National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the UAE 2019 - 2021

2019 www.moccae.gov.ae National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the UAE 2019 - 2021

2019 Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan The late Sheikh President of the His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan President of the United Arab Emirates His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai Acknowledgment

We would like to express our gratitude to all the entities who contributed to the completion of this Action Plan and its deliverables. We would like to extend our thanks and appreciation to the following:

• Environment Agency • Dubai municipality • Environment and Protected Areas Authority in Sharjah • Municipality & Planning Department – Ajman • Municipality of Umm Al Quwain • Ras Al Khaimah Environmental Protection and Development Authority • Municipality of Fujairah • Municipality of Dibba Al Fujairah • Emirates Nature in association with World Wide Fund for Nature

And we would like to express our special thanks to the experts from private sector, academia and other NGOs for their input in contributing their knowledge and expertise to enrich the national plan of action for the conservation of marine turtle. National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the UAE 2019 - 2021 National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the UAE 2019 - 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Status of marine turtle conservation in the UAE and the region 16 1.1. General Overview 16 1.2. Species distribution and abundance 18 Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) 19 Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) 20 Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) 21 Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) 21 Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 21 1.3. Threats & Challenges 22 1.4. Legislative Overview 26 1.4.1. National Legal and regulatory Framework 26 1.4.2. International Cooperation 27 1.5. Conservation and Management 30 1.5.1. Current management practices and future initiatives 31 1.5.2 Habitat protection 33 1.5.3 Education, awareness and capacity building 36 1.6 Gaps 37 2. Conservation Plan 2021-2018 39 2.1. Vision and Goals 39 2.2. Criteria for the Conservation plan 40 3. Actions Proposed as part of the Conservation Plan 41 4. Implementation of the NPOA 46 NPOA Implementation Enabling Activities 46 Stakeholders for the implementation of the NPOA 47 5. References 48

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List of Tables Abbreviations

Table 1: Conservation status for marine turtle species in the Arab region. 18 CBD Convention on Biological Diversity Table 2: Description of threats to marine turtles in the UAE. 23 CITES Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species Table 3: Description of challenges to conservation of marine turtles in the UAE. 25 EAD Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi Table 4: Summary of legislative framework for the protection of environment and 26 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment biodiversity in the UAE and that relates to the protection of marine turtles. EMEG Emirates Marine Environmental Group Table 5: Summary of international agreements relevant to Sea Turtles in the Arabian 27 EPAA Environment and Protected Areas Authority Gulf region. EN-WWF Emirates Nature in association with the world wide fund for nature Table 6: Description of current project activities taking place within the UAE. 31 IOSEA Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Table 7: Description of future projects for conservation of marine turtles in the UAE. 32 Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia Table 8: Description of protected areas contributing to the conservation of marine 33 ITAs Important Turtle Areas turtles in the UAE. IUCN International Union the Conservation of Nature Table 9: Description of current education, awareness, and capacity building 36 MOCCAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, UAE programmes in the UAE. MRF Marine Research Foundation Table 10: Summary of critical gaps for marine turtle conservation in the UAE. 38 NGO Non-Governmental Organisation STRP Sea Turtle Restoration Project UAE United Arab Emirates

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1. Status of marine turtle conservation in the UAE and the region

