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Sites Ramsar Et Tortues Marines Un État Des Lieux 2020 SITES RAMSAR ET TORTUES MARINES UN ÉTAT DES LIEUX Jacques Fretey et Patrick Triplet Habitat de développement dans la mangrove du site Ramsar de l’île Europa, dans le canal du Mozambique (© B. Marie) Ce travail d’analyse a été réalisé pour le compte de la France, afin d’aider à la mise en œuvre de la Résolution XIII.24 « Renforcement de la conservation des habitats côtiers des tortues marines, et désignation au titre de Ramsar des sites à enjeux majeurs », et apporter ainsi une contribution aux travaux de la Convention de Ramsar. JACQUES FRETEY ET PATRICK TRIPLET 2020 Les avis exprimés dans ce rapport n'engagent que leurs auteurs et ne sauraient être considérés comme constituant une prise de position officielle de la France. Éditorial La Convention sur les zones humides est le premier traité intergouvernemental qui porte sur un écosystème spécifique, les zones humides qui sont parmi les écosystèmes les plus riches et les plus menacés. Signée en 1971 dans la ville iranienne de Ramsar, la Convention visait à la concertation internationale indispensable pour enrayer la disparition des zones humides nécessaires aux espèces aviaires migratrices. Son intitulé formel est d’ailleurs toujours celui de « Convention relative aux zones humides d'importance internationale, particulièrement comme habitats des oiseaux d'eau ». Cependant, depuis son lancement, la Convention a notablement élargi son champ d’application, ou faut-il dire, sa préoccupation, d’une part à l’ensemble des zones humides qui toutes portent de nombreux enjeux, d’autre part à l’ensemble des espèces dépendant de ces dernières, au-delà des seules espèces d’oiseaux. Dès 1993, la France proposa au classement la région de la Basse-Mana (Guyane), non pas en indiquant comme justificatif prioritaire les marais d’eau saumâtre riches en oiseaux, mais ses plages, premier lieu de nidification de la Tortue luth au monde. Ce précédent, à l’époque, n’entraîna cependant pas d’autres classements visant les habitats côtiers des tortues marines. Ainsi, après l’intégration en 1996, dans la liste des critères permettant de désigner des « zones humides d’importance internationale » qui se limitaient initialement aux habitats et aux oiseaux, de critères relatifs aux espèces de poissons, dont un très grand nombre dépendent de milieux humides fonctionnels et bien connectés aux milieux aquatiques, c’est en 2005 qu’un nouveau critère numérique a été ajouté concernant les espèces animales dépendant des zones humides, mais n’appartenant pas à l’avifaune. Cette large ouverture qui reconnaît le rôle majeur que peuvent jouer les zones humides et, en particulier, les « Sites Ramsar » pour la conservation d’une très large biodiversité, a permis d’envisager de s’appuyer sur la Convention pour faire avancer la cause d’autres espèces migratrices largement dépendantes d’actions internationales, avec au premier chef, les tortues marines dont la situation est véritablement dramatique au niveau mondial. Sites Ramsar et tortues marines ǀ 2020 3 C’est ainsi qu’a été adoptée, lors de la 13e Conférence des Parties en octobre 2018, à Dubaï, sur proposition de la France et du Sénégal et, il convient de le souligner, avec un fort enthousiasme des Parties concernées, la Résolution XIII.24 « Renforcement de la conservation des habitats côtiers des tortues marines, et désignation au titre de Ramsar des sites à enjeux majeurs », qui prévoit notamment de s’appuyer sur le réseau de Sites Ramsar, à étendre le cas échéant, et avec des mesures de gestion adéquates, pour mieux protéger les sites de nidification, de nourrissage, de croissance et de migration des tortues marines. Les experts français qui avaient préparé le projet de résolution, en lien avec leurs collègues du monde entier, ont souhaité livrer le présent rapport, très complet, qui synthétise leurs connaissances, leurs analyses fines des données croisées des Sites Ramsar et des diverses espèces de tortues marines, leurs préconisations à partir de ces analyses, le tout réalisé conjointement avec les experts mondiaux, pour apporter un outil à l’ensemble des pays intéressés par ce sujet, et ainsi aider à la mise en œuvre effective de la résolution. Cette résolution et ce rapport de mise en œuvre sont, pour la Convention sur les zones humides, qui vient de renouveler son accord avec la Convention interaméricaine pour la protection et la conservation des tortues marines (IAC), une nouvelle « consécration ». La France et le Secrétariat de la Convention sur les zones humides sont convaincus que cette initiative facilitera la sauvegarde de ces espèces très menacées. C’est aussi une grande satisfaction et un honneur de pouvoir ainsi contribuer et s’engager ensemble pour suivre les propositions des experts et améliorer la qualité de notre réseau. Un grand