof Teaching andStreettofor analysis. thank his helpCollege Ruth Andin Kolbedata forwe her processingwould of patientBank. like strument.reviewedThere are drafts Theyalso many includeof the people survey members who in- FrankMaryRiel.Paul Odasz, Reese,LindaRollefson, Roberts.Ellen Rob Andee Rappaport.Reilly, Al Rodgers, Rubin,Margaret Collegeof Education, of Education. to Bank Street *A resource list of different 28 TelecommunicationsTypeRespondents'Activities and atSelection Schools of surveyand creative and this help report. in designing the Educationof the Center Advisory for Technology Board, in RamDick Ruopp,Singh, GwenKaren Solomon, Sheingold, providedtelecommunications in Appendix networks A. is 3032 ServicesInter net Usage 34 ConclusionEffectiveBarriersTelecommunications toUse the of 4316 AppendixReferences BA Introduction FriBackground edit aril with NewmanReel1986: & I.et evert,Levin ,11. 1988, 1990:& Cohen. Ruopp,Rel. 1985;1985. 1993: andals.downloading onstuder line eresearch learning curriculum activities).(i.e.. materi- class array of rcclevantexperiences lively toinvolved educators that in are tele( who are' curreneytechnologyto basic tellbeing ommunications discussed as an)(1enr,. arid phone lire,, computers. is areaidWaugh ofusing creative & telecommunications teachers, students 1989). With the roomposesI c,eal exchange ofen this activities) study.projects. weFor oe-linedefined the pur cations.togetherprofessional Using a total our contacts, netwoek.of five welocus of pill cationalessentialT eachers 1992.reform component Lavin canagenda use& ofHohn, (Hunter.networksthe ed., 1990). to scientificsystemsexchangecreative to data. gather-writing cultural to carry andprotects. arid exchangeout social and to puter-basedtelecommunicationscomputerutilizing modems s.information which hookedas allow com- systems commu- up to tors,groupsrnetropolaanspecialists and with computer teachers, from area theand whoadministra- New media were York rangingaccesssourcestional reseal afrom wealth and -direports to lessonof k information,HI on110/111111 aware:,educa the Makiinformationuse 1992)os. of 1988: telecommunications (Foster-.In the Net last 1987. Julyan, five Rogeryear & s,in s thetl - plnicationi tie to take place over tele- was designed to andtionsusing student networks a range learning of for telecommunica- professor purposes sal exchangepromisingtinconfereecing boards ideasmeansand capabilities networks with for- colleagues teachers areof bulle a to componentphasetheclassroom research and hasbecome of and numerousmoved development a widespread beyond tech gatherorderundertakenrange a tosystematicof adequatelyactivities by K-12 profilecurrently educatorsinform of thebeing in WewantedbroadThe askedfocus range to groupscovereducators of topics in addressed the how that survey. andwe a fordiscussionMany(Merseth. eens networks on 1991, centers a wide nowWeir, rangeand feature 1992).teacher of topics Whiledescriptivenology there integration exists information a wealthefforts on of the themselvesserviceschoolthe creative off'. providers, about use andstrategies of this educators technol- for k. policy makers. withwhyandkinds telecommunications,they what of first training their became own they individualinvolved receiveo, the Anecdotalequityment.includ alternativengand school-based educationreports assessment, have issues. manage- long and systematiccarriedkindsand of typeout, projects analysis ofthere teiecornmunications that has of arethebeen rangebeing no systematicthis550ogy. survey educatorsBased and representson thefromlarge-scale responses 48 the states, firstprofile of theyaskedlearningincluding used them curves network theto describe kindslooked services of like.professionalwhat for.We experiencestranstakesuggested place networks overthat of professional collaborationshelptelecommunica to ease ,sal that i Asdevelopmentteachersactivities a result. forbeing ineither or 1992 conducted student p,-olessiorial the Nationallearning. by of educators'obstacle,mentspr actices both toThe telecommunications theusing survey benefits telecommuni also of docu- and theprojects.in,collaborations as pros well andWe as askedtheircons they student of werethem networking involved aboutbased agreementinton acidtion, common therethat among teiecommunica is Aqdespread teachers decidedtionCenterwide at Bank forsurvey to technologyundertake Street of k-12 College a ineducators' nation Educa- cationsDevelopingsional effectively r e ,ou-c the e as and Questionnaire a profes-learning tool. ariding.teachinghad whether Andhad weanand telecommunications impactdiscussed their students' on theirthe fat learn tors 10 tonsGoldman.thescope can classroom enhanceof what 1988; (Bi'iennestudents the Cohen range learn&& and in temsusecommunicatingprofessional of for telecommunications two principal development with purposes:colleagues. sys (i.e. quatelyasurveyOur questionnaire goal instrument reflect in developing and that was capture would tothe create ade-the barriersactivitiesthatuse make of that successful,this telecommunications prevent technology as the well effective as the 3 followingquestionnairedevelopedOut of these questions: a twenty-sevendiscussions, to investigate we page the tionsWhateffective technology are the use barriers of in telecommunica-schools? to the ofreturnedunteeredcent 1 100). of the theto educators be questionnaire part of whothis studyvol-(550 sionalItlearning is developmentthe activities.hope of the and Center student for teachingschoolseducators,Who are arein? teiecommunicating and they what working kinds and of of learningBecauseDevelopingRespondents about we werethe educators Sample interested who in studyBecauseInterpretation to bethis undertaken is theof the first Findings e'California, mid-Atlantic Alaska, Pennsyl techniques.reflectcountry.that aat biasWhile the it intimemay thisour alsoof samplingtrend the indicate surveymay Schools Across size, type of demographicsteachschoolsnational in andthem. averages the ofwe teachers our compared collectedsample who to theby the theiragecommunities.does of studentsnot schools represent Inreceive which fact, more thereport free percent-affluL or that Hawaii)Centralrepresentative regions, (Kentucky, and of the under-Tennessee, East South tratednicationsmuchPacific ofin theactivitiesregions nation'smid-Atlantic of were the telecommu- country.concen- and school,whichtion,economic theand these schools ethnicrepresenta- educators and in ofWeCenter school,economic found for andthatEducation representation, ethnicacross Statistics.and size, type the casegreaterreduced-pnce nationally. in our samplelunches thanis slightly is the Alabama,andLouisiana,South South Central Mississippi), Oklahoma,Atlantic (Arkansas. (Delaware. West Texas*), At the time the survey was nationalwork are averages. similar to aparableschools trend(NCES, towardtoin nationalour1992). sample more Although averages suburban are com- there is fromschoolsThe geographic Thethe in national schools our sample location schoolin our does survey ofprofile. the differ are Virginia,Maryland.Georgia,Carolina, West Distnct Florida)South Virginia, ofCarolina, regions Columbia, North of the nowwasrunconducted. telecommunications lustreports getting TENET a total under (theof iway 9.800Texas network) TENS users State- i Thereschoolsbutmore notis suburban a morein trend this affluent sample.toward schools, TypeFigure of School CommunitiesFigure 3 in which Schools are Located areThesemid-Atlantic concentrated educators' and schoolsin Pacific the Independent 8% MI Percent of Schools Rural 29%54 6% Percent of Schools regions of the country. Public 92%91% 9% Suburban 1939% 3% 0 CTERS 20 -5221 NCES 40 60 80 100 Urban 2732% I% 0 20 40 60 SizeFigure of 2School Percent of Schools CUM'S (n.52b) NCES (799 students)students) 44 6%346%36% 011111111 (n--.522)CIE/TS 31 2% Percent of Students '4 0 CTETTS (m=535) 20 . NCES 40 60 NCES i525.9% 0 20 40 Sources StudentFigure 5 Ethnic Group Representation within Schools RegionalFigure 6 Distribution of Schools (CTEFigure CTE/TS) Telecommunications 1 question 62; NCES Survey Caucasian 72.0%72.3% Percent of Students within Schools Mid-Atlantic (NY, NJ, PA) 12%30% Percent of Schools CTE/TSfigure(July 1992), 2 question p. 6, Table60; NCES 11. AfricanAmerican 15C% 2.5% AK.Pacific HI) (CA. OR. WA. 14%18% CTE/TSFigure(1991), 3 p. question 101, Table 66; NCES91. (July, L Lispanic 9.0%8.7% NNE IN,East IL. North MI, WI) Central (OH. 18.3%13% CTE/TSFigure1992). 4 question p. 6, Table 64; 2.1. NCES Asian 5.0%3.0% Pill VT,New NH. England RI. CT) (ME. MA. 6%9% (1991),CTUTSFigure p. 5370, question Table 63; 350. NCES (July American& Alaskan Indian 10%I 5% II VA,SouthMountain WV, Atlantic NC. (MT,SC) (DE. WY. MD. CO. DC. 14% 8% CTE/TSFigure1992), 6 question p. 12, Table 67; NCES2.4. (July I0 CTEITS (n=522) 20 NCES 40 60 80 WestID. ND, North NM, Central NV, AZ, (MN, UT) 7%7% 1111111 1992), p. 7, Table 2.2. WestIA. MO, South ND. CentralSD. NE. (AR. KS) LA, 3%2% EastOK TX) South Central (KY. TN, 12.1% 2% AL. MS) 7%1% Other NA 0 CTE/TS (n=531) 20 NCES 40 1(; 17 When compared to profiles of The sciencesincluding biol,.., NumberFigure 7 of Years Teaching RespondentsProfile of ourhavecators nation's been represented teachers, teaching in thelonger this edu- study and andchemistry,largest geologyrepresented content-specificphysics. earth science, discipline the 17% Percent of Teachers experiencedThese educators and highlyare taughthavedegrees. completed for ten The or majoritymore advancedyears, have and educators.formath these and telecommunicating This computer was followed science, by 1.9 years 43%47% 11111111 Theseeducated educators teachers. are donemostbeyond ofgraduate the the respondents masters work at level. or have tion,reading.other industnai special health. areas jrts. physical business(art, music,educa- Ozer10.20 20 years ears 34%36% RE1.111111111111111 average,olderentirely than and Caucasian. the almost national thanOur the sample nation's is, teachers on average, as a older giftedsocialeducation). education,studies/social English/language special sciences, educa- arts, 23% 0 CLOt'S(n'5'3) 20 I JCE S 40 nationalWhenthere compared aredemographics, almost to twice as entirelywholemany (44.9 Caucasian. more vs. men 40.2). Therein andour aresamplealmost also skills.language.tion, vocational bilingual/ESL, education, and foreign basic HighestFigure 8 Degree Earned grouplessmany women menof educators. and among a third this averages.thanOur are respondents represented work In national with paredWhenpiled tothese by national the figures Center averages are for com- Education com- I% Percent of Teachers Although these educa- groups.students Approximatelyspanning the K-12 one- age educatorsourStatistics, sample itis becomesof heavily telecommunicating concentrated clear that At.soclateBachelor 's 20%NA groups,torstratedspanning work theyin with jobsthe are studentsK-12 that concen- ageare teachers,nicationstorsquarter are suggesting arefinding can elementary support that that telecommu- aeduca- schoolrange of usingin jobs technology that are directly in instruction. related to Master's Or 53%79% technologydirectly related in instruction. to using teachersTwenty-threechildrenactivities who as that well work are percent as meaningfulwith older youngerof students. the for beyond 46% 0 C IL/IS (0-545) 20 NUS 40 respondentsgeneralpnmary teachingcomputer-based identified assignment their instruc- as AgeFigure of 9Respondents tionpnmaryscience); (as distinct teaching and from14% assignment computerlisted their as .59 years Cr Percent of Teachers (nr-524) technologyandlibrary/mediations growing activities and specialtyspecialists- telecommunica are taking in which-a place.new 40younger 49 years 60% /% iS older50 years or 23% 0 20 19 40 60 Sources EthnicFigure Group 10 Representation PrimaryFigure 12 Teaching Assignment CTE/TS1992),Figure question p.7 12, Table 2; NCES 2.4. (July Caucasian 8895% 1% Percent of Teachers Elementary 35%20% Percent of Teachers CTE/TSFigure1992). 