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Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure- Present State And
Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present State and Future Potential By Claes Lykke Ragner FNI Report 13/2000 FRIDTJOF NANSENS INSTITUTT THE FRIDTJOF NANSEN INSTITUTE Tittel/Title Sider/Pages Northern Sea Route Cargo Flows and Infrastructure – Present 124 State and Future Potential Publikasjonstype/Publication Type Nummer/Number FNI Report 13/2000 Forfatter(e)/Author(s) ISBN Claes Lykke Ragner 82-7613-400-9 Program/Programme ISSN 0801-2431 Prosjekt/Project Sammendrag/Abstract The report assesses the Northern Sea Route’s commercial potential and economic importance, both as a transit route between Europe and Asia, and as an export route for oil, gas and other natural resources in the Russian Arctic. First, it conducts a survey of past and present Northern Sea Route (NSR) cargo flows. Then follow discussions of the route’s commercial potential as a transit route, as well as of its economic importance and relevance for each of the Russian Arctic regions. These discussions are summarized by estimates of what types and volumes of NSR cargoes that can realistically be expected in the period 2000-2015. This is then followed by a survey of the status quo of the NSR infrastructure (above all the ice-breakers, ice-class cargo vessels and ports), with estimates of its future capacity. Based on the estimated future NSR cargo potential, future NSR infrastructure requirements are calculated and compared with the estimated capacity in order to identify the main, future infrastructure bottlenecks for NSR operations. The information presented in the report is mainly compiled from data and research results that were published through the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) 1993-99, but considerable updates have been made using recent information, statistics and analyses from various sources. -
Southeastern Kara Sea, Siberia)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic Publication Information Center in: Stein, R., Fahl, K., Fütterer, D.K. and Galimov, E. (eds.) (2003): Siberian River Run-Off in the Kara Sea: Characterization, Quantification, Variability and Environmental Significance. Proceedings in Marine Science, 6, 435-456. A Holocene marine pollen record from the northern Yenisei Estuary (southeastern Kara Sea, Siberia) Kraus, M.1, Matthiessen, J.1, and Stein, R.1 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Abstract A 780 cm long sediment core from the northern Yenisei Estuary (southeastern Kara Sea) was analysed for pollen to reconstruct the Holocene vegetation and climate history of the coastal area of the Kara Sea region. The core shows a high and continuous deposition of sediments from 8900 yrs BP (9400 cal. BP) to ca. 600 yrs BP. A pronounced change of the lithology and the occurrence of marine to brackish water dinoflagellate cysts and molluscs indicate that the core location was reached by sea water at 8600 yrs BP (9200 cal. BP) when the global sea-level was approximately 30m below the present level. The depositional environment changed gradually from fluvial to estuarine conditions. Favourable climatic conditions with higher mean temperature than at present and a widespread occurrence of spruce in boreal forests in the hinterland prevailed between 8900 and 7400 yrs BP (9400 to 8300 cal. BP). Between 7400 and 5000 yrs BP (8300 to 5700 cal. BP), relatively stable warm climatic conditions were established. Sedges dominated fens and peat bogs were widespread in the coastal lowlands indicating high water saturation and moist climate conditions. -
2007 UNEP-WCMC Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas Lysenko I., Besançon C., Savy C
2007 UNEP-WCMC Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas Lysenko I., Besançon C., Savy C. No TBPA Name Country Protected Areas Sitecode Category PA Size, km 2 TBPA Area, km 2 Ellesmere/Greenland 1 Canada Quttinirpaaq 300093 II 38148.00 Transboundary Complex Greenland Hochstetter Forland 67910 RAMSAR 1848.20 Kilen 67911 RAMSAR 512.80 North-East Greenland 2065 MAB-BR 972000.00 North-East Greenland 650 II 972000.00 1,008,470.17 2 Canada Ivvavik 100672 II 10170.00 Old Crow Flats 101594 IV 7697.47 Vuntut 100673 II 4400.00 United States Arctic 2904 IV 72843.42 Arctic 35361 Ia 32374.98 Yukon Flats 10543 IV 34925.13 146,824.27 Alaska-Yukon-British Columbia 3 Canada Atlin 4178 II 2326.95 Borderlands Atlin 65094 II 384.45 Chilkoot Trail Nhp 167269 Unset 122.65 Kluane 612 II 22015.00 Kluane Wildlife 18707 VI 6450.00 Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek 12200 WHC 31595.00 Tatshenshini-Alsek 67406 Ib 9470.26 United States Admiralty Island 21243 Ib 3803.76 Chilkat 68395 II 24.46 Chilkat Bald Eagle 68396 II 198.38 Glacier Bay 1010 II 13045.50 Glacier Bay 22485 V 233.85 Glacier Bay 35382 Ib 10784.27 Glacier Bay-Admiralty Island Biosphere Reserve 11591 MAB-BR 15150.15 Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek 2018 WHC 66796.48 Kootznoowoo 101220 Ib 3868.24 Malaspina Glacier 21555 III 3878.40 Mendenhall River 306286 Unset 14.57 Misty Fiords 21247 Ib 8675.10 Misty Fjords 13041 IV 4622.75 Point Bridge 68394 II 11.64 Russell Fiord 21249 Ib 1411.15 Stikine-LeConte 21252 Ib 1816.75 Tetlin 2956 IV 2833.07 Tongass 13038 VI 67404.09 Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas ©2007 UNEP-WCMC 1 of 78 No TBPA Name Country Protected Areas Sitecode Category PA Size, km 2 TBPA Area, km 2 Tracy Arm-Fords Terror 21254 Ib 2643.43 Wrangell-St Elias 1005 II 33820.14 Wrangell-St Elias 35387 Ib 36740.24 Wrangell-St. -