merci à Jacques Fretey et Patrick Triplet pour ce remarquable travail - puisse ce rapport et la Convention sur les zones humides, conjointement avec la France, faire avancer la cause des tortues marines ! La Secrétaire générale de la Le Directeur de l’eau Convention sur les zones humides et de la biodiversité Martha ROJAS URREGO Olivier THIBAULT Sites Ramsar et tortues marines ǀ 2020 4 Préface Les tortues marines sont emblématiques. Elles ont suscité l’intérêt des scientifiques et des acteurs engagés dans la conservation de la planète par leurs mystères, d’attachantes particularités et des cycles de vie fascinants. Les tortues nouveau-nées semblent vulnérables, presque fragiles, tandis que les adultes incarnent la force, le caractère et l'endurance. Présentes régulièrement dans des documentaires inspirants ayant pour thème la nature, les tortues marines ont conquis le cœur des humains grâce à leurs étonnants voyages en mer, leurs prouesses obstinées de nidification et leurs adorables cabrioles à l'émergence. Mais les tortues marines sont également emblématiques pour de multiples collectivités et autochtones du monde entier auxquelles elles rendent service, que ce soit pour leur subsistance, leur santé, le tourisme. Et elles jouent leur rôle d’espèces-clés ancrées dans des cultures et des traditions qui transcendent les siècles, voire les millénaires et dans des liens d’imbrication réciproque. Leur charisme dissimule un aspect de leur vie, souvent relégué au second plan, qui est leur dépendance à la diversité et l'étendue des habitats. Les tortues marines ne peuvent s’affranchir des plages pour la ponte. Des images de sable blanc étincelant ou d’un littoral volcanique sombre nous saisissent l’esprit, mais ces paysages renferment des nids localisés le long des côtes parsemées parfois de galets ou dans les mangroves. Les tortues marines peuvent se nourrir sur des herbiers marins peu profonds ou s’établir dans les mangroves côtières. On les rencontre dans tous les récifs coralliens et au sein d’amas rocheux côtiers. Leurs migrations sont généralement décrites comme des voyages océaniques épiques, mais le plus souvent, en réalité, les tortues marines préfèrent des eaux peu profondes pour naviguer. Ces habitats côtiers disparaissent ou se dégradent progressivement du fait de l’accroissement des populations humaines, de l’augmentation de la demande de ressources côtières et des incidences climatiques moins prévisibles et plus violentes qu’auparavant. Les tortues marines sont parmi les espèces vertébrées les plus touchées, et subissent en Sites Ramsar et tortues marines ǀ 2020 5 outre la pression de l’élévation des niveaux de capture directe, de la collecte des œufs, des prises accidentelles dans les pêcheries artisanales et industrielles, et du réchauffement climatique. Comment donc faut-il concilier prérequis écologiques des tortues marines, traditions et cultures locales et objectifs planétaires concernés par cet enjeu ? D’autant que les milieux mêmes dont ces tortues tirent leur existence sont à la merci de variations incontrôlables des écosystèmes. La réponse, à mon avis, consiste à proposer un large registre de solutions alternatives, s’adaptant chacune aux coutumes, aux peuples, aux besoins, aux aspirations et aux capacités sur place. Il ne fait aucun doute que les tortues marines et leurs habitats tirent profit de nombreux programmes de conservation et de gestion : se multiplient des lois, des conventions, des accords, des patrouilles sur le terrain et des mesures d'application, des campagnes de sensibilisation et d'éducation, des efforts de plaidoyer et de prise de conscience, que sais-je encore. La Résolution XIII.24 de la COP13 de la Convention de Ramsar « Renforcement de la conservation des habitats côtiers des tortues marines, et désignation au titre de Ramsar des sites à enjeux majeurs » apporte aujourd’hui une contribution novatrice et convaincante venant fortifier l’édifice. Je félicite les auteurs, de même que tous les États de l'aire de répartition Ramsar, d'avoir élaboré et adopté cette nouvelle et merveilleuse initiative. Elle offrira un plus grand éventail d'options aux gestionnaires locaux, ainsi qu'un meilleur accès aux ressources de conservation et de gestion, aux apports techniques et aux dispositifs de protection juridique afin de rendre les populations de tortues marines plus viables et plus résistantes dans le monde entier. C’est un immense honneur pour moi d'être invité à vous présenter cette formidable entreprise. Nicholas PILCHER Founder & Executive Director, Marine Research Foundation Past Co-Chair, IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group October 18th, 2020, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Ce document est dédié à notre regretté confrère et ami Peter Charles Howard Pritchard, qui a œuvré toute
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