8 question p. 45, Figure 6; NCES 3.7. (July Afncan Amencan % specialistLibraryComputer media specialist 23.3%14.4% NA FigureCTE/TS 109 question 68. 1 1 'E. 1 Science 12.7% 5 8% CTE/TS question 69; NCES (July Asian 2%26% scienceMath/computer 5.7%75%7.7% CTE/TSFigure1992), 11 question p. 37, Figure 68; NCES 3.6. (July American Indian 1%174 English/languageOther t.tNocial areas arts 10%17 6% 3.8% CTE/TSFigure1992), 12 question p. 36, Figure 3; NCES 3.5. (July & Ala 4-an 1% I0 20 40 4.0 80 100 Gifted 1%3% U 1992), p. 62, Table 4.4. ClETTS (n7530) NCES SpecialSocial science education 924%5.8%2.6% 4% U Foreign language 24%1.9% 1111 Rtl.ngualeducationVocational 2".1.7% I.4% I AllBasic others sFits NA1.2%1% 4% I I 13% 0 20 40 SexFigure I Percent of Teachers CIF /RS (n 509) NCI'S 2q':. 't 2r, t:: 10 Alt 21 Respondents' nationalogyIn 1990, in Education surveythe Center of carriedteachers for Technol- out a teachersandlevel tutorial of use in the ofsoftware drillAccomplished and than practice the arecationsalso active suggest technologyusers that of telecommuni- educators are also edu-who modemshavemajority access at of home. to these computers Although educators and the TrainingComputersExperience with and surveyofnominated educational(Sheingold queried as &accomplished technology moreHadley, than 1990). 600 users This guagesthesampleTeachers kinds maythat survey.of programmingcomputer-sophisti-well reflectIn addition, a shift lan- our in generalcatorsingdia practices, applicationswho tool-based are likely rather intoand to thantheir multime-integrate relyingteach- theirconferencescomputerreport own that time,users, they and theyare and workshops self-taught havemany also attend on Theseusers.experienced educators Nearly computer half are of very computersaccomplishmentsbecauseeducators of who intotheir weretheir involvement in integrating teaching.selected and aretheircatedwhile taught students. educators Hyper much TalkBasic areless is usingand frequently,taught LOGO with much on Almostprograms.tutorial allor ofdrill- these and respondents practice takenlevel.atother both advantage computer the school of training a andrange distnct activities of thesethemoreusing teachersmajority thancomputers nine havehave years; for beenbeen tionsAccordingusingamount of theirtechnologies toof practicesteachers'time they in anddescrip-had their thebeen teach- study.catorsmoremultimedia often Thethan use bythose production thisof videodiscin group the earlier toolsof and edu- is AccessFigure 13 to Computer at Home usingmore computers than five years.for seventhating, itwe takes,years were foron able average,a teacher to determine five to to reflectgroup.also more changesSome prevalent of inthese schools' among trends hard- this may 9 I ;,84% Percent of Teachers involvedTheseof instructional educators in a wide are computerrange becomcByuser the of a fifth educationalcomfortable, year, use technology. ofconfident drill and wareavailabilitydecisions and software and of advanced increases purchasing tool-in the 16% processingpractices,When it fromcomes to robotics. word to dropped,practiceexpanding and and tutorial theteachers number software started and kinds based technologies.Respondents'Figure 14 These Training data in Computer Use 0 CTE/1S 20 CTE/AlS 40 S7I) 60 80 I00 technology,learninghighly aboutmotivated this computer is a group classrooms.of technologiesThe majority ofthey the used educators in their in Sof taught 96% Percent of Teachers (n=546) attendityof educators;are self-taughtconferences the andmajor- and puterareour indeedtelecommunications users. experienced In fact, this samplecom-survey of tConferences mai college coursesor workshops 55%72% workshopstime. on their own cantlybeentelecommunicating using longer computers than the educators teacherssignifi- has DistrictInttrur courles tion horn colleagues 51%45% toeducatorsNearly computers all haveof these at access home. represented(43%)Teachers of oursurvey.in the respondents Accornplisheil Nearly half report trainingUndergrCutll`A, aduatelgraduate al school 40%37% moreusingstudy.20% years,computers reported in contrast in for the nine earlier to or the CTE SpouseOn-site consultantsand/or friend 30%32% 22 catorsThese telecommunicatingalso report a much edu-lower CoursesState 01 countyoffered courses over network 26%10% 0 20 40 23 60 80 100 YearsFigure Using15 Computers in Teaching ExperienceFigure 16 with Computer Applications SourcesCTE/TSFigure 13 question 10; CTE/ATS, 1-4 years 18% Percent of Teachers Word processor 93%94% Percent of Teachers CTE/TSFigurep. 30, Table 14 question 2. 9. , 6 27%19% DataLmsnssimulationsGames and 81%73%72% CTE/TSFigurepossible.)(Note: 15Multiple question responses 7; CTE/ATS. were 7-8 :iears 20%19% DesktopprogramsProblem-solving publishing 54%67%75% CTE/TSp. 30,Figure Table question 16 2. 8; CTE/ATS, 9 -10 years 26%11% KeyboardngPainting or drawing 62%61%56%63% possible.)surveys,p. 8. Tables multiple 1-8. (Note:responses For bothwere ,cartII of mo,e 17% 9% 0 20 40 ChartigraphingSpreadsheets 42%56% CTETS (r.508) CTUATS (n= 574) programsDrill-and-practiceTutonal programs 72%5573%52% % HyperVideodisc T.11L- 45%29%10%18% BasLogo 21%41%25% Statistical programs 48%17%15%19% ii111111111111 MusirRobotic,. composition I!3% I % MEIN forti.inPas( al 14%14% rf,4%9% 24 0 Cl FRS (n =508) 20 C fc/A15 (6- 608) 40 60 80 100 25 10 Profilein Respondents' of Technology cationssituationsIn order activities to in understand which are telecommuni- taking the place, U.SfoundComputers schools in computer (Anderson, are most labs likely1992). and to be competentinmore schools likely wheretechnologyto be foundthere users. practicingare other onlymailhowever, capabilities.about have halfa quarter filehave Even servers, electronicof fewer-- the while LANs Schools These educators are ingeneralwe their asked schools. computer-based our respondents activities about prevalentclassrooms,technology-richand libraries. in administrativebut theyNot environments, onlyare alsoare offices these nectedschools'Slightly throughmore computers than local half are area of con- the net- areManynetwork. connected of these to schools a wide also area have areworkingofresources, rich the inteachers computerschools and nearlyin that their half andwellTheaverage haveschoolsendowed been of in 8.4 withourusing years. sample computers them The arefor average an almostbutcomputersteachers respondents half (44.8%)in intheir their report schools of teaching. the that use This works.bysingleLANs, AppleTalk Almost roomshowever. half and or ofareNovell are these grouped connected net- in technologiesa rangeincluding of distance cable available television learning to them. systems, theirschoolsOn teaching. average, use computers the schools in doubleschools,numberported the of66.5. in computersaverage a israndom more of than in27survey these re- of computer-usingdemonstratedBecker'sfinding is (1993)significant that researchteachers exemplaryinsofar are as works,andbeingmajority accessingsuggesting used ofprimarily these software. that LANsthey for Thepnnting are do, andmicrowave broadcast hookups, technologies. satellites, theseforinstructionalhave moreeducators used than computers purposes eightwork in for TypeFigure of 17 Computers in Respondent' Schools years.Approximately half of Apple Ile, IIGS. 27.2% Percent of Computers in Schools (n=535) connectareatheseinternally, networks schools computers but have that of theselocal IBMMacinto,t, or IBM compatible 22 9%163% networks.connectedLANs only ato quarter wide area are Tandyt-ornmodure 15% 9 7% otherareMany also technologyof theseendowed schools re-with IntegratedAl&T I eal rung 8 6% IIII LocationFigure 18 of Schools' Computers Percent of Schools (n=531) sources,microwavetelevision including systems, hookups, cable OtnerSystem brands 154% 28% II 0 20 90 Computer labs technologies.satellites, and broadcast Cla officesAdniiriisAratives stoun 86%78% 2C MOMLibrary or resource 75% 0 20 27 40 60 80 100 Figure 19 Figure 22 II FigureSources 17 Schools with Local Area Networks Percent of Schools (n=509) FileServices sever Available on Schools' Local Area Network Percent of Schools Figurepossible.)MultipleCTE/TS 18 responsesquestion 53; were (Note: NoYes 45%51% (n=285)Electronic mail 47%79% Figurepossible.)MultipleCTE/TS 19 responsesquestion 56; were (Note: cuteNot 4% I 0 20 40 60 connectionWide area network (n=282) 25% CTE/TSCTE/TSFigure question 20 question 54a. 59b. 0 20 40 60 80 100 CTEJTSFigureCTE/TS 2122 questionquestion 54f.54c, d & c. TypeFigure of 20 Local Area Network Percent of Schools (n=246) inDistanceFigure Respondents' 23 Learning Schools Technologies Available Figurepossible.)(Note: 23Multiple responses were Apple Tall, 43% systemsCable television 75% Percent of Schools (n=348) possible.)MultipleCTE/TS responsesquestion 59. were (Note: vv'aII S (Jostens. at. Wasatch) CCC. 35% SatelliteMicrowa,e 38%35% Crrhra 20% 0 20 40 60 Broadcastteci inology 30% serviceITVtelephonePublic fixed switched network 15% 5% LocationFigure 21 of Schools' Local Area Networks I be, opIrrS iii)21.1111iter, 2%7% I h. iy1".1 Sri. I I'euent of 5( hoofs (n 2/2) 70 .10 80 I 1(1 40 An I2 For this group of educators, tele- self-motivation appears to be a courses at their schools. Telecommunications:Motivation, Whenverymunicationsmotivated it expenenced comes technology,groupto using and of users.telecom- this isThe a highly communicationsratherdriven thanlargely by byuse school personal has orbeen district interest ingnecessaryWhile telecommunications there attnbute is support for undertak- activities. available municationstheyInstead, mainly respondents learnactivities about reporton telecom- their that andExperience, TrainingOn average, these educa- andcatingmajorityhaving most educators of describean these intermediate are telecommuni- themselves self-taught, or very as sampleinitiati,eS.technology,""personally reported The intrigued majontyand t at that they ofby this thewerethe is why trainingactivities,in our in respondents' general there computer-hosedis a notableschools for encesandowninformation conferences.and are by the attending mostresource, While teachingconfer- widely used workshops torsprofessionaltelecommunications havement beenpurposes develop-using for formore standingknowledgeablecommunicatingaverage, of theythe technology.level have for of professionalbeen under- tele-On telecommunications.theysupportresults initially strongly for got telecommunications involved suggest The withsurvey that eitherabsencefor telecommunications.13% of such of the support respondents (on Only report distnct or school level) colleagues,knowledgeableandline technology are also and magazines,friendsimportant other peopleand sources on- of thanforstudent years. fourmore years, learning than andthree activities for moretionsandreasons have forthan forstudent used three more telecommunica- years.activities than four for years thelevelactivitiesbased absence is virtually atsupport, the of organizedschoolnonexistent. a high and degree school- district In of takingtakentionsto learn drstnct-sponsored skills, telecommunications basic and telecommunica- only 8% courses have andinformation student forlearning both professionalactivities. Thediate"themselveseducators majority or "very describeof as these "interme-knowl- standingedgeable"Forcations these of technology. in telecommuni- educators, their under- theirbymotivation,nications usepersonalschool of hastelecommu- or ratherinterest districtbeen thandriven and initiatives.tions,basicIn contrast computerthere to is trainingvery applica- little in supportschoolnications for or telecommu-activitiesdistrict level. at the 3t) 31 13 LevelFigure of 24 Expertise with Telecommunications Percent of Teachers (n=541) for MeanFigureProfessional Number26 and of YearsStudent Using Learning Telecommunications Activities VeryIntermediate 30%53% (n=507)Professional activities Years Beginnerknowledgeable I 5% 0 20 40 60 activitiesStudent learning (n=474) 3.4 InitialFigure Motivation25 or Catalyst for InvolvementPersonally intnguedwith Telecommunications by technology 78% Percent of Teachers (n=538) professionalMotivatedWithSomething chic:lents by new activity specific to try 37%38% MotivatedAnother by colleague specific studentwith a vision activity 22%18% AskedAst byed pnnopalby computer or adrnir-istrator media specialist 6%9% IIIMI OiApply 2..01. ..that I leaf tie g.o,ty of rudentSCht,0' 6% III Peri:Yr.