1.1. General Overview The Arabian Gulf is known for being a unique mydas) and hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting beaches and foraging reefs are being lost conferring protection to marine turtles. environment, which undergoes extreme water found to be most abundant within the Gulf to construction and sea grass meadows dredged. and air temperature fluctuations with profound and loggerheads (Caretta caretta) and greens In addition, coastal development, noise, light and Education and awareness programmes are impact on marine species distribution. Surface dominating the Sea of Oman and Arabian Sea. physical pollution are also important threats to spreading across the UAE, and today a few waters typically exceed 30°C (John et al. 1990) for Marine turtles play valuable ecological roles in the migratory and nesting natural behaviours of previously declining turtle populations are existing. sustained periods. Despite the harsh environment marine ecosystems as consumers and prey among marine turtles. However, the full extent of impact Despite these achievements, our understanding of conditions, the Gulf sustains a range of costal and other roles, and they are indirectly linked to on marine turtle populations is not yet well sea turtles’ ecology is still limited and indispensable marine ecosystems that are key marine biodiversity seabed and fisheries stability. They function as key understood for the region. in order to scale up protection to their level of hotspots, including islands, coral reefs, sea grasses, individuals in a number of habitats, and can be ecological needs. Therefore, focusing on the study intertidal areas, salt marshes, and (Naser, indicator species of the relative health of habitats Given the relevance that marine turtles hold for of ecological aspects such as distribution of critical 2011), providing suitable habitat also for large that have a tangible value to society. These habitats the environment and its link to human societies, turtle habitats and the associated impacts such marine mammal and marine turtle populations support commercial fish and invertebrates (found the region has developed an increasing interest as incidental capture of turtles is essential for (Salm et al., 1993). However, these ecosystems are in seagrass beds, open oceans and coral reefs, for the study and protection of marine turtles in the design of effective and efficient conservation under increasing pressure from human activities among others) that are valued by mankind. Marine the last decades. Conservation efforts of nesting programmes to successfully preserve these highly associated with the rapid economic, social and turtles have also hold a cultural value in the region sites have successfully been established in key mobile marine species. Filling the gaps in our industrial developments in the Arabian Gulf that traditionally related to serving as sources of sites such as Sir Bur Nair island and Marawah knowledge about marine turtle populations is countries (Burt, 2014). meat and eggs. marine protected reserve in the UAE. In addition, needed to inform management and conservation The Arabian region supports relatively substantial Coastal development is one of a major factor that environment protection and biodiversity laws have practices. marine turtle populations, with greens (Chelonia threatens life stages of turtles in the Gulf, where been enacted and enforced in several locations,

