ESPOO 2007 VTT RESEARCH NOTES 2376 VTT Tiedotteita – Research Notes 2376 Design Issues in All-IP Mobile Networks NOTES RESEARCH VTT 2368 Technology roadmap of security research. Rouhiainen, Veikko (ed.). 2007. 33 p. 2369 Googlen mainokset ja muita sosiaalisen median liiketoimintamalleja. Kangas, Petteri, Toivonen, Santtu & Bäck, Asta (toim.). 2007. 59 s. 2370 Huhta, Hanna-Kaisa, Rytkönen, Jorma & Sassi, Jukka. Estimated nutrient load from waste waters originating from ships in the Baltic Sea area. 2007. 58 p. + app. 13 p. 2371 TBT-BAT MANUAL – Organotinapitoisten sedimenttien ruoppaus ja käsittely. Design Issues in All-IP Menettelytapaohje. Vahanne, Pasi & Vestola, Elina (toim.). 2007. 76 s. + liitt. 3 s. 2372 Nylund, Nils-Olof, Erkkilä, Kimmo & Hartikka, Tuukka. Kaupunkibussien polttoaineen kulutus ja pakokaasupäästöt. Uusimman dieseltekniikan suorituskyky. Mobile Networks 2007. 47 s. + liitt. 1 s. 2373 Nylund, Nils-Olof, Erkkilä, Kimmo & Hartikka, Tuukka. Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of urban buses. Performance of the new diesel technology. 2007. 48 p. + app. 1 p. 2374 Wessberg, Nina. Ympäristöturvallisuus. Ympäristöriskien arvioinnin osaaminen ja haasteet. 2007. 38 s. + liitt. 8 s. 2375 Oksman, Virpi, Noppari, Elina, Tammela, Antti, Mäkinen, Maarit & Ollikainen, Ville. News in mobiles. Comparing text, audio and video. 2007. 37 p. 2376 Design Issues in All-IP Mobile Networks. Raatikainen, Pertti (ed.). 2007. 136 p. 2377 Holopainen, Riikka, Hekkanen, Martti, Hemmilä, Kari & Norvasuo, Markku. Suomalaisten rakennusten energiakorjausmenetelmät ja säästöpotentiaalit. 2007. 104 s. + liitt. 2 s. 2378 Tallgren, Markus, Pihlajamaa, Olli & Törönen, Juha. Ubiquitous Customer Loyalty Services. Technology and Market Outlook. 2007. 77 p. + app. 52 p. 2379 Paiho, Satu, Ahlqvist, Toni, Lehtinen, Erkki, Laarni, Jari, Sipilä, Kari, Ala-Siuru, Pekka & Parkkila, Tommi. Talotekniikan kehityslinjat. Teknologiat ja markkinat. 2007. 55 s. + liitt. 60 s. 2381 Hirvonen, Juhani, Sallinen, Mikko, Maula, Hannu & Suojanen, Marko. Sensor Networks roadmap. 2007. 47 p. 2382 Cronvall, Otso, Männistö, Ilkka & Simola, Kaisa. Development and testing of VTT approach to risk-informed in-service inspection methodology. 2007. 43 p. 2383 Hakkarainen, Tuula. Talo- ja turvatekniikka tulipalotilanteessa. Nykytilanne ja tarvekartoitus. 2007. 55 s. 2384 Kangas, Petteri, Toivonen, Santtu & Bäck, Asta (eds.). "Ads by Google" and other social media business models. 2007. 59 p. 2385 Löfman, Jari, Keto, Vesa & Mészáros, Ferenc. FEFTRATM. Verification. 2007. 103 p. + app. 4 p. 2386 Loikkanen, Torsti, Hyytinen, Kirsi & Koivusalo, Salla. Yhteiskuntavastuu ja kilpailukyky suomalaisyrityksissä. Nykytila ja kehitysnäkymät. 2007. 118 s. 2387 Henttonen, Katja. Stylebase for Eclipse. An open source tool to support the modeling of quality-driven software architecture. 2007. 61 p. + app. 15 p. Julkaisu on saatavana Publikationen distribueras av This publication is available from VTT VTT VTT PL 1000 PB 1000 P.O. Box 1000 02044 VTT 02044 VTT FI-02044 VTT, Finland Puh. 020 722 4404 Tel. 020 722 4404 Phone internat. + 358 20 722 4404 Faksi 020 722 4374 Fax 020 722 4374 Fax + 358 20 722 4374 ISBN 978-951-38-6928-1 (soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-6929-8 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) ISSN 1235-0605 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1455-0865 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) VTT TIEDOTTEITA – RESEARCH NOTES 2376 Design Issues in All-IP Mobile Networks Edited by Pertti Raatikainen ISBN 978-951-38-6928-1 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1235-0605 (soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-6929-8 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) ISSN 1455-0865 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) Copyright © VTT 2007 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT, Vuorimiehentie 3, PL 1000, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 4374 VTT, Bergsmansvägen 3, PB 1000, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 4374 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, P.O.Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 4374 VTT, Vuorimiehentie 3, PL 1000, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7028 VTT, Bergsmansvägen 3, PB 1000, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 7028 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, P.O.Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7028 Technical editing Leena Ukskoski Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki 2007 Raatikainen, Pertti (ed.). Design Issues in All-IP Mobile Networks. Espoo 2007. VTT Tiedotteita – Research Notes 2376. 