-1 p pi lf,p,-1P 32 20 0 20 in 60 80 33 TrainingFigure 27 in Telecommunications Self-taught 88% Percent of Teachers (n=540) InstructionConferencesteachers/colleagues from or workshopsother 45%29% and/orInstructionOn sitefriend consultantsprovided by spouse 20%19% districtC orCourses ri ,,es offered uttered by rn undergraduate 13% collegesCoursesor graduate taken training at local 11%I I% SimulationorCourses county offered agency software by state 10%11% schoolCtelecommunicationsCourses out ses offerafter edeJ atover network a 8% framingNationally institute spnsured teacher 8% 0 20 40 60 80 100 15 Sources forSources FigureProfessional Used28 to and Gather Student Information Learning about Activities Telecommunications CTE/TSFigure question 2524 13. Conferences 73%75% I. Percent of Teachers CTE/TSFigurepossible.)Multiple question 26 responses 14. (Note:were colleaguesKnowledgeablemagazinesTeaching and technology friends and/or 49%54%71%67% CTE/TSFigure 27 question 12. II. (Note: MagazinesOther people for on-linegeneral computer 56%46%52% CTE/TSFigurepossible.)Multiple question 28 responses 2I a &were b. Professionalusers organizations 31%40%37% 1111110111111=111111rEI possible.)(Note: Multiple responses were districtdatabasesOn-lineInformation or school resources disseminated like by 24%32%30%29% BooksNewsletters put out by vendors 25%20%22%19% school/distnctWorkshops offered by 21%18%19% CoursesvendorsWorkshops taken offered for credit by 15%17%1S% 11111=11111 VendorIndustry videotapes conferences 13% 3%7% 36 5% III Professional0 activities (n =513) 20 40 Student activities (n=488) 60 80 - 37 I have a I6wide group of profession- rathereducation like professionalsbeing in continuous that it is servicesand attendance. that are usedThe network most telecommunicationsThese educators do notis too feel time- that TelecommunicationsandDevelopment Professional source"alsoriginatedSeveral who peoplei can specific from and for FrEdMail.doclassmy use teaching. activities as K"re- I 2Net, attendanceteacher)conference. at a (High large school international science frequentlymostpurposes effective. for are professional also rated as the consumingtheas area majority professional using to function informationof the resource. respondents effectively services In fact, leagues,Sendinginformation exchanginge-mail on to forumscol- important,and(Highbehind Internet school my I no projects. closed longer science classroom Butfeel teacher)* mostisolated doors. Thecommunicationsactively educators involved in our in for sampleusing a number tele- are of municationsofThese incentives educators as for a using professionalreport telecom- a range weekchangesand conducting or more.on an average Further,collegial of theex- once a accessingandcontaining bulletinrelevant databases boards, toinformation students and are itspecialistWorking is invaluable as in the to schoolonly me computerto and have district, con- professionalquestionsmailexchlnges, to colleagues activities.or including exchanging and Collegial sending posting ideas e- on theplayresource.expenence isolation a critical Networking that rolefor is manyin a combating familiar activities teaching theirsionalmajoritymuch own networking areof homes, their conducting telecommunica- suggestingactivities profes- from that thedevelopmenteffective most widely professional activities.used and asked.ways.computerstact with Informal Help other in can new professionalsquestions be and received innovative can usinginbe on forumsmationforthe professionalservices and retrieval bulletin most servicespurposes. boards, frequently areare Infor- alsoused shareviewprofessionals.nicate the Ideas withopportunity as otherOur one respondents ofeducators tothe commu- major and tionsandown commitment.work withtime, isa athighnow their level doneNearly own of on expense. personalthree- their Telecommunicationsadministrativeused less frequently tasks, is suchfor computergramssoftware.inexpensive can equipment,specialist) be way. generated. Discussions and pro-(Distnct on thatwidelyeducationalto containstudents used, informationincluding andresearch. databases databases Inrelevant contrast, of curricularObtainingbenefitsof professional of issuesrapid this technology. feedback and interest, other onand topics modemquarters in of their the samplehomes. have a All quotations are taken from asminutesprogress reporting of or onmeetings. sending students' graphicallyandI have learn been with and able such background) to ameet vanety and (geo-of work fornetworks onplanning.administrative meetings, are scheduling, used student tasks less such frequentlyprogress,or reporting as keepingincentives.ogymatter, trends current pedagogy, are on also subject and important technol- surveyrespondents' questions. answers to open-ended combatingingotherCommunicating information, educators, professional and withaccess- ProfessionalFigure 29a Development Activities: Collegial Exchanges InformationProfessionalFigure 29b Retrieval Development Using Activities:Services and Databases forhighlyisolation using rated aretelecommunica- incentives the most colleaguesSending e mail to 76% Percent of Teachers (n=550) Accessing relevant student 51% Percent of teachers (n=550) tionsresource. as a professional bulletinUsingParticipating forums boards or rn discussion 62% informationresearchAccessing educational 49% Theateducators majorityhome and have of are these a using modem exchangesConductingforumsor university with on lineresearchersfaculty 47%33% colleaguesAccessing information for 46% exchangesorinformation ofconducting once aon servicesweek ancollegial average or and/more. 0 20 40 60 80 AccessingDownloading libraries curnculum 44%39% 38 databasesResearching subject-specific 38% 0 20 40 60 17 ProfessionalPerceivedTable I Effectiveness Development of Activities Collegial exchanges (n=456)Sending e-mail to colleagues Activities Mean 5.3 Participating(n=4questionsUsing I 8)forums or exchangein or discussion bulletin ideas boards forums to on post 5.0 Conductingeducationalresearchers(n=368) issueson-line or university exchanges faculty with about 4.7 Information retrieval using services and databasesAccessing(n=278)educational relevantissues student information 4.5 Researching(n=372)Accessing(n-369) educational subject-specific research databases 4.95.0 Accessing(n=329)Downloading(n=332) information curriculum for colleagues 4.94.7 ProfessionalFigure 29c Development Activities: Administrative tasks (n=353)Accessing(n=372) libraries 4.7 Administrative Tasks Percent of Teachers (n=550) Obtaining(n=248)Planning or districtwide scheduling meetingsinformation 4.34.1 meetingsObtainingPlanning of distract scheduling 26%34% ofReporting(n=176) meetings(n=201) on or sending minutes 4.1 meetingsReportinginformation on minutes of 22% (n=144)Reporting(n=176)Obtaining onschoolwide student progress information 3.63.8 progressReportingvocleObtarung schoolon student information 12%18% (n=117)Sending attendance records 3.5 Sender g attendance records 8% 11111 0 20 40 -.41 18 TableasIncentives a2 Professional for Using Resource Telecommunications The opportunity to communicate with other Incentives ofAgreementMean Ratings educators,informationTelecommunications(n=507)and get feedbackshare that ideas, would is valuable obtainaffords otherwise information. me access be difficult to 5 4 to getexperiencecombatingTelecommunications(n=486) my hands isolation as on part ofthat is their an so effective jobsmany educators tool for 5.1 topics.rapidBy(n=495) using feedback and telecommunications. related on curriculum questions issues. I am able professional to get 4.9 matter,keepBy(n=493) accessing up pedagogy, to date on-line on and issues information. technology concerning I am subjectable to 4 8 Telecommunications(n=489)(n=406)administrative tasks greatly I have facilitates to perform many 4.8 3 0 Figure 31 toTelecommunications work(n=495) effectively as isa professionaltoo time-consuming resource 1.8 TelecommunicationsWhere Respondents ConductActivities Professional From Percent of Teachers Their own classroom 42%22%28% Computer[Vary/media lab center 33%32%20% Figure 30 Home 30%69%18% Access to Modem at Home Percent of Teachers (n=513) AdminiFirativeAn..)ther classroom office 7% 1% 42 NoYes 27%73% 0 20 40 60 80 7% 0 Professional activities (r1=S16)43 20 40 Student activates (n=491) 60 80 19 Sources possible.)CTE/TS(Note:Figure question 29aMultiple 40h-k. responses were possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 29bMultiple question responses 40a-f. were TimeFigure Spent 32 Using Telecommunications for Professional Activities Percent of Teachers possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 29cMultiple question responses 40m-r. were (n=474)Administrative tasks TablescaleMeanCTE/TS I inis basedwhichquestion Ion = 4Ianot 6-pointa-r. effective, (Note: rating Collegial exchanges MeanCTElTSTableand 6 2is= highlybasedquestion effective.)on 44a-h.a 6-point (Note: rating (n=499) F CTE/TSFiguredisagree,scale in 30 whichquestion and 6 I == stronglyI5a.strongly agree.) (n=519)Information retrieval 26% possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 31Multiple question responses 22a. were r I I n2-3 timesDaily a week E Once a every week two weeks II Less frequently II Once a month III Never CTE/TSFigure 32 question 42a-c. 4s 20 Telecommunicationsand Student Learning Myroommore students aboutwe arehave the able learnedworld to asvisualize to class- think the changemostprojects, effective activities. which classroom they They rate also asex- feelthe theirtionalthinkingusing students' purposes this skills, technology higher issuggesting its impact order for that on instruc- telecommunicationscumculum,isthe important. teacher's the relevanceInongoing addition, activity curriculum of timelines tothe Science,ness, and social cultural aware- ex- childreneffectivelybeendents ofablejust other liketobefore. get nationsourselves. this (Elementary ideaas I'veSa/- across not thatscientificareresources the news most databases,retrieval to useful use with services,information encyclope- students problemlikeinquiry-based critical solving, thinking, analytical and data indepen- analysis, skills thatwhencollected specifyexchanged stories whenand willaretransmitted data beviewed writtenwill be by or andthese effectiveperceivedchangetions projectsactivities telecommunica- to be arethe to domost with othersItschool allows who computer me choose to do realcoordinator) to do science real work, with dias,databases. ERIC,In contrast and social to the studies frequency with tion,supportsstudentsdent and thinkingdevelop analysis.useresearch, a technology In communica- contrast, when that successeducatorsprojects, of asclassroom as critical is ongoing to exchange the technical students.scientificNews services databases and are whilehaveand allows adoing real studentsrolescientific in global thework chance affairs that to studentusedwhich as telecommunications learninga professional activities resource, happen is I 1.ich telecommunicationsstudents'thesedirectly educators involvement help to report improve does with that not their Whileprojectsupport important, runs to ensure smoothly. preparing that the ratedactivitiesinformation as the for most retrieval use useful with teacher)matters.Students (High are schoolmore actively science involved, withplaceactivityof muchthe intelecommunications done lessthe educator's regularitywith students classroom, takes