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1.2. Species distribution and abundance Green Turtle Marine turtles can be found throughout the in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The following (Chelonia mydas) world’s oceans, other than the Arctic, and all of the table provides a summary of the distribution and Being the most abundant turtle in the Gulf region, and Protected Areas Authority (EPAA) of Sharjah seven extant species fall within varying levels of the Global IUCN Red Listing status for the five turtle little is known about green turtle populations in to monitor the channels of Khor Kalba IUCN’s threatened categories. Below is an outline of species which occur in the region. the UAE. Research has shown that the UAE is home Protected Area where juvenile green turtles seems to existing information on the species that are present to foraging populations of green turtles, which are congregate. Through aerial surveys the monitoring associated to extensive seagrass habitats present aims to estimate the numbers of green turtles in across the country. However, green turtles are not this area (pers. comm., EPAA 2016). Adding to this Conservation status for marine turtle species in the Arabian gulf and the sea of Oman Table 1: known to nest in the UAE, but there are some effort, recent preliminary tracking information sporadic records of incidental nesting on Sir Bu Nair from one individual in this area suggested the use Species IUCN Global Red List Status Present in the UAE (Al Suweidi et al., 2012; EMEG records indicated 1 of the channels by juvenile turtles; and is expected Green Turtle Abu Dhabi, Ras Al Khaimah, Dubai, Endangered nest in 2014). that future tagging efforts can help to elucidate (Chelonia mydas) Sharjah, Fujairah the extend of use and relevance of this area for the Hawksbill Turtle Critically Endangered Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Dubai Extensive aerial surveys within established protected regional green turtle population (per. comm., EPAA (Eretmochelys imbricata) areas in Abu Dhabi have shown that green turtles 2018; EWS-WWF, 2018). Global status: Vulnerable Loggerhead Turtle Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah forage in the vast seagrass meadows in Abu Dhabi NWIO Population status: Critically (Caretta caretta) (Rehabilitation centre) waters with numbers peaked in 2009 with more Overall, little is known on green turtle behaviour Endangered than 7000 individuals among hawksbill and green and movements of turtles at sea as well as their Duba, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Vulnerable turtles and an estimate of 69% corresponding to migrations in the Gulf region. Some information (Rehabilitation centre) green turtles (per. comm., EAD 2016; EWS-WWF, exists from rehabilitated turtles that have been Leatherback Turtle Vulnerable Sharjah, Fujairah 2014). tracked after their release by the Jumeirah Dubai (Dermochelys coriacea) Turtle Rehabilitation Project, indicating that turtles Note: The IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group is focusing on assessments of regional population units with the first one A number of smaller scale studies have indicated visited areas were along the west coast of the UAE, conducted in the region focusing on loggerhead turtles. Hence the regional IUCN Red List status is different than the global. presence of foraging green turtles in the waters of and some made movements across international Ras Al Khaimah where seagrass habitats are also boundaries (Robinson et al., 2017). However, found, and revealed the occurrence of a resident information gaps remain around the extent of population comprised of various post-pelagic ages/ feeding areas used by green turtles in the UAE sizes (Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998). The residence and their links to nesting areas across the region. of green turtles in this area has been supported by Wider scale tracking efforts on adult green turtles satellite tracking data from green turtles in this area across feeding grounds and population genetic which also remained for the entire period of study assessment in the UAE are currently on their way feeding within Ras Al Khaimah waters (Baldwin and led by Emirates Nature in association with WWF Gardner, 2005). (EWS-WWF) (per. comm., EWS-WWF 2018).