Sources and Pathways 4.1
Chapter 4 Persistant toxic substances (PTS) sources and pathways 4.1. Introduction Chapter 4 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Assessment of distant sources: In general, the human environment is a combination Longrange atmospheric transport of the physical, chemical, biological, social and cultur- Due to the nature of atmospheric circulation, emission al factors that affect human health. It should be recog- sources located within the Northern Hemisphere, par- nized that exposure of humans to PTS can, to certain ticularly those in Europe and Asia, play a dominant extent, be dependant on each of these factors. The pre- role in the contamination of the Arctic. Given the spa- cise role differs depending on the contaminant con- tial distribution of PTS emission sources, and their cerned, however, with respect to human intake, the potential for ‘global’ transport, evaluation of long- chain consisting of ‘source – pathway – biological avail- range atmospheric transport of PTS to the Arctic ability’ applies to all contaminants. Leaving aside the region necessarily involves modeling on the hemi- biological aspect of the problem, this chapter focuses spheric/global scale using a multi-compartment on PTS sources, and their physical transport pathways. approach. To meet these requirements, appropriate modeling tools have been developed. Contaminant sources can be provisionally separated into three categories: Extensive efforts were made in the collection and • Distant sources: Located far from receptor sites in preparation of input data for modeling. This included the Arctic. Contaminants can reach receptor areas the required meteorological and geophysical informa- via air currents, riverine flow, and ocean currents. tion, and data on the physical and chemical properties During their transport, contaminants are affected by of both the selected substances and of their emissions. -
Russian Arctic 6/2019 15
Russian Arctic 6/2019 DOI: 10.24411/2658-4255-2019-10063 ADULT INCIDENCE IN THE RUSSIAN EUROPEAN ARCTIC WITH DEVELOPED MINING AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY A. N. Nikanov, V.M. Dorofeev, L.V. Talykova, N.V. Sturlis, I.V. Gushin Kola Research Laboratory for Occupational Health, Kirovsk, Murmansk region, Russia [email protected] The purpose of the research. The research aims to assess the adult incidence within the mining complex in the Murmansk Region (the Russian Arctic). Materials and methods. The analysis of the adult incidence change in 1989- 1990, 1999-2000, 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 was carried out. To assess the population health status, the incidence data was used in this work. The research covers the territory of the municipal formations with the city-forming mining and metallurgical complex (MMC) enterprises in the Murmansk Region. Main results and conclusions. It has been established that between 1989 and 2015 the adult incidence in the MMC territories, as well as in the Murmansk Region at large, clearly tends to increase (the coefficient of determination R2>0,7) for the following disease categories: neoplasms; endocrine diseases; diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs; diseases of the nervous system and sense organs; diseases of the circulatory system; diseases of the genitourinary system; diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; congenital malformations. There is no doubt that a set of climatic, geographical and production factors, along with the pollution of the natural environment within the MMC territories in the Murmansk Region, has a negative impact on the health status of the adult population, including working individuals. -
Recent Noteworthy Findings of Fungus Gnats from Finland and Northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae)
Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1068 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1068 Taxonomic paper Recent noteworthy findings of fungus gnats from Finland and northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae) Jevgeni Jakovlev†, Jukka Salmela ‡,§, Alexei Polevoi|, Jouni Penttinen ¶, Noora-Annukka Vartija# † Finnish Environment Insitutute, Helsinki, Finland ‡ Metsähallitus (Natural Heritage Services), Rovaniemi, Finland § Zoological Museum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland | Forest Research Institute KarRC RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia ¶ Metsähallitus (Natural Heritage Services), Jyväskylä, Finland # Toivakka, Myllyntie, Finland Corresponding author: Jukka Salmela ([email protected]) Academic editor: Vladimir Blagoderov Received: 10 Feb 2014 | Accepted: 01 Apr 2014 | Published: 02 Apr 2014 Citation: Jakovlev J, Salmela J, Polevoi A, Penttinen J, Vartija N (2014) Recent noteworthy findings of fungus gnats from Finland and northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1068. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1068 Abstract New faunistic data on fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excluding Sciaridae) from Finland and NW Russia (Karelia and Murmansk Region) are presented. A total of 64 and 34 species are reported for the first time form Finland and Russian Karelia, respectively. Nine of the species are also new for the European fauna: Mycomya shewelli Väisänen, 1984,M. thula Väisänen, 1984, Acnemia trifida Zaitzev, 1982, Coelosia gracilis Johannsen, 1912, Orfelia krivosheinae Zaitzev, 1994, Mycetophila biformis Maximova, 2002, M. monstera Maximova, 2002, M. uschaica Subbotina & Maximova, 2011 and Trichonta palustris Maximova, 2002. Keywords Sciaroidea, Fennoscandia, faunistics © Jakovlev J et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Nornickel and the Kola Peninsula