tweensuggestsmandatedperformances what that tests. teachers there on This state- IS findingknowa gapor city- thebe- havingofparticipating telecommunicationsmechanics students students of performtelecommunications in skills the the useand Thestudents.incentives most highly for usingrated tele- workquestion(Middle cooperatively, more, school contribute media initiate specialist)more. learning. labs,communicatebuttheir these library own respondents media homes. from centers, computer also and tele- andtionscreative what can use dotraditional offor telecommunica- their measures students, of downloadingby ratingfactorslogging-on, of that importance information uploading,received thana andarelower those communicationsaboutingstudents students' the include world, awareness with access-expand- collection,Penpaltheand telecommunications opinionexchanges, and socialexchanges scientific awareness represent activities data Respondentstionsbenefits technology to usingreport telewmmunica-with a number their of thatThereassessment these are aeducators actuallynumber account ofbelieve factors for. mentionedcentralThese findings factors above. suggestthat influence that the wouldingincreasingdifficult information otherwise to obtain,students' that be and mostprojects,studentsroom frequently exchange encyclopedias,are conductingdone projects. as class- newsresearch When thestudents.informationing world students' inThese general, that awareness include would accessing expand- be about diffi- basedinfluencenetworksities. telecommunications When the to success teachers carry out of are student-classroom usingactiv- activitysuccesssuccess are of any ofimportant a sharedtelecommunications tolearning the Theanalyticalinquiry-based key factors skills, and that retrievalbasesmation, services,are and the educational resources weather infor-theydata- use helpingbasicstudentscult to computer get students to otherwise, gain applications, familiarityto feel enabling success- with allplanningexchange asparticipating important and projects. full teachersto cooperation theadvanced project's is viewed of andproject:project well-defined planning, goals. andcooperation, relevant mediatedityanyinfluence influence shared theby learning activitiestelecommu-success activ- of mostexchangesDespite frequently. their are popularity. not rated penpalby these group-basedundertakeful, and allowing more activities. collaborativestudents to success.goalswellof the defined, and activityThe objectives. scope as also do and need the As content project withto be any goals.anderation,nications: relevant and planning, well-defined project coop- 46 educatorssciencelearning asand tools. highly social They effective awareness prefer ofRespondents the most important also report benefits that one of technologyed to support project and that enhance is design- the 47 21 StudentFigure 33a Learning Activities: TablePerceived 3 Effectiveness of Student Activities: ClassroomPenpal Exchange exchanges Projects 41% Percent of Teachers (n=550) ScientificClassroom data Exchange collection Projects Exchange Projects Mean SocialScientific awareness data collection exchanges 33%34% Scientific(n=268)(n=197) research/design 4.74.9 ConversationsInternational cultural with experts exchanges 29%31% (n=205)National(n=253)Social awareness cultural exchanges 4.74.6 ScientificStory-wnting research exchanges 26%27% Story(n=232)International writing culturalexchanges exchanges 4.5 NationalNewspaper cultural creating exchanges projects 24%18% Penpal(n=238)Newspaper(n=335) exchanges projects 4.4 MathematicsGame design projects or play projects 12%13% Conversations(n=264)(n= 178) with experts 4.4 StudentFigure 33b Learning Activities: 0 20 40 (n=149)Game(n=Mathematical 144) design projectsor play projects 3.63.9 ServicesEncyclopedias and Databases 57% Percent of Teachers (n=550) ERICWeatherNews & other retnevalinformation educational services databases 48%50%54% SnortsSocialScientific studies information databases databases 24%29%39% H.storical informationryriess informat,v, services print 21%18%17% I ,e reviews ser,,res sec. UPS 14%15% BEST COPY AVAILABLE I cvl chtahlses 4g 8% 0 20 -10 60 22 ServicesTablePerceived 4 and DatabasesUsefulness of Student Activities: TimeFigure Spent 34 Using Telecommunications for Student Learning News retrieval services Services/Databases Mean (nResearching =1 3 1 ) databases Percent of leacher6% s 11% Encyclopedia(n=194)Scientific(n=267) databases 45 80 (nResearching = 422) inormation services r 7% (n=296)databasesERIC(n=293) and other educational 4 7 (n=477)Classroom exchange projects 17% SocialI(n 15,7)studies database ;Lai (1.1tribre..e. 47 Asynchronous discussions [494 7% WC.1111oi(n.-(il 130) onhiblo 25/) nutioll 1.1 kt. (11till,' 30'1) t11,(11V,1011., 14%15% (nMedicalbooks -96) 127) in rrdoi pi int nratron sei vices 4 I1 0 (r)I lectronic mentoring 399) Legal(n,-124)Busines3.(n=61) databases information 3 83/ I r5%14%Fss111111111111=111I Dad, week El Once ever y two weeks Once a week Ill OnceII less a frequently month 111 Never Congressional(nSports -144) information informauor 3 736 J (nmo,ie -119) ieview sir . des WhereFigure 35Respondents Conduct Student Learning Activities From I heq u.Nf I (1,15S100111 12's Percent of Teachers - I ) library media center 32%.13"!, Admrnsti1 ion re awe office 30% 7% 50 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Another lassroorn 7%111 0 20 60 ) Table 5 Table 6 23 FigureSources 33a Incentives for Conducting Student Learning Activities Mean Ratings StudentFactors Learning that Influence Activities the Success of Mean Ratings possible.)(Note:CTE/TS Multiple question responses 29b. were Students(n=503)Opens up get the information world for students they couldn't Incentives of Agreement 5.5 (n=490)Advance planning Factors of Importance 5.3 possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 33bMultiple question responses 3 I b. were Increases(n=508)otherwise students'get inquiry-based analytical 5.3 (n=488)Well-defined(n=480)Full cooperation project of participating goals teachers 5.25.3 MeanCTETable ITS 3is based question on a30. 6-point (Note: rating applicationsStudents(n=501)skills gain familiarity with basic computer 5.0 (n=466)Specific(n=489)Relevance timeline of activity (classroom to curriculum exchange projects) 5.05.2 Tableandscale 6 in4= highlywhich effective.) I = not effective, Allows(n=507)More(n=506) students collaborative to feel group-based successful activities 4.9 telecommunicationsPreparation(n=489)Ongoing technical of students support skills in use of 5.0 6scaleMeanCTE/TS = highly inis whichbasedquestion useful.) Ion = 32.nota 6-point (Note:useful, rating and advisors(n=488)Motivates(n=503) and studentsexperts through access to real 4.64.8 Teachers(n=493)Students(n=492) havinghave previous direct access experience to network 4.54.3 CTE/TSFigure 34 question 33a-f. conceptsIncreases(n=480)Improves students' opportunities understanding for students of scientific to work 4.5 (n=488) 3.6 possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 35Multiple question responses 22. were studentsEffective(n=502)on their own for working with small groups of 4.3 scaleMeanCTE/TSTable 5inis basedwhichquestion Ion = 36a. astrongly 6-point (Note: rating Difficult(n=413)mandatedImproves(n7-503) to students'testsimplement performances with low-achieving on state/city- 2.94.3 Tabledisagree.MeanCTE/TS 6 is and basedquestion 6 = stronglyon 35.a 6-point (Note: agree.) rating (n=496)students 2.2 scaleimportant.)important, in which and I = 6not = veryat all 53 I hove24 grown professionally by study, 88% of the sample indi- entTeachers from the study. There are at least Accomplished globaldents significance. to apply higher I requite level stn thinking Telecommunications'Impact on Teaching havingcommunicatetheme others globalto be to aview with. collaboratebetter keeps This hasmy and class- teacher. Having helped catedcommunicationscompareddifference that computers into their 68% survey.teaching, inmade the tele- Whilea it twodifference. possible explanations for this skillsA(High secondof analysis school explanation andbusiness synthesis. teacher)centers on thesethatMoremunications educatorsintegrating than two report intotelecom-thirds their of room exciting.cinrdinator) (K- I 2 computer hasis clearteachers' had that a significant pitelecommunications ofessional impact lives on and learning, the tors'Onestudentslet useexplanation I inoltv of learntelecommunications due( asis Ily that well aik( educa- as t> the what puterkthese technologytelecommunicating in general. .111( ni with ii educa- ii I he teachingteach.difference has madein how a theyreal dentsI ampendentlysmall the think groups"coach" through at theand while computers.a then problem the work stu- in inde-(High on styledirecttheir is students'effect less evident. on their pedagogical qualitydirectlylives,practices. of and teachers'teachers' does And not pedagogical indeed, affect asthe most professional theirhavemajorityeight teachingbeen years.of theseusing for In computersanrespondentslight average of the in of studentsnicationsConducting enables activities telecommu- teach- with schooltheTelecommunications opportunity social studies to work teacher) has closely given me with dentsstudy,In thetechnology Accomplished reportedthe majority had that an ofTeachers computer impactrespon- on telecommunicationshighlylearning rated and incentives professional for for student using devel- thisAccomplished suggestssignificantmay have thatTeachers alreadychanges these findings.undergone educatorsin the way wholelesswithers to individualtime class,spend lecturing and more students, allows to the time morecriticalstudents independent thinking and to skills help in andthemtheir become develop learning. students'Teachers'multiplependent aspects ability expectations work to ofincreased; pursuetheir ofteaching. inde-their they opmentworld,students'Telecommunications support and perspective provides this access broadens on the to assertion. theycomputer-basedinvolvement teach as a with result applications.general of their To taken studentsmore independent to carry out work. specialist)(HighSlightly school more library than media two thirds of spentstudents'wereindividual more more workingtimestudents; comfortable working independently. and they with with rooms,otherwiseinformationeducators professionally, be that availablewith would access itin not class- to a provides larger thethepedagogicalplace, extent integration changes that practicesthey inof thesehavecomputers came educators' with into gratingthesemadeactivities educators telecommunications a real into difference their feel teachingthat inte-in how has themreportedIn addition,material to present that tothese theircomputers moreteachers students complex allowed and worldteach,ansources. impactof colleaguesnot Telecommunications necessarilyon what and howre- they teachers has their teaching theycompared teach.teachingintegrating However, to made thecomputers difference for when educators into that in tailorsameindividual students' questions needs. work were When to their these posed to teach.wrote:[Your As one question] of our asks respondents for changes in ournicationsstudy, earlieris less the Accomplished onpronounced. impact how teachers of telecommu- In our Teachers teachearlier tionseducatorspracticestechnology survey, in was thethe on significantly telecommunica- impacttheir teaching of this differ- howwhattelecommunications I teach I teach. telecommunications; Topics hasare changedof a more 5 25 Sources TelecommunicationsFigure 36 Results in Changed Teaching Practices Figurep.CTE/TS 14. 3736 question 37a; CTE/ATS, Yes 88%68% Percent of Teachers multiplep.CTE/TS 14.possible.) (Note: responsesquestion For both37a; were CTE/ATS,surveys, Nonot or cure 31%12.