Population assessments of green turtles at feeding grounds for other areas is still limited, but a recent pilot effort have been initiated by the Environment

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Hawksbill Turtle Loggerhead Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) (Caretta caretta) In the UAE, hawksbill turtle is the only known Peninsula, Western Region) (Emirates Wildlife Very little research has been done on the adult and adult loggerhead turtles releasing them nesting species, with most of the nesting habitat Society, 2015; Pilcher et al., 2014a). The study also loggerheads within the Arabian Gulf, as they are not back to the wild. Turtles have been tagged with distributed in Abu Dhabi Waters, where nesting is showed that individuals from different nesting as prevalent in the area. There is no known foraging satellite transmitters and collected information recorded in a number of Abu Dhabi’s islands (at least areas across the Gulf region use this critical feeding or nesting habitats of this species in the UAE. has revealed turtles to remain in the Arabian Gulf; 17 offshore islands) with an inter-annual variation habitat, highlighting its relevance for the wider However, During winter of 2016 EAD collected swimming from the UAE north towards the Iraq/ between 152 to 242. Key nesting areas in Abu hawksbill population. Previous studies have shown three live loggerhead yearlings from Abu Dhabi Iran coastal water (Jumeirah Rehabilitation Center, Dhabi based on nesting activity for the 2001-2015 that hawksbill turtles are genetically distinct corniche beach Management. Also the Jumeirah Seaturtle.org, 2009). period are: Bu Tinah, Zarkawh, Qrnen, Arzanah, from populations outside of the Gulf (Mortimer Turtle Rehabilitation Centre have treated sub- and Diyenat (EAD and AGEDI, 2009; EAD, 2011; Das & Broderick, 1999). In the UAE, recent available et.al., 2010; IOSEA National Reporting UAE, 2014). information has also confirmed this degree of In the Emirate of Sharjah, important nesting areas separation and has also indicated that there is a Olive Ridley are found in Sir Bu Nair, (EWS-WWF, 2015; IOSEA marginal level of distinctness within populations in (Lepidochelys olivacea) National Reporting UAE, 2014; Pilcher et al., 2014a). the Gulf region, with those in the UAE showing a There is no known foraging or nesting habitats of rescued (Miller et al., 2004; Baldwin and Gardner Records presented by EPAA demonstrated more low genetic variability. These findings raise concerns this species in the UAE, only few observations exist 2005). Additionally, EPAA has salvaged olive ridley than 300 nests within a 3-year period 2010-2013. about the sustainability of this species in the Gulf in Dubai rehabilitation center were olive ridly was from a stranding in Khor Kalba (2017). Recent records have also confirmed a small number region and call for coordinated regional efforts of nesting occurrences on Saadiyat Island and Khor for the development of management measures Kalba (reported by EPAA in 2015). for the long-term conservation of this Critically Leatherback Turtle Endangered species. (Dermochelys coriacea) In general, and based on the information collected through the EAD monitoring programme hawksbill Based on tracking data migration hotspots in There are no known nesting habitats of this 2014 in Dalma Island (EAD, unpublished data). population trend in this Emirate seems to be stable the central Gulf also have been identified, and species in the UAE. However, there is photographic Also recorded in Fujairah water. for the last 15 years, with only seasonal fluctuations particularly have been found to be used by evidence of leatherback turtle carcass found in on nesting activity based on information from 19 hawksbill turtles only during July, August and nesting sites. However, understanding of population September, while their foraging grounds are trends for this critically endangered species across inhabited year-round. These seasonal migrations other nesting areas in the UAE is limited. Finally, have been described as a behavioral response, population estimates in Abu Dhabi waters through unique to hawksbill turtles living in the Gulf aerial surveys have recorded between 5000 to 7000 and linked to annual rise in summer sea surface individuals of foraging hawksbill and green turtles temperatures, having turtles migrate to cooler with hawksbill turtles accounting approximately for waters during the summer months, demonstrating 31% of the observations (per. comm., EAD 2016). the potential effect changing global climatic Information on behavior of hawksbill turtles at sea conditions could have on turtles in this and other comes from long-term tracking data collected in parts of the world (Emirates Wildlife Society, 2015; 2010-2013 and which allowed the identification Pilcher et al., 2014b). Rehabilitated hawksbill turtles of critical foraging areas in the UAE and the Gulf (juvenile and sub-adults) have been also tracked region. Among the Important Turtle Areas (ITAs) by the Jumeirah Turtle Rehabilitation Centre also identified was the south-western Gulf shared by showing hawksbills travelling within UAE waters Saudi Arabia and UAE (around the Ghuweifat and remaining in the Arabian Gulf.