136 p. Keywords mobile networks, wireless telecommunication, All-IP, networking technology, resource management, services, positioning, quality of service, network dependability, propagation models Abstract This report summarises the results of the “Design of All-IP mobile network” (DAIMON) project, whose objective was to develop new networking technology solutions for an All-IP mobile network. The presented results form a complete concept for a future All-IP mobile system. The concept addresses both, the technical problems and social implications of such a system. The technical part focuses mainly on the radio propagation issues, radio resource management, services and QoS, positioning and heterogeneity. All addressed problems have been analysed from the user’s and network’s perspective. Several new methods and solutions, related to the above mentioned research areas, have also been developed and utilised in the project and are presented in this report. 3 Preface The work presented here was carried out in the “Design of All-IP mobile network” (DAIMON) project, which was part of the VTT Theme programme “Tulevaisuuden tiedonsiirtotekniikat”. The project reused results of earlier projects, e.g. CAUTION and CAUTION++ (EU IST projects). Some of the research activities were performed jointly with other parallel projects, i.e. T1MGIS, Mercone (TEKES project), Motive (EU project) and Magnet (EU project). The project was led by Prof. Pertti Raatikainen and supervised by Markku Sipilä. Seppo Horsmanheimo, Jari Hämäläinen, Leena Norros, Ilkka Norros and Urho Pulkkinen were the other members of the steering group of the project. They coordinated activities of several research teams within VTT: System usability team, Network performance team and Wireless systems team. This report has been prepared by Pertti Raatikainen, Wenche Backman, Jari Hautio, Annemarie Hjelt, Seppo Horsmanheimo, Paul Kemppi, Jorma Kilpi, Krzysztof Kordybach, Jari Laarni, Yanli Li, Eija Myötyri, Ilkka Norros, Leena Norros and Urho Pulkkinen. 4 Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................................3 Preface ...............................................................................................................................4 List of acronyms ................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction................................................................................................................13 2. User Perspective.........................................................................................................15 2.1 Social implications of wireless technology ......................................................15 2.2 Quality of Service.............................................................................................16 2.2.1 Objective quality of service .................................................................17 2.2.2 Subjective or perceived quality of service ...........................................18 2.3 Extended model of Quality of Service .............................................................19 2.4 Apperception of IP connectivity – creating network literacy...........................22 2.4.1 Mobile Network as a tool and medium................................................23 2.4.2 Connectivity is the central affordance of IP medium...........................25 2.4.3 IP connectivity and dependability of service .......................................27 2.4.4 Network literacy...................................................................................29 3. Network Perspective..................................................................................................33 3.1 Existing wide area wireless access networks ...................................................33 3.1.1 From hotspots to city-wide networks...................................................33 3.1.2 Wide area network structure ................................................................39 3.1.3 Conclusions..........................................................................................45 3.2 DAIMON Architecture.....................................................................................45 3.2.1 State of the art ......................................................................................45 3.2.2 Networking future................................................................................47 3.2.3 All-IP architecture................................................................................47 3.3 Mobile Backhaul..............................................................................................49 3.3.1 Backhaul challenge..............................................................................49 3.3.2 IP/Ethernet based backhaul..................................................................49 3.4 Network Dependability....................................................................................51