% 0 20 40 60 80 100 CTErIS (n=500) CTE/ATS (n=565 ) HowFigure Telecommunications 37 Changes Teaching individualMore time students spent with 72%44% Percent of Teachers Moreworking comfortable independently with students 70%43% INIMMMOMMININOI wholeSpend class less time lectunng to 40%52% wklripumuingExpect more and fromediting my their students own in 72%40% IMMININMEIMMIM groupMore comfortableactivities with small - 43%28%32% iMONO1 Bettercomplex able material toto tailorpresent students' more 25%63% Betterwork to able their to individualassess students' needs work 61% 8% MI 56 in particular subjects NA 0 CTE/TS (n=330) 20 CTE/ATS (n=40 494) 60 80 57 26 Profile of cultureactivitiesIn order of telecommunications toat findthe respondents'out about the quarterinsole their users report schools, of that telecommunications and they another .re the forinitiativeof these their schools'teachersand setting involvementare the taking direction the generalyettions, viewed computer-basedtelecommunications as an arena applica- in which is not TelecommunicationsActivitiesRespondents' at schools,relationdents weabout to asked their the colleagues,ourroles respon- they play how in telecommunicationsteachersquartertheir activitiesreport in their that schoolsare several unconnected.but usethat withtelecommunicatingApproximately telecommunications. half educatorsof these supportteachersThe vast and require majoritytraining. substantial of funding Schools takingThese educatorsthe initiative are for thegottelecommunicationsand useunder how of waytelecommunications. their in schoolstheir activities schools, support first Onlycolleaguesreport a tenth collaborating of on our telecommunica- respondents with other communicationssitedistrictsreport support that provide their and schoolscontinuedadviceactivities. for or Onceon-tele- schoolscomesactivitiessupport from and for is districts.the alsotelecommunications respondents' provided Financial by a actingactivitiestelecommunicationsresource as infacilitators theirpeople schools, forand their resourceeducatorsMore than people reporta third andserving of thesefacilitators as tionsdentsMore activities. thandescnbe half themselvesof the respon- as the supportcantlyagain,puter thisfrom andactivities figure the advice level differs (77%) for of signifi- com-onsite reported in andvarietyindividualtions federal of and sources, agencies, foundations,donations, including corpora- and PTAs, bakestate colleagues.thetheseIn the principal educatorsmajority catalysts of werecases, for activities.forinterested their colleagues Approximately in telecommunications who areone telecommunicationspresuggesting, ,,;pal catalyst once for again, activities,their schools' that many survey.our earlier This Accomplished suggests that, Teachers unlike sales. theircations.ment schools' with telecommuni- involve- FigureRespondents' 38 Role in Telecommunications at Their School Percent of Teachers (n=521) InitialFigure Catalyst 39 for School's Involvement with PercentTelecommunications of Teachers (n=511) theseApproximately educators half report of colleaguespersonRespondent and facilitatorserves as fora resource other 38% Respondentt.zlecommuraLationsTwo or three was teacherspnncipal activities catalystinitiated 56% 9% thatactivitiestelecommunicationson-site there supportis in continued their for schools. SeveraltelecommunicationsRespondent teachers is only in schoolone in school using use 27% Innovative pnncipal and/or distnct staff 7% Thisdistrictcome support from computer tendsschool toand or unconnectedtelecommunicationsRespondent collaborates but activities with areother Begancorporation,Collaborative with professional or partnership research & group withadministrative university, 6% frommediaFinancial other specialists, teachers. support or for Othercolleagues Specialuses & spread deal by to network classroom vendor 5%3% tendstelecommunicationsfunds.either to comeschool from or district 0 20 40 anotherCollaborativeOther ,chool partnership with 6%3% I 58 Not sure 59 5% 0 20 40 60 27 ContinuedFigure 40 On-site Support and Advice atSources Respondents'Figure of41 Support Schools for Telecommunications CTE/TSFigureSources 38 question 46. for Using Telecommunications Percent of Schools (n=5 I I) School computer coordinator or 43% Percent of Schools (n=282) FigureCTE/TSFigure 40 39 question 47. Yes 54% OthermediaDistrict teachersspecialist computer coordinator or 39%40% CT/TSFigureCTE/TS question 41 question 50b. 50a. NotNo sure 40% 6% ConsultantsSchool librarian 23%12% Figurepossible.)(Note: 42Multiple responses were II0 20 40 60 TelecommunicationsOrganized group of company teachers 6%9% 11111 possible.)(Note:CTE/TS Multiple question responses 49. were SoftwareHardware company company 4% II Parents and/or community groups 3%1% III I 0 20 40 60 atFinancialFigure Respondents' 42 Support Schools for Telecommunications Activities SchotDistrictlevel) funding funding (building 50%56% Percent of Schools (n=5 I 3) foundationCorporateState funding fundingor 16%19% IndividualFederalPTA fundingor donations community 10%I I% 9% ME 61 fair.Bake etc. sales. school 7% ill 0 20 40 60 61 Type and studentFor28 both learning professional activities, and these quently.networks For they student use most learning fre- student-basedbination of teacher activities, resources are most and tions.tions Instead, is driven telecommunica- largely by individual SelectionTelecommunications of telecommunicatingfessionalusing multiple purposes, networks. educators they subscribeFor are pro- exchangeactivities,useresearch, FrEd including projects Mail, they Learning most classroomand frequentlyon-line Link, work.**professionallikely to be selected and classroom for both motivationlisting of networksand interest. used by respon-'See Appendix B for a complete Services These educators are to anthree.theyfor averagestudent subscribe learning of four to an networks;activities, average of GeographicNASA Space Kids Link, Network* and National It isknowledgeablemotivated not surprising and technologically thatgroup this of highlyeduca- activities.dentsfor FrEdMail.for professional It is a freeand educationalstudent "There is no subscription fee forties,studentusing both and multipleprofessional learning within networks theiractivi- and communicatingFor professional with activities, colleagues, such as easeServiceimportant of offenngs,use arefactors the expense, threeinfluencing most and the Jerk services for decisionstorssionalservices are makingand about to student use whichtheir for learningbothown network profes- activ- Learningtoservice pay(e g., only in New Link which the Jersey)is cost freeusers ofin and arecertainphone lowrequired costcalls.states in networkstheschools decision they to use.aboutare making which als,downloadingthatresources, and Learning accessing curriculumthese Link. information educators Compuserve, maten- report basedbothselectionprojects. professional telecommunications of This net suggests and student- that thereities.mentationfor This arelocal fewfurther or ofdistrict-levelcoordinated telecommunica- suggests thatplansimple- others (e.g., New York). areServiceingportantpense, the the threeofferings, and selectionfactors easemost ex-influenc- of ofim- use tele- FrEdMail, and Prodigy are the cost networks, providing a com- costNetworkscommunications and provide that are services.a low- NetworksFigure 43 Used Most Frequently FigureforNetworks Student 44 Used Learning Most ActivitiesFrequently combinationbasedresources activities andof teacher student- are most for ProfessionalLearning L ink Activities 25% Percent of Teachers (N.504) FrEdMail 22% Percent of Teachers (n- 89) learningprofessionallikely to bepurposes. used and studentfor both FrEdMailCompuserve 21%20% NationalNASALearning Space GeographicLink lank Kids 20%19% ProdigyNASAAmenca Space Online L ink 20%17%16% DIALOGProdigyNetwork 16%13% Apple!BIT inkNET 15%15% AmencaAT&TKidsnet I earning Online Circles 10%11% 3% DIALOGClevelandKrdsnet Free Net 11%12% 9% 11111 PeaceNetCompuserve 9% 6 ° PSI-Net 8% MB 0 20 40 Cleveland FreeNet 8% 1=1 0 20 40 Figure 45 29 CTEITSFigureSources 43 question 16a. Factors Influencing the Selection of Telecommunications Services 50% Percent of Teachers Figurepossible.)(Note: 44Multiple responses were LeastParticular expensive offenngs 48%45% possible.)(Note:CTEITS Multiple question responses 16b. were ReceivedEase of use as part of a pilot 24%38%34% possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 45Multiple question responses 20a & b. were availableServiceprogram school or grant had 28%I17% 9% (Note:CTEITSFigure 46Multiple question responses I9a & b. were OnlyPromotional service known offer from 9%8%4% possible.) vendor 6% 0 Professional act.vrt,es (n=485) 20 40 Student act..oves k 60 480) WhoFigure Selects 46 Telecommunications Services Percent of Teachers CollaborativeRespondent decision 77%66%14% specialistcoordinator/mediaSchoolamong colleaguescomputer 13%10%17% District decision 13% 5%9% PnncipalI ibrary media or Vice specialist 8%3% 111 teacherOtherPrincipal classroom NA4% 0 Professional activities (n=19?) 20 40 Student act,vties (n=484) 60 80 5 30 Internet Usage communicationsThethat Internet provides serves connectivity infrastructure as the tele- among oneAnd,it. entity like our or highwayorganization system, owns no servicescommercialIncreasingly. are telecommunicationsprovidingeducational Internet and e- tionsan Learningeducational service Link). (e.g.. telecommunica- FrEd Mail, Slightlywhichaccessthese less educatorsis to supplied thanthe Internet, half have most of Thenetworkstechnicallymany Internet different throughout isand compnsed networksorganizationally the world. of that are developedHistorically,needs of inuniversitythe response Internet and tohas govern-the AsInternetprovidingmail a capabilities.result, via full dial-upwe access decided and connections. tosome the to queryare thatIn addition,more the Interneteffective our findings is resource serving suggest as for a pro- frequentlyservice.computer by or a educationaluniversity tionpreparedfrequentlyviduals among toand asupport referred widecommunities. array communica- to as of an indi-It is towardavailableexistingment researchers, thatinterfaces resources community. and are thegearedboth As bulk a of ourservices.access respondents to and useabout of Internettheir thanfessionalknowledgeableactivities. it is fordevelopment studentAmong telecommunicat- thislearning activities group of activitiesoftenusedInternet almostfor services professionalas fortwice student are as system.Internetthat"information is meant Liketo our highway," ato nationalnetwork analogize aofhighway phrase high-the Internetresourcetiallyinfrastructure supportprovides for K-12 athat a wideeducation, far-reaching could range poten- theof OurcatorsorInternet data common inindicate is the not practiceK- yet 12that acommunity; widespreaduse among of the edu- moreingingpurposes educators, frequentlyprojects. than theExchanging for for Internet professional student ise-mail. usedlearn- Sendinglearningmost commonactivities.e-mail is theuse of the ways,andplaces.travel thecommunicate to accessInternet computers their allows via resources, in e-mail usersremote withto community,infrastructureactivities.appropnate However, new useful content interfaces toto make themust K-12and this sophisticatedonlysuppliedhaving half of access ourmost respondents technologically frequentlyto the Internet, report through boards,accessingtheaccess most and tonews common gainingother and computers remotebulletin uses of theare gainingbulletinaccessingInternet,computers. boardsaccess followed news andtoand remote by people throughout the world. become much more widespread. a university computer or through Interne : AccessFigure 47 to the Internet HowFigure Access 49 to the Internet is Supplied 31 CTE/TSFigureSources 47 question 18a. 48% Percent of Teachers (n=486) University computer 46% Percent of Teachers (n=237) possible.)(Note:CTE/TSFigure 48Multiple question responses 18b. were 35% Educational service 37% CTE/TSFigure 49 question 18c. StateCommercial set, ice service 21%:3% possible.)(Note: Multiple responses were (-) 20 40 60 Direct connect 3% I 0 20 40 60