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1.3. Threats & Challenges Table 2: Description of threats to marine turtles in the UAE.

Marine turtles are currently facing threats to their (i.e. on ghost nets) or consumption (i.e. plastics) Habitat Category Threat Description Currently being addressed survival due to indirect and direct human activities. but the understanding of the level of impact on Impacted Globally, some of the most pressing threats besides marine turtle is limited for the region. A recent direct take of individuals and eggs consumption study has documented the ingestion of marine The impact of population growth and its EIAs must be implemented by are related to habitat loss and degradation debris by green turtles that where found stranded, • Use of vehicles of associated development is particularly developers to understand how nesting beaches prevalent in the UAE where residents live they can mitigate their impacts on through coastal development, incidental mortality indicating a potential high level of interaction Increased • Artificial almost entirely along the coast. Activities the marine environment. There are human in mechanized and artisanal fisheries, marine between these turtles and marine debris along the lighting and on beaches deter turtles from the natural schemes such as Blue Flag, which presence pollution and the effects of climate change. Turtle Gulf of Oman coast of the UAE (Yaghmour et al., noise pollution nesting areas. Physical pollution on beaches improve the quality of beach and populations in the Arabian region face similar 2018). Finally, the impacts of climate change on along the coast obstructing nesting behaviour and hatchling marina operations, and protect success. key habitats in their vicinity. threats and require urgent conservation action to marine turtle populations in the region are not mitigate the ongoing impacts of rapid economic well understood but concerns about the effect growth and development in the region. of raising temperatures exist and are particularly Over the past few decades, rampant coastal development in the UAE for residential, relevant to species with temperature dependent Dredging, tourism, industrial and commercial purposes EIAs must be implemented by construction of have put significant pressure on the coastal and Worldwide, incidental mortality of turtle in fisheries sex determination like turtles. Coastal developers to understand how man-made islands marine environment. Associated challenges development they can mitigate their impacts on operations or fisheries bycatch has been recognized and associated include: Nesting and foraging habitat loss the marine environment. as one of the main marine turtle populations’ Recent research in Australia has raised the possibility infrastructure and degradation; and infrastructure creating decline drivers worldwide (Wallace et al., 2010), of entire populations to be feminized after the barriers for ecological corridors and migration routes. however, its level of impact on marine turtle in prolonged effect of increasing temperatures Nesting the region remains limited. Recent assessments in over time (Jensen et al., 2018). In the other hand, environment The Gulf is characterised by extreme • Inundation of environmental conditions including high Saudi Arabia, indicate that turtles are incidentally increasing temperature and changes on ocean Work is being carried out by the nests due to sea surface temperatures (~°15C to °36C) captured in relatively large numbers (4726 captures/ circulation regimes can also threat the suitability United Arab Emirates University rising sea and high evaporation rates leading to high to better understand the impacts year) in nine types of artisanal fisheries, among of nesting habitats and the availability and Climate surface levels. salinity levels (41-37psu). Therefore, any of climate change on the marine Change • Rising sand changes in climatic conditions could have a which trawl fishery was responsible for 86.3% of distribution of foraging grounds and prey (Fuentes environment and its species and surface severe impact on marine populations already habitat through sophisticated captures (Adbulqader et al., 2017). It is important et al., 2013; Hamann et al., 2007; Hawkes et al., 2007; temperatures exposed to extreme conditions. Increased sand modelling. to note that bycatch can impact turtles of all life Pike, 2013; Pilcher et al., 2014a; Witt et al., 2010). on nests. temperatures would impact gender ratios in stages but mostly adults, and while marine turtles Lastly, in the region natural mortality also occurs turtle populations. are evolutionarily prepared to suffer high mortality due to stochastic events such as extreme weather MOCCAE and EAD are developing rates in the early life stages (as lots of eggs and conditions (i.e cyclones and low water temperatures The UAE has a strong heritage of artisanal an improved fisheries resource young hatchlings become food for other species), during winter season), affecting nesting habitats fisheries, with a fleet of dhows and tarads using management plan for the country. adults have a substantially high reproductive and and causing mortality of juvenile turtles (Pilcher at Unsustainable a range of fishing gear, of which gargoor, tidal This will look to better regulate fishing Incidental Take nets and long lines are the most prevalent. the sector and shed more light population maintenance value. The loss of adult al., 2014). Whether or not these stochastic events practices All gear and fishing practices have an on levels of incidental capture. In individuals can have substantial negative effects are increasing in frequency or intensity due to the associated risk of incidental capture through addition, socio-economic surveys on population numbers, because fewer animals are human-induced climate change remains to be unsustainable fishing practices. are taking place in Abu Dhabi to collect relevant information. then available to reproduce and maintain turtle studied. population stocks. The following Table 2 and Table 3 summarize the Marine pollution and debris are increasingly being threats to turtles and challenges identified to recognized to have an important impact on marine conservation of these species in the UAE. turtles threating their survival. In particular marine debris can impact turtles through entanglement

(cont...)