THE BELLONA FOUNDATION Nornickel and the Kola Peninsula Photo: Thomas Nilsen ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE YEAR OF ECOLOGY JANUARY 2018 The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental NGO based in Norway. Founded in 1986 as a direct action protest group, Bellona has become a recognized technology and solution- oriented organizations with offices in Oslo, Brussels, Kiev, St. Petersburg and Murmansk. Altogether, some 60 engineers, ecologists, nuclear physicists, economists, lawyers, political scientists and journalists work at Bellona. Environmental change is an enormous challenge. It can only be solved if politicians and legislators develop clear policy frameworks and regulations for industry and consumers. Industry plays a role by developing and commercializing environmentally sound technology. Bellona strives to be a bridge builder between industry and policy makers, working closely with the former to help them respond to environmental challenges in their field, and proposing policy measures that promote new technologies with the least impact on the environment. Authors: Oskar Njaa © Bellona 201 8 Design: Bellona Disclaimer: Bellona endeavors to ensure that the information disclosed in this report is correct and free from copyrights, but does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, interpretation or usefulness of the information which may result from the use of this report. Contact: [email protected] Web page: www.bellona.org 1 Table of Contents 1 Introduction: ...................................................................................................................... -
Global Expansion of Russian Multinationals After the Crisis: Results of 2011
Global Expansion of Russian Multinationals after the Crisis: Results of 2011 Report dated April 16, 2013 Moscow and New York, April 16, 2013 The Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and the Vale Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment (VCC), a joint center of Columbia Law School and the Earth Institute at Columbia University in New York, are releasing the results of their third survey of Russian multinationals today.1 The survey, conducted from November 2012 to February 2013, is part of a long-term study of the global expansion of emerging market non-financial multinational enterprises (MNEs).2 The present report covers the period 2009-2011. Highlights Russia is one of the leading emerging markets in terms of outward foreign direct investments (FDI). Such a position is supported not by several multinational giants but by dozens of Russian MNEs in various industries. Foreign assets of the top 20 Russian non-financial MNEs grew every year covered by this report and reached US$ 111 billion at the end of 2011 (Table 1). Large Russian exporters usually use FDI in support of their foreign activities. As a result, oil and gas and steel companies with considerable exports are among the leading Russian MNEs. However, representatives of other industries also have significant foreign assets. Many companies remained “regional” MNEs. As a result, more than 66% of the ranked companies’ foreign assets were in Europe and Central Asia, with 28% in former republics of the Soviet Union (Annex table 2). Due to the popularity of off-shore jurisdictions to Russian MNEs, some Caribbean islands and Cyprus attracted many Russian subsidiaries with low levels of foreign assets. -
Pasvik–Inari Nature and History Shared Area Description
PASVIK–INARI NATURE AND HISTORY SHARED AREA DESCRIPTION The Pasvik River flows from the largest lake in Finn- is recommended only for very experienced hikers, ish Lapland, Lake Inari, and extends to the Barents some paths are marked for shorter visits. Lake Inari Sea on the border of Norway and Russia. The valley and its tributaries are ideal for boating or paddling, forms a diverse habitat for a wide variety of plants and in winter the area can be explored on skis or a and animals. The Pasvik River is especially known for dog sled. The border mark at Muotkavaara, where its rich bird life. the borders of Finland, Norway and Russia meet, can The rugged wilderness that surrounds the river be reached by foot or on skis. valley astonishes with its serene beauty. A vast Several protected areas in the three neighbouring pine forest area dotted with small bogs, ponds and countries have been established to preserve these streams stretches from Vätsäri in Finland to Pasvik in great wilderness areas. A vast trilateral co-operation Norway and Russia. area stretching across three national borders, con- The captivating wilderness offers an excellent sisting of the Vätsäri Wilderness Area in Finland, the setting for hiking and recreation. From mid-May Øvre Pasvik National Park, Øvre Pasvik Landscape until the end of July the midnight sun lights up the Protection Area and Pasvik Nature Reserve in Nor- forest. The numerous streams and lakes provide way, and Pasvik Zapovednik in Russia, is protected. ample catch for anglers who wish to enjoy the calm backwoods. -
RCN #33 21/8/03 13:57 Page 1