InternetFigure 48 Use F'ci cent of 1 eachers rO".63% Pe.n.:. .1 «ss to 181.36% I , ,,. IQ 0 20 40 ) PO 100 32 There should be a computer applicationsabout the technology by administrators and its bartersmunications. appear However, with the new advent telecommunicationsTechnical barriers related software, to BarriersEffectiveTelecommunications toUse the of Mydeskand limited phone (A sixth useon everygrade has given teacher's teacher) me a The barriers to effectiveat sitehigh use and school of district science levels. teacher) (A ogy,of telecommunicationsnumberpersistent the most of being telephone notable an insufficientand technol- lines in the threesoftwareeaseincluding ofof use, the availabilitywith lowestand hardware, compatibility ratedof software, were of telecommunicationsingThe barriers highest torated effective exist- use notbudgetbecausevision yet of limitations,realized itsof hardwarepotential, that we potential but andhave thattelecommunicationswill were sound cited familiar by our resources to sample most schoolincludeOther building. highly lack ofrated time barriers in the school thisservicesqualitybarriers. group of Inwas telecommunications of addition, educatorsnot experienced the asover-all a by coinclude: insufficient telephonelines; coordinator)elementaryat the elementary school level. computer (An educatorsdescribedtheirintroduce schools. who innew the havePrimary technologies Acco,r,f.I.shed worked barriers to into tions-relatedcationschedule; about inadequate telecommunica-matters throughoutcommuni- many"informationaldesignsignificant choices of network bamer. oroverload" complexity Neitherinterfaces (too the nor 00co lack inadequate of time in communi- the schoolcation schedule; about school likelyTheinitiativetreatable most to continue important is by the individual andextremely barrier not teacher high supportareequipment,hardware,Teachers studyinsufficientinflexible lack still ofpresent administrative access for to support;schoolplanslevel systems; development forand use inadequate lackof telecommunica- of of financial goals district- and choices)obstacles. were rated as significant of 00 lack of money to andmunications district telecom- activities; Table 7 level of ignorance and apathy teachers working with telecom- tions. Lack of time in the covernetwork the costservices. of Telecommunications:Past and Present Barriers Hardware to the and Effective Peripherals Use of Past Present inadequateschoolresources schedule financial are andthe most InadequateInsufficient telephone telecommunications lines in school peripherals building Hardware/Peripherals (n=45I) 1.550 (n=496) ;1.) communicationstimepersistent to effective barriers use.tele- over DifficultyOutdatedNot enough keeping or computerpoorly hardware maintained hardware in working phone systemorder 4.12.12.9 2.4311.9 TableTelecommunications:Past 8 and Present Barriers Software to the Effective Use of toTelecommunications use software that is too difficult Software (n=439) Past 25 Present(n=48S) I b TelecommunicationscompatibleLack of telecommunications with available software hardware software not available that is 71 222.1 1.5I.1 33 Table 9 CTE/TSTableSources 7 question S la (a-e). Telecommunications:Past and Present Barriers Systems to the and Effective Networks Use of Past Present notpoint(Note: a ratingbarrier, Mean scale is and based 6In = which ona major a 6-I = curricularLack of materials, relevant on-line student resources activities) (e.g., databases, Systems/Networks (n----415) 3.1 (n=458) 2.5 CTE/TSTablebarrier) 8 question 5 la (f-h). gettingTechnicalLackparameters severed) of difficulties standardized for different (e.g.. interfaces on-line networks, garbage, across on-line different different connection 2.8 24 pointbarrier.)not(Note: rating a barrier, Mean scale is and basedin which6 = ona major Ia = 6- PoorlyInformationnetworks designed overload interface in system in the yousystem use you use 2.22.7 2.41.8I.9 point(Note:CTE/TSTable rating 9Mean question scale is based 51a in which (i-m).on a 6-I = CTE/TSTablebarrier.)not a barrier,10 question and 51 6 a= (n-bb).a major Telecommunications:TablePast 10 and Present Barriers Logistical to Obstaclesthe Effective Use of barrier.)notpoint(Note: a ratingbarrier, Mean scale is and based 6in =which ona major a 6-I = InadequateLack of time district/school in school schedule communication about Logistical Obstacle's (n=1.44) Past 4.4 (n=497)Present 4.2 InadequateMoneytelecommunications-related not availab!edistrict-Ir.. for el networkdevelopment topics services of goals 4.242 3.94.0 MoneyPhoneInadequateor plans linesnot available financialand/or jacks tosupport pay not dial-up easily from accessibleschoolcosts or district 4.44.23.9 3.83.93.6 ComputersNotLack enough of supportnot training easily from opportunitiesaccessible colleagues 4.03.73.8 3.13.33.5 State-PoliciesLack of or technicaladministrativethat city-mandated constrain support/advice telecommunicationssupport tests make or initiative it difficult to 2.63.43.5 2.32.82.9 hardwareNotcurriculumuse enoughtelecommunications help maintaining as part telecommunications of the ongoing 2.424 222 2 34 Conclusion 550resultsThis elementary,report of a summarizesnationwide middle, survey theand high of taught,informationity of andour respondentsthey about tend telecommuni- to gatherare self- basedticebecon-le as applications,are as general widely basedcomputer- then certaina pr ac- devisedassessmentcapture that and measurescan account adequately must for thebe cationsInwidelyresource, order to utilized become for administrators telecommuni- educational a thattechnology.usersschool for of educators this telecommunications Thegroup findings who of educators are suggest active their-conferencescations own activities time. or workshops by attending on supports must be puttheSchoolsinvolved usein place. ofand telecommunications. in districts training must teachers get in thatinquiry-basedkindsfoster. such of critical activities analytical thinking appear skillsand to andimplement policy makersthe following:teacher support;must training and activities.professionalvaluabletelecommunications resourceThe and findings student for serves alsoboth learning sug- as a extremelyforWhilethe using findingstheir telecommunications high, personal that it is theresuggested motivation are prag- is by puter-districtsofAt investmenta minimum, -based have trainingmadethat the schoolssame in needs com- level and to projectsschoolsfinancialThere needs for(e.g.,support telecommunications tonetwork beavailable more fees. in telecommunicationsplanningschool and for districtuse of in educatedTheysentgest athat are very theseexperiencedteachers. specialized educators They andgroup. are repre-highly forthematiclearning bothuse incentives ofprofessional telecommunicationstasks. that Combating encourageand student isola- inbe the tions.presentSchools use of for telecommunica- and training districts teachers must over-extendedment).sonnel,telephone Because curriculum lines, financially. schoolssupport develop- are per- this timetration;instruction for professional and adminis- beencomputerextremelybased using applications technologyknowledgeable a range of inand computer- their haveabout class- tanttainingtion,of factors exchangingtelecommunications information that motivateideas, are andall theimpor-for ob- usepro- thedeveloption,in use instruction and ofand telecommunications such adopt and plans plans administra- need for to ascorporationsothersupport well sources, as needs state and Including toand foundations,come federal privatefrom andeffectiveactivities; studentmeasures; assessment learning thatAndroomscomputer- arethey for well area number resources. endowedworking of in years.with schools fessionalincreasinginformationstudents' purposes. awareness, students' resources, Expanding higheraccessing and order v,,hichral,ebe into used telecommunications account to support the wayseducational canin schools.muchPhonefunding more linessources. leaches widely need are toavailable become ttle ogly in phonefinancial lines support; or local area computertechnologicallyAmong this and group. library knowledgeable It ismedia the thinkingtoparticularlymake use skillsteiecommunications with compellingarestudents the factors resour thata c e makeRespondents'to be it dormsclearmore that ratingstime there available of barrierneeds in s the groupcosttelephones,not haveof of professionals installing regt;,ir often acces... phone because who linesto do the in networks. peopleactivities,leadspecialists for and telecommunications serving who facilitators are as taking resource for the studyWhileficial speakthe and over rewardingto theall findings largely aspects bene-of this of classroommunicatronstoschool effectively schedule activities. intointegrate if their teachers Research ongoing telecom are structuresfliesIdeally,school need buildingsregional tothat develop encourage phoneis prohibitive. pricing conipa portwidespreaddatacolleagues foralso telecommunications suggest inadministrative their that schools there sup Ouris riot annology,using thisimportant telecommunications technology this research question. be alsomade How raises tech available can adequateminuteeffortson technology showsclass for periods projectsthat integration typical are that not40- considerAlternatively.nologyschools for to installing theirinvest schools teachers. in local this can areatech- also schoolsschoolactivitiesin this level. and studyon districtseitherAlthough have the investedrepresented thedistrict in or toperhapsnologically educatorsbecome less sophisticatedtechnological whopersonally are less motivated and enthu- tech orsuccessfully Hadley.themultimedia curriculum 1990). integrate technology (Sneingold computer into & (Newman.phonenetworks lineseduces Bernstein, in school the need &buildings Reese, for multiple a solution that 74. computer-basedtrainingvirtuallytraining teachers innonexistent. telecommunications applications,in general The maior- is communicationssuggestsentedsiasts than in that this the if study? theindividuals technology use The of tele- resultsrepre- is to confidentIn aretelecommunicationsolder academically for that teachers student-based justified, to projectsfeel 75 1992) References 35 Anderson. R. (1992). U.S. admin-Unpublishedputersistration and of educationthe raw 1992 data. lEAsurvey. com- nology,vationSciencesupport in education, Educationfor nationwide Journal and Tech- inno- of I (1). 23-34. Newman, D.. Bernstein, S. L., & andEducation, Improvement. Office of Research Riel, M. (1985). The computer mentfunctionalchronicles for acquiring learningnewswire: literacyenviron- A Becker. H.J. (in press). How ourbestUniversity computer-using of Minnesota. teachers Lavin. R. J. & Phillepo, H. ( 1990).agementImprove school-basedthrough intelligent. man- prospectsworking:infrastructuresReese, P. Current A.(Tech. (1992). for models schoolRep. Local No. net-and 22). 317-337.Computingskills. Journal Research, of Educational 1(3), schools.potentialimplicationsdiffer from Journal of other computersfor realizingof teachers: Research in the on Levin, J.. & Cohen, M. (1985). networking.18(4). T.H.E.69-71. Journal, forCollegeNew Technology York: of Eduction, Bank in Education. Street Center Riel, M. (i 987). The InterCulturalTeacher.Learning 14(7),Network. 27-30. Computing Brienne, D.. & Goldman. S. Computing( I 988). Collaborativein network F.