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• Incidental consumption of marine debris Table 3: Description of challenges to conservation of marine turtles in the UAE. and entanglement of turtles by discarded or lost gear, also known as “Ghost fishing”. Additionally, marine debris such Challenge Description as plastics, ropes, wooden planks, glass bottles and jars that physically obstructs the nesting beaches. -Debris • Oil exploration and development pose Lack of understanding There is a lack of understanding of the pivotal link between socio-economic well-being and health marine (entanglement and direct and indirect threats to marine of biodiversity and ecosystems and the interdependencies of maritime sectors on a healthy environment for its operations. ingestion) turtles: Rise in transport traffic increases Pollution (Yaghmour et al., 2018) ecosystems value -Oil exploration collision and the amount of oil in the and industrial water from bilge pumping and oil spills. development Acoustic pollution from maritime Lack of understanding of vessels affects migration and foraging In the UAE where research capacity is limited and there is a deficiency in credible environmental data, biodiversity conservation conservation actions based on scientifically sound evidence is hindered. behaviour at sea. Indirect consequences status include destruction of foraging habitat by drilling, anchoring, and pollution (wastewater discharge and effluent from industrial facilities including brine from Lack of scientific research UAE capacity and resources in the fields of scientific marine research is limited. With few education desalination). and institutions institutions offering masters, PhDs and post-doctorates in marine and species science. Marine turtles can be injured or killed when struck by a boat, especially if struck by Limited political support on marine conservation issues, often lead to prioritization of short-term economic engaged propeller. This risk is associated with Limited and fragmented growth over a long-term sustainable use and management of marine resources. A policy or regulatory Boat Collisions recreational as well as industrial activities. (Yaghmour et al., 2018) protection framework for marine turtle conservation requires strong political buy-in and wider understanding of the Industrial vessels striking migrating turtles and links between marine turtles, healthy marine ecosystems with human wellbeing. vessel noise affecting migration and foraging behaviour. A myriad of people relies on/impact the marine environment including decision-makers, tourists, consumers Marine The development of marinas and private Low environmental of marine products and maritime industries. Increased awareness of all these users to engage in marine environment or commercial docks in inshore waters can awareness conservation and the importance of species such as turtle can enable the adoption of responsible practices negatively impact turtles through destruction and development measures in the marine environment. Coastal Marina, EIAs must be implemented by or degradation of foraging habitat. This type modification private and developers to understand how of development also leads to increased boat and habitat commercial docks they can mitigate their impacts on traffic resulting in collision-related injury A lack of financial support backing marine science and conservation in the UAE limits the progress towards loss development the marine environment. and mortality of turtles. Fueling facilities at Lack of financial support understanding the biology, behavior, associated habitats and the most effective conservation measures marinas can result in discharge of oil and gas needed for marine turtles. into sensitive estuarine habitats.

Most marine turtle species depend upon sea grass and/or habitats for food Coastal and refuge. The destruction or degradation There are examples in the sector modification Anchoring in coral of these habitats is a widespread and serious of hotels and operators acting to & habitat loss reef and sea grass threat to the recovery of depleted marine reduce their impact on nesting Climate areas. turtle stocks. Direct striking of turtles by beaches and educate their clients.z Change recreational vessels: Anchoring affects seagrass and coral reefs by disturbing these habitats. Some of the direct impacts linked to climate change include: -coral bleaching associated with sea Work is being carried out by the • Sea temperature temperature rise and ocean acidification United Arab Emirates University rise. affecting food availability. to better understand the impacts • Changes in -sea temperature rise affecting seagrass of climate change on the marine oceanic currents. growth rates, another food source. environment and its species and - sea temperature changes can affect habitat through sophisticated behaviour and migration patterns. modelling. -changes in oceanic currents affecting distribution and migration patterns.

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1.4. Legislative Overview 1.4.2. International Cooperation Table 5: Summary of international agreements relevant to Marine Turtles in which the UAE is a party to. Marine turtles species present in the UAE are signatory state also support this framework, as every currently protected under a legislative framework signatory state assume specific commitments with comprising distinct levels of administration: The the international community for the protection of Treaty Description Federal level and the Emirates level (Table 4 and marine turtle species occurring in the country. 5). Protection is conferred through a general set The description and extent of action of national The Convention is the basic legal instrument binding the eight States of the Region to of laws relevant to the environment and the UAE’s and international legislation frameworks relevant coordinate their activities towards protection of their common marine environment.

preservation of natural resources. Regional and to the UAE is summarised in Tables 4 and 5. (a) Kuwait Regional Convention The Convention was adopted with the objective to ensure that development international agreements for which the UAE is a 1.1. for Cooperation on the projects and other human activities do not in any way cause damage to the marine Marine Protection of the Marine environment, jeopardize. Biodiversity Environment from Pollution (ROPME) its living resources or create hazards to human health. Another objective of the 1.4.1. National Legal and regulatory Framework Convention was the development of an integrated management approach to the use of the marine environment and the coastal areas in a sustainable way which will allow Table 4: Summary of legislative framework for the protection of environment and biodiversity in the UAE the achievement of environmental and developmental goals. and that relates to the protection of marine turtles. The CBD’s objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. 1.2. (a) Convention on Biological Biodiversity Diversity (CBD) Date/Law Action Coverage The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) where developed by MOCCAE in 2014 in accordance with Aichi Targets identified under the CBD.