RCN #33 21/8/03 13:57 Page 1 No. 33 Summer 2003 Special issue: The Transformation of Protected Areas in Russia A Ten-Year Review PROMOTING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN RUSSIA AND THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EURASIA RCN #33 21/8/03 13:57 Page 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS Voice from the Wild (Letter from the Editors)......................................1 Ten Years of Teaching and Learning in Bolshaya Kokshaga Zapovednik ...............................................................24 BY WAY OF AN INTRODUCTION The Formation of Regional Associations A Brief History of Modern Russian Nature Reserves..........................2 of Protected Areas........................................................................................................27 A Glossary of Russian Protected Areas...........................................................3 The Growth of Regional Nature Protection: A Case Study from the Orlovskaya Oblast ..............................................29 THE PAST TEN YEARS: Making Friends beyond Boundaries.............................................................30 TRENDS AND CASE STUDIES A Spotlight on Kerzhensky Zapovednik...................................................32 Geographic Development ........................................................................................5 Ecotourism in Protected Areas: Problems and Possibilities......34 Legal Developments in Nature Protection.................................................7 A LOOK TO THE FUTURE Financing Zapovedniks ...........................................................................................10 -
A Spatial Study of Geo-Economic Risk Exposure of Russia's Arctic Mono-Towns with Commodity Export-Based Economy
Journal of Geography and Geology; Vol. 6, No. 1; 2014 ISSN 1916-9779 E-ISSN 1916-9787 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Spatial Study of Geo-Economic Risk Exposure of Russia’s Arctic Mono-Towns with Commodity Export-Based Economy Anatoly Anokhin1, Sergey Kuznetsov2 & Stanislav Lachininskii1 1 Department of Economic & Social Geography, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2 Institute of Regional Economy of RAS, Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Correspondence: Stanislav Lachininskii, Department of Economic & Social Geography, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Tel: 7-812-323-4089. E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 30, 2013 Accepted: January 14, 2014 Online Published: January 16, 2014 doi:10.5539/jgg.v6n1p38 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v6n1p38 Abstract In the context of stagnating global economy mono-towns of Arctic Russia are especially exposed to uncertainty in their socio-economic development. Resource orientation of economy that formed in the 20th century entails considerable geo-economical risk exposure both for the towns and their population as well as for Russia's specific regions. In the 1990–2000s Russia’s Arctic regions were exposed to a systemic crisis which stemmed from production decline, out-migration, capital asset obsolescence, depletion of mineral resources and environmental crisis. This spatial study of geo-economic risk exposure of Russia’s Arctic mono-towns with commodity export-based economy was conducted at four dimensions - global, macro-regional, regional and local. The study of the five types of geo-economic risks was based on the existing approach, economic and socio-demographic risks being the most critical for the towns under consideration. -
Monitoring Oil Spill in Norilsk, Russia Using Satellite Data Sankaran Rajendran1*, Fadhil N
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Monitoring oil spill in Norilsk, Russia using satellite data Sankaran Rajendran1*, Fadhil N. Sadooni1, Hamad Al‑Saad Al‑Kuwari1, Anisimov Oleg2, Himanshu Govil3, Sobhi Nasir4 & Ponnumony Vethamony1 This paper studies the oil spill, which occurred in the Norilsk and Taimyr region of Russia due to the collapse of the fuel tank at the power station on May 29, 2020. We monitored the snow, ice, water, vegetation and wetland of the region using data from the Multi‑Spectral Instruments (MSI) of Sentinel‑2 satellite. We analyzed the spectral band absorptions of Sentinel‑2 data acquired before, during and after the incident, developed true and false‑color composites (FCC), decorrelated spectral bands and used the indices, i.e. Snow Water Index (SWI), Normalized Diference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Diference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results of decorrelated spectral bands 3, 8, and 11 of Sentinel‑2 well confrmed the results of SWI, NDWI, NDVI, and FCC images showing the intensive snow and ice melt between May 21 and 31, 2020. We used Sentinel‑2 results, feld photographs, analysis of the 1980–2020 daily air temperature and precipitation data, permafrost observations and modeling to explore the hypothesis that either the long‑term dynamics of the frozen ground, changing climate and environmental factors, or abnormal weather conditions may have caused or contributed to the collapse of the oil tank. Te oil spill detection and tracking through satellite sensors have remarkable advances in utilizing the visible, shortwave to thermal infrared (optical) and the microwave radar bands. Surface identifcation and mapping of an oil spill are essential to evaluate the potential spread and foat from the source to the adjacent areas or endpoints1,2.