(luCOtiOn tionnetworksscienceThe andworld laboratory: problem for as science an international solving Electronic instruc- Newman. D., Brienne. D., ComputerMagzamen,Goldman, S..mediation S. Jackson. (1988, of April).I., collab- & Rogers, A. (1992). Linking tion.theteachers world. and FrEdMail students Founda- around Education.science.activities'fork: Bank forWorking Centerelementary Street paper. for College Chil- earth New of Journal4(1),matics of Computers33-35. and Science in Teaching,Mathe ingatRevisionorative the Children symposium science of a into paper investigations. Science, on presented Sociali.i'- Ruopp. R R. (1993). LabNet: tice.Toward Hillsdale, a community NJ: Erlbaum. of prac- Cohen, M.. & Red. M. (1986). Computerdren and Technology.networks: Creating Merseth, K. K. (1991). SupportingTeacherputerbeginning networks. Education, teachers Journal 42(2).with ofcom- 140- National Center for Education searchAmerican Association. Educational Re- Sheingold, K., & Hadley, M. ers:(1990). Integrating Accomplished computers teach- C.alifomia.Sanwritingreal audiencesDiego. (Tech. Interactive CA. Rep.for University students' No. Tech- 15). of National Center for Education Statistics.147. (1992. July). Schools Washington.statisticalstaffingStatistics. in (1992).theprofile, UnitedDC: SchoolsI987-88. U.S. States: De- and A nologyEducation,York:into classroom Bank in Education. CenterStreet practice. Collegefor Tech- New of rostnr. J ndogy Laboratory( 1988). The National Geo- . Julyan, C L., & Mokros, U.S.Statesand staffing DepartmentI 987-88.A statistic-a! in theWashington. of Unitedprofile. Educa- DC of EducationalImprovement.partment of ResearchEducation, and Office Weir, S. (1992). Electronic corn fictionmunities (Working of learners. paper Fact 3-92). or ')r,/Centers,graphicI echr Kids Inc. Kcal (fNet ERC). Education work Scien«- from Research 2c(8), 38 National Center for Education Improvementtion. Office of Research and Ruel, M computertiesBuilding Success networking. electronic and failure communi- in , & Levin, J. A. (1990). Cambridge. MA: TERC 1 In: (199)) Int-mg f(, Statisticseducation (statistics. 1991) Digest Washing if Instructional169 science, 19. 115 nii,g ( ornriulnnii er -arid ,1110,1. 11(1VVOI 76 ton. DC: U S Departmoirr 36 Educational Telecommunications Services Appendix A Vienna.8619America Westwood VA OnLine 22182 Center Dnve WesternBoxFrankBig Sky11 Odasz Telegraph Montana College e-mail:(800)Contact:Amenca 827-6364/703-448-8700 [email protected]. Tom On deBoorLine is a telecommunications service primarily for the Apple modem:(406)Dillon,e-mail: 683-7870 MT (406) [email protected] 59725-3598 683-7680 weather,communityuctLink). and Itworld providestechnical (MS-DOS news, e-mail, information. businessusers encyclopedia can information, connect A tut -ing services, centerlive education programs, through a service called PC conferencing,offers study and materials prod- Bigsuchcommunities,information Sky asTelegraph a lending exchange and was organizations.library designed network of software, especially for It educators,features electronic for Montananseducational to create online an resourcesstudents, businessnewsletters, people, educational Appleand93AppeLink courses. SouthLink MainK- There 12 StreetEducation is a monthly Area fee and connect charges. databases,Othercreatelibrary, than theirand technical tollpublicown calls, online anddomain the educational courses. network software. is support, free.It also offersa There is a $15.00 Internet access fee. children's literaturepeople the chance to Middleboro,e-mail:(508)Contact: 947-8181 [email protected] Mary MA 02346Ann Mather. Online Manager Washington,EDUCOMBITNETI 112 Sixteenth DC 20036 Street, NW Appletors,educationaccess Link including to is AppleareaApple online provides informationComputer's experts a professional and officialwho the answer online resource service. especially It global Apple community. The r;- 12 individual inquiries, technol- information, a software offers 24-hour for educa- e-mail:Contact:Bitnet(202) rushinabitnic.educom.edu 872-4200linksAmanda universities, Rushing colleges, and research enters in the U.S. It has database,ogy-richquarterlywhoinexpensive do curricula, anot discussionupdates havematerials, model access of board,the educationtechnology informationto disabilitiesa phone research, plans, line,that solutions, grant"Appleresides sources Link on and more. For educators AppleLink.CD" provides allowing for free and AmericacooperatingThereallow theforare exchangethe networkmembership exchange agreements of e-mail feesof noncommercial and between with connect BITNET, charges Canada, Europe, Asia, and South information. Gate-waysInternet, and USENET.for certain services. charges.usersAT&T to explore Learning and Network retrieve long documents without incurring online Contact:Washington,BreadNet1250 24th Brian Street,DC Curtiss 20037 NW, Suite 600 AT&T's(800)Parsippany,PO Box 367-7225, Learning6391 NJ 07054 ext. Network 4158, provides (201) 331-4365 curriculum-based projects through educationalCollege,Organizede-mail:(202)466-0533 curtiss©Iinknet.com this in projects. network1984 by Duringlinks the Breadteachers the summerLoaf and School students months, of English at Middleburyin isolatedthe areas BreadNet for Staff 7E, circlespenod"learning lastof circles"time one andsemester. of publishclassrooms There a report thatis a exchange subscriptionof their own and feework. for each Most unit. learningdiscuss work for a set Middlebury,operates out VT of the05753, Bread (802) Loaf 388-7945. School 7 () of English, Rural Station, GEnie 37 Columbus,POCompuservee-mail:(800) Box 848-819920212 [email protected] OH 43220 GEContactRockville,PO Information Box Vivian6403 MD Services 20850 Kelly tion,connectliveCompuserve an educational encyclopedia, charges. provides conferences e-mail, access electronic and to news,shopping. bulletin financial There boards, and is aconsumer travelsign-up services, fee informa- and groupreference,GEnie(301) 340-4000 onprovides education shopping, information is computing, available. services There and covering entertainment is a sign-up finance, fee A travel,specialand news, interest hourly Cambridge,MassachusettsDELPHI MA Avenue 02138 TERCGLOBALconnect2067 Massachusettscharges. LAB Avenue e-mail:Contact:(800)544-4005DELPHI [email protected] Rusty provides Williams e-mail, encyclopedia, news, games, business and travel e-mail:(617)Contact:Cambridge, 547-0430 [email protected] Gaby MA King 02140 DIALOGaccessinformation, to themembers clubs, Internet. a fromgateway There more isinto thana monthlythe 40 DIALOG countries. fee and research connect database, and DELPHI offers full charges. theGLOBALconnectimprove EcoNet LAB fees.science Network. provides education There international are in sign-upseveral environmental andcountries. monthly GLOBAL science fees, plus LABprojects hourly runs to on Arlington,DIALOG(703)1901 N. 524-8004;Information vAMoore 22209 Street, Fax: Services (703) Suite Inc.524-1680 500 GTEPOGTE EducationalEducation Box Place, 619810 West NetworkServices Airfields Inc. Drive Contact:DIALINDEX,largestDIALOG, Ann online with Caputo a "knowledgebank."moremaster than index 370 of databases, all Some databases: of billsits featuresOne itself Search, as include: the whichworld's enables e-mail:DFWGTE(800) Airport, gte.service Education 927-3000 TX 7526Network I -9810 provides access to databases, e-mail, and to-the-minuteconcurrentalternativemay be orderedsearching callednews: online. Knowledge and of up DIALORDERS, DIALOGto 60 Index, files; also Firstwhich offerswith Release, provides which a low-cost, whichfull-text access providesafter-hours abstracts to some up- 01 dependingtopics.Speciale1-ctronic They Net, bulletin on alsoan selected information offerboards. maternalservices. It alsoexchange andfeatures child on special specialhealth projectsinformation.and other such educational Prices as vary startupaccessesDIALOG'sFrEdMail fees 100 more and databases. connectpopular databases,charges.It is also a Compuserve including Classmate gateway. for K-I2, which There are Thel*EARN345 Copen Kear FamilyStreet Fund FrEdMail(619)Bonita,PO Box 475-1852 CA 243 is 91902a free, cooperative, educational messaging network that Yorktowne-mail:(914)Contact 962-5864 ed Heights, Edwin I @igc.apc.org Gragert NY 10598 ences:connectssaryfor students. Ideas,if therebulletin an are Software exchange boards no local andall for bulletin over connectteachers; the boards. country.time and are Kidswire, Therefree. Toll area calls two confer-are neces- t) bulletin board onthatprojectI*EARN projects young sponsored (the peopleusing International low-cost by(elementary the Copen Educationtelecommunications. and Family secondary and Fund. Resource Itage) Asseeks part canNetwork) to ofwork demonstrate the togetheris a educa- 81 38 workfloratelecommunicationstelephones. curriculum.through electronic There l'EARN is cost,nomail, participants fee whichonline to participate is conferencing, relativelyin 20 countries in l*EARNlow and on conduct thevideo-speaker beyond APC their thenetwork. suchcommunity.operated."BBSs- as throughoutFIDONet, funded, E-mail USEnet, andtheand world. orientedconferencing and Every theto meet InternetK exchanges I 2Net the are needsBBS feasible with is of locally itsother andlocal owned,networks quite school EcoNet,IGCInstitute Networks18 DeLabor forBoom GlobalNet. Street ConflictNet, Communications Peace Net ofmodems"globalcommon. any kindvillage" areFreely K nonexistent. I 2Netof available K 2Net is "militantly intoofflineThore classrooms readerare free"! no softwarenetwork where affiliationcan telephones even orbnng useror the fees Sane-mall:Contact:(415) Francisco, 442-0220 support©igc.apc.org Plaine CA Smith 94107 Contact:Washington,6856Kidsnet Eastern Karen DC Avenue, Jaffee 20012 NW membersTheseinternationally.(Association four worldwide, networks for The Progressive representall bulletin-board-sty!e of whom Communications), the cooperate U.S. portion networks to provide of which theprovide APCservices consists vehicles Network of eleven for lineinformationKidsnet(202) informational 29 is I -1400a gearedsmall databasenonprofit to children groupon children'sthrough that serves the programs media. as a Itclearinghousethat maintains are broadcast an of off- justice,worldanddatabases, discussions connect and conflict and charges. ona resolution. user peace. directory. the Users environment, There have areaccess startuphuman to e-mail, andrights, monthly conferences. social fees, LABNETthroughover cable, America television, OnLine. instructional There is television,a monthly etc.fee andIt can connect be accessed charges. Contact:Richmond,POIris Box 29424 Robert VA 23229 Ware TERC(6Contact:Cambridge,2067 I 7) f 547-0430lassachusetts Jill CarrollMA 02140 Avenue online,e-mail.Ins(800) is cumcular-basedrobwareatmn.com a277-0414 network created projects and run in aby variety teachers. of content It provides areas access and at to an e-mail.teachers,LABNETe-mail: jill_can-ollOterc.eduIt isnetworksas offered well as highonly students, throughschool through science America conferencing, teachers OnLine. with bulletin other scienceboards, and collegiality.grade3501K12Net levels. County There The Road teacherare annual20 center subscription promotes and teacher hourly exchanges connect fees. and DepartmentChristyMathematicalMiami Hunt, University of MSEL SciencesTeacher Facilitator EducationEducation Leadership Network (716)CouncilContact:Stanley. 