a) Convention on International CITES aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants Regarding the protection and development of the environment. The law No.24 outlines Trade in Endangered Species of does not threaten their survival. It covers approximately 5,000 species of animals and Federal Law No. the objectives and general principles concerned with the protection and development of the This Law operates at Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 28,000 species of plants 24 for year 1999 environment focusing on protection of biodiversity and habitat; and the protection, pollution the UAE Federal level prevention and preservation of natural resources. (b) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory The CMS aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. Species of Wild Animals (CMS Concerns to the exploitation, protection & development of living aquatic resources in 1.3. ) waters of the UAE. Law No. 23 covers fishing, protection of restricted areas, processing and Endangered This is an intergovernmental regional agreement under CMS that aims to protect, Federal Law No. marketing of fish, the extension of grants and loans to fishermen and the export, re-export This Law operates at Species conserve, replenish and recover marine turtles and their habitats in the Indian Ocean c) The Memorandum of 23 for year 1999 and transit of fish products. Law No. 23 also sets forth procedures for registration of vessels the UAE Federal level and South-East Asian region, working in partnership with other relevant actors and Understanding on the (expressly limiting their number) and of fishermen and for licensing of their activities. The organizations. MOCCAE has authority to set catch limits. Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their The Conservation and Management Plan currently includes 24 programs and 105 Habitats of the Indian Ocean specific activities and focuses on reducing threats, conserving critical habitat. The Concerns regulating and controlling the international trade in endangered species of wild and South-East Asia (IOSEA) Federal Law No. fauna and flora. Law No.11 was issued for the purpose of implementing CITES in the UAE with This Law operates at Bu Tinah Shoal in Abu Dhabi and Sir Bu Nair in Sharjah where designated as IOSEA 11 for year 2002 advising the local management authorities on matters related to trade in endangered species, the UAE Federal level network sites in 2014. protection of species and on the disposal of confiscated specimens. The Ramsar Convention provides a framework for national action and international (a) Convention on Wetlands cooperation for the sustainable use of wetlands and their resources. It is the only of International Importance global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem. 1.4. Habitats especially as Waterfowl Habitat (known as the Ramsar The aim is to, inter alia, stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands Convention on Wetlands) now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seek to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. (b) World Heritage Convention 1.5. Others (WHC) It has been adopted by 191 countries, all of whom agree to identify and nominate properties on their national territory to be considered for inscription on the World Heritage List.

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1.5. Conservation and Management 1.5.1. Current management practices and future initiatives

Management practices for the conservation Gathering long-term information at specific Table 6: Current projects and activities taking place within the UAE. of marine turtles in the UAE have importantly population level has been recognized as a global Leading Location Project Objectives Methodology Major Results focused on the protection of nesting areas of priority (Wallace et al., 2010) particularly in areas organization hawksbill turtles, the only nesting species in the identified as data deficient such as the Gulf region, Monitoring of Marine Field Surveys Annual nesting EAD To monitor nesting habitat of country. In 2000, the oldest monitoring program therefore, the harmonization of data collection Endangered Species (nesting site variability is stable -2000present hawksbills in the country to date was established by the and practices in these sites is a key aspect to the of Abu Dhabi monitoring) between 2016 -2001