526-6431 ofNYJack Coordinators, 14561 Crawford K I 2Net founder e-mail:Oxford,(5 I 3) chuntOnas.edu OH529 45056-175! ultraKe-mail: I 2Net low-cost jackOrochgte.fidonetorg is a grassroots introduction "network to international with training telecommunications wheels" that provides in a an theThematicalnicationsis Mathematical Mathematicala computer science needs conferencing Sciences organizations.Sciencesof state, regional,Education Education network Initiated and Board Leadershipdesigned innational June of the 199 toleaders Network Nationalmeet I inspecial seven(MSELnet)Research commu- mathe- as a joint study of 82 privatelytarytechnophobicnutunngcommunity and secondaryenvironment"echoed" educators,of 37 to schoolcomputer-mediated thathundreds and is subjects specifically taxpaying of school-based/oriented and parents.onented classroomconferences Itto consistsactivities.K- dealing12 youngsters, networked of They awith human areelemen- mathematicsandnateCouncil betweennational and IBM andreformthese Corporation,science organizations. activities teachers in MSELnet mathematical MSELnetspread is across used is sciences linked to40 support states. to educationa network Thereand coordi- withinisof no charge for use of the national network, but access requires special em Reserve University and provides information on most aspects of 39 Georgeatworkstation aNASA cost C. Spaceof Marshall aboutsoftware link $100. Space (PSInet Flight for MS-DOSCenter niachines: PSIclone for Macs) communityoptionSchoolissues, entitledlibraries,information life, including "Schoolhouse." and and recreation. government, related ttprojects is administration,an easy-to-use, can be found schools,menu-driven under medical a menu system. e-mail:(205)Contact:Huntsville, [email protected] 544-6360 Flint AL Wild35812 Youngstown,YoungstownThedo Youngstown Lou Anschuetz State OH Free44555 University Net Telnet:NASAModem 192.149.89.61 aeronauticalSpace access: link (205) offers and 895-0028 spaceaccess research. to current Clas.:room historical informationactivities incorpo- on Tristate201CBD East Inc. Online 4th Street Theon principles.ratethe National Internet;information All Geographic otherwisedata on and NASA news there Kids projects are areNetwork updated toll to charges. teach daily. a lumberAccess ofis scientificfree if you are The(513)Contact:Cincinatti, Heartland 397-5533; Chris OH Free 45202Main modem: Net (5 I 3) 579-1990 Contact:Troy,5455 Corp.MI 48007Sharon Drive, Cowley Suite 104 Contact:Peoria,922 North IL Karen 61606 Glenwood Haggert Avenue . "What'slocalNational(800) scientific in342-4460 our Geographic Water?" research encourageKids and Network share older their projects elementary results like with "Acid students other Rain" students to and do and Griaton,Lorain(309)11173 677-2544; County OH Arrowhead 44044 Free modem: Net Drive (309) 674 I 100 Nationalsubscriptionhave brief Public communications fee forTelecommunications each unit. with professional Network scientists online. There is a e-mail:(216)ExecutiveContact: 748-3733 [email protected] Paul Director Boguski, ThehaskindsPublicfree National overpublic of Radio services 350 accessTelecommunications ordistinct the are community Public availableinformation Broadcasting oncomputer each: orNetwork communications The Servicesystems (NPTN)Cleveland on similar television. is services. Freea networkto NationalNet Many Each alone of Medina,doMedina Medina1000 CountyOH East General 44256 WashingtonFree Hospital Net Street NPTNascostsystem, New to use Affiliate Zealandhowever, them. areSystems Otheris infree the affiliates to organizing the user. in several stages.There otheris no statescost to and register, as far no away Newsday(216)Contact:Newsday\New 725-1000, Gary Online Linden ext EducationYork 2550; Newsday modem: Station (216) 723-6732 Cleveland,CaseCleveland319 Western Wickenden Free OH Reserve 44106Net Contact:Melville.235(5 Pine I6) 843-2445NYMaureenlawn 11747-4250 Road McInerney usersThe(216)Contact: Cleveland 368-8737:who Tom have GrundnerFree accessmodem. Net toSystem (216)the Internet. 368-2733is available It is maintainedto Cleveland by residents Case West- or 84 throughcurriculume-mail:Newsday [email protected] twelfth projects educational grade designed classrooms. telecommunications by area They educators also runprojects for an use online include in fourth students' integrated 95 40 features,computerpenpalmagazine forum; as updates;featuring well a currentas andaccesscreative onlineevents to writing Whiteaccess discussion topicsHouse and forum;responsefor news. printed news, The to publication; anetworkNewsday alsoweather, and inoffered otherProdigy atstates. no cost in some states and for a low annual subsciption rate monthlyincludesNSFNet feesa stock and market connect game charges. as well as financial information. There are (9Contact:White445 ProdigyI 4) Hamilton Plains,993-8789 Steve provides NYAve. Hein 10601 information on weather, general news, sports, e-mail, SanPOIntemice-mail:(800) Box Diego, 85608444-4345 [email protected] CA 92186-9784 monthlyfeaturescontests.ar d a children's fee,that They nohighlight also connectbulletin have topics boardtime Nova in in scienceand charges, and and with educational games, quizzes, and National Georaphic monthly geography. There is a flatlocal access. NSFNetthedata,purpose National and (The network information. National Science that ScienceFoundation. providesIt was initially Foundation access NSFNet organized to Network)serves and as is is a scientific computing resources, the nationalpartially U.S. funded by general- CenterPSI-NETDesDrake Moines,for University Teacher IA 5031 Education I otherresearch34-65NYCENet scientific 192ndnetwork resources. Street by allowing access to NSF-funded computers and Contact:andPSI-NET(S t 5)available Jack271 is -3912 Geriovicha telecommunicationsthrough IBM. It is organized network by subject intofor conferences. science educators, built Flushing,e-mail:(718)461-8756Contact: NYnycenet.nycenet.edu Fred 11358 Goldberg students.Thedonesocial network offlinestudies, All content is so now etc. the areasused The cost users byareis onlymore available create that than ofthe in 60,000a subjecttelephone matter. PSI -NET: foreign languages, people, many of them call. There are no Everything is supportsruningBulletin areby the suppledboards, class New projects databases.byYork the City New in theBoard curriculum York New City York Educationalguides, and computer of Education. The network also City schools. The service is Network, which is conferenc- Thejoin-upSausalito,27 Well Gate or user Five CA fees. Road, 94965 Suite 65G PBSprovidedNew 1790LEARNING York, free Broadway, ofNY charge LINK10019 16th for floorall New York City public school teachers. Thee-mailconference(415) Well [email protected] 332-4335 provides for teachers informal to conferencing exchange ideas that and includes an educationaldiscuss educational systemPBS(212)e-mail, LEARNING 708-3056 that messaging features LINK a and variety is aconferencing computer-based of databases utilities, and interactive and gateways to information resources, communications remote connecttopics.TechNet It charges. now has a kids' conference. There is a monthly fee and hourly tionusefacilitatedatabases access.as its educational primary and The bulletin system thrust. use boards. stresses PBSof telecomputing LEARNING The content goal of LINKPBSthrough systems are and support services for educa- LEARNING LINK is to inexpensive, easy-to- locally Contact:CentralNewCentralBuilding York Islip Barbara Islip,Institute66, Campus Room NY Zayes of11722 205 Technology managedexpanddistributedpublic broadcasting andto itsnetwork operated full 196 isagencies affiliateasavailable independent orsites in state 23 over states educationbut the interconnected currently,next three and years. departments. This PBS plans to hosts by It is onlineTechNet(516)subscription 348-3317:databases provides rate (800)such e-mail, and as462-9041 connect ERICconferences, and fees. Facts electronic on 87 File. There is an annual bulletin boards, and 41 4030Unison Mt Carmel-Tobasso TelecomEducation Service Network Road University29Midnet WESC of Nebraska ComputingUniversityNevadaNet of Services Nevada System e-mail:(800)ContactCincinnati, 334-6122 [email protected] Dean OH Goramson45255 [email protected](402)Lincoln, 472-5032States NE 68588 (NE, OK, AR, SD, 4505Nevada(702)Las Maryland Vegas, 739-3557 NV Parkway b:' 154 connectotherreports,Unison networks. providescharges.travel information, There e-mail, is conferencing,a sign-upand access fee, networkviaa monthly e-mail building, tosubscription users Wall on many Streetrate, and 511MRNetMinneapolis, II th Avenue MN South, 55415IA, Box KA, 212 MO) (206)Redmond,2435NorthWestNet 233rd562-3000 WAPlace, 98053 NE PineWilliamBARRNETRegional Hall Yundt Room Internet 115 Providers CONCERT3021PO Box Cornwallis 12889 Road [email protected](612) 342-2570 NYSERNetWY,Northwesterne-mail: AK ehood@nwnetnet ID, MT, U.S. ND) (OR, WA, [email protected](415)Stanford, Francisco 723-3104 CA area94305-4122 [email protected](919)Research 248-1404 Triangle Park,27709 NC e-mail:Ann(313)628 Arbor, [email protected] 998-4562 MI Street43103 (315)Liverpool,.Suite200 Elwood 103453-2912 NY Davis 13088-6147 Road (800)SanPOCERFnet Box Diego, 876-2373 85608 CA 92186-9784 JVNCnetSergio6North von Heker NeumanCarolina Hall BBNNEARnetMichigan10 SystemsMouftin Streetand Technologies OhioOARnetNewe-mail: YorkSupercomputer info@nysemetorg Center [email protected] Building California [email protected](609)Princeton,Princeton 258-2400 UniversityNJ 08544 Northeasterne-mail:(617)Cambridge, 873 neamet-join@nic.nearnet -8730 MA U.S. 02138 (ME, NH, VT, e-mail:(614)Columbus,1224 292-9248 [email protected] Kinnear Ohio Road 43035 [email protected](313)2901 Arbor, Hubbard998-6103 MI 48105 Drive, Pod G 4676InformationLosNortheastern Nettos Admiralty Sciences U.S. Way Institute 4000CommunicationsNetcom Moorepark Online Avenue,ServicesCT, #209 RI, MA) Pittsburgh,305PREPnetOhio S. Craig, PA 2nd 15213 Floor CSMColoradoMidwest Computer (IL, Supernet IA, MN,Center WI,OH, MI, IN) [email protected](301)Marina Angeles 822-1511 del Rey, area CA 90292 Californiae-mail:(408)San Jose, 554-8649 [email protected] CA 95117 PSCnetPennsylvaniae-mail:(412) 268-7870 [email protected] (303)Golden,Colorado1500 273-3471 CO School Illinois 80401 of Mines (313)Ann2200Merit Arbor, Bonisteel764-9430 MI 48109-2112Boulevard Peoria,BradleynetIllinois1501 IL University 6 W.I 625 Bradley Avenue Pittsburgh,305Pittsburgh S. Craig, SupercomputingPA 2nd 15213 FloorCenter [email protected] Rs [email protected] e-mail:ContactIllinois(309) [email protected] Joel677-3100 Hartman Easterne-mail:(4 I 2) hastings@pscedu U.S. 268-4960 R9 42 OfficeSesquinet of Networking and WESTnetColorado601 S. Howes, State 6thUniversity Floor South Houston,Ricee-mail:(713) University 527-4988 [email protected] 7725 I -1892Computing [email protected]:(303) Collins, 491-7260 CO 80523 SURAnetTexas84001353 Baltimore Computer Boulevard Science Center WiscNetWestern1210 U.S. W. (AZ, Dayton CO,UT, ID,Street WY)NM. e-mail:(301)982-4600CollegeSoutheastern info@sura Park, MD U.S. net 20740-2498 WVnetWisconsine-mail:(608)Madison, 262-8874 [email protected] W; 53706 TexasTHEnet(512)Austin,Network Higher 471-2444 TX Information Education78712 Center Contact:26505Morgantown.837 Chestnut Harper RidgeWest Grimm Road Texase-mail: [email protected] e-mail:(304) 293-5192 1 AcademicVERnetUniversityGilmer Hall Computing of Virginia Center West Virginia 1 0 4 1 [email protected] Virginiae-mail:Charlottesville,(804) [email protected] 924-0616 VA 22903 90 43 Source Networks Used by Respondents for Professional and Student Learning Activities Appendix B Appendixpossible.)(Note:CTEITS MultipleB questions responses 16a & b. were Network Professional Activities (n=504) . _ Percent NetworkStudent Learning Activities (n=504) _.....__ Percent CompuserveLearningProdigyFrEdMail Link 202125 NationalNASALearningFrEdMail Space GeographicLink Link Kids 2220 AppleLinkAmericaNASA OnLineSpace Link IS1617 DIALOGProdigy Network 131619 ClevelandBITNET FreeNet 1215 AT&TKidsnet Learning Circles I13 I KPSI-NETKidsnetDIALOG I 2Net I 978 I CompuserveAmericaClevelandPeaceNet OnLine FreeNet 10 89 G1EFidoNetPeaceNetNYCENet Education Network 67 K-12NYCENetIBITNET *EARN Net 67 GEnieDELPHII*EARN 456 FidoNetGTEAppleLink Education Network 455 EccAT&TLABNET Net Learning Circles 3 LABNETIrisEcoNetDELPHI 3 IrisTERCNational Star Geographic SchoolsNetwork Project Kids 23 NewsdayTERCPSI-NET Star Schools Project 23 NSFNetNewsday 2 Computer Pals Acrossthe World I StatewideLocalComputer bulletin Palsnetwork board Acrossthe World 4435 LocalNSFNetGEnieCampus bulletin 2000 board 32 LocalUniversity network network 2825 UniversityStatewideLocal network network 1319 33 94 Bonk Street College Newof Education Yak, New Yak 10025610 West 112th Street