Environmental Agency of Abu Dhabi to monitor monitoring implementation as this will enable Field Surveys Abu Differential hatching nesting activity of this species across several island hawksbill turtle population assessment trends at Hatching success (nesting site Dhabi success by nesting zone of the Emirate. Surveys are conducted annually national and regional levels. monitoring) and in recent years have also extended to monitor Population estimation the status of important associated habitat for Lastly, raising awareness about the role that marine Abundance estimation Aerial survey for green and hawksbill turtles marine turtles such as seagrass meadows and coral turtles play in the marine ecosystem as well as Rescue, rehabilitate and release aggregations in Abu Dhabi waters, particularly threats they face is essential to their conservation. Rescue and back into the wild any marine rehabilitate marine The project has release within the boundaries of the Marawah Biosphere In the country, specific efforts have been made by turtles that are found sick or turtle, this project is of over 560 rescued injured throughout the region Reserve. Monitoring efforts in the key site of Sir Bu government agencies, the private sector and the civil run in collaboration marine turtles back into Educate general public about Nair Protected Area - Sharjah started in recent years, society in the last decade. Important to mention with Dubai’s Wildlife Dubai’s waters. In 2011 Dubai Turtle marine turtle biology and the Implementation Protection Office, alone over 350 sick or the two areas (Island of Abu Dhabi and Sir Bu Nair are the awareness and education programmes Rehabilitation local and global plight of the of rehabilitation Dubai with veterinary injured marine turtles Centre marine turtle protocols. island) comprise most of the nesting habitat for developed along conservation actions taking place support provided were treated the project To understand the success of by the Dubai Falcon is currently the only one hawksbill turtles in the UAE, and as such they belong in the UAE, for example, those implemented in rehabilitation and to research Clinic and the Central of its kind in the Middle turtle movements throughout to the IOSEA Network of Sites of Importance for Dubai by the Dubai Rehabilitation Centre and the Veterinary Research East and Red Sea region. the region and beyond via a Marine Turtles of the Indian Ocean South-East Asia Emirates Marine Environment Group (EMEG) and Laboratory satellite tracking initiative Region. The network aim is to particularly promote Park Hyatt in Abu Dhabi, where schools, tourist and Record nests/ the long-term monitoring and conservation of visitors in general are being informed and actively EPAA Turtle Nesting Nesting Activity Monitoring in tracks/ biological Report and analysis sites of regional value for benefit of marine turtles engaged about the importance of turtles to the Once every year Activity Khor Kalba and Sir Bu Nair data/ nest and their habitats throughout the IOSEA region. marine environment, their link with human societies inventory Aerial Surveys of Turtle Population Population Estimation Detailed information on other current and future as well as the way they can helped. However, efforts Estimate Population canals in low and Survey (Pilot) Report monitoring/conservation efforts in the UAE can be that can reach wider communities across the UAE high tides found in Table 6 and 7. are still desirable (i.e the development and inclusion Sharjah Marine debris ingestion of educational material in schools’ curriculum). report (complete), diet Beach surveys and component analysis Marine reptile and Rescue, monitoring and research reports followed report (pending), mammal stranding of marine reptile and marine by necropsy and frequency and impact response program mammal stranding laboratory analysis of boat strikes report (2016 - present) when appropriate (pending) and heavy metal concentration in tissues report (pending). Important Turtle Areas (ITAs) were Identified. Marine Turtle 75 post nesting Behavioral response Conservation female hawksbill UAE Understand the extent of to the annual rise EN-WWF Project-Migration turtles monitored Wide and distribution, habitat use and in summer sea 2014-2010 and foraging behavior via satellite hawksbill turtle populations surface temperatures regional of the critically telemetry from needs. discovered; where turtles Scope endangered hawksbill various sites in the migrate to cooler waters turtles. Arabian region. during the summer months.

30 31 National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the UAE 2019 - 2021 National Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the UAE 2019 - 2021

Table 7: Future planned projects for conservation of marine turtles in the UAE 1.5.2 Habitat protection

Leading Location Project Objectives Methodology Major Results Several marine sites within the UAE have afforded protection to safeguard the emirates biodiversity organization and natural resources. These are outlined in the following sections: The project will help form a robust regional baseline upon Identify links between which strategies can be designed nesting populations and Table 8: Protected areas contributing to the conservation of marine turtles in the UAE to address species population foraging assemblages, UAE priorities, rather than solely identify crucial habitat Wide and Gulf Green Turtles focusing on fragmented national 2016-2019 EN-WWF for green turtle Project actions that do not benefit regional habitats, and assess Site Designation Managed by Area Characteristics Stakeholder Use highly migratory species. Scope population distribution EWS-WWF leading the study in against current formal The island is part natural sanctuary, partnership with the MOCCAE 40 coral species and 76 reef-fish species protection. Nature Reserve part military and part police. There and key institutions in the UAE EPAA have been recorded, including seven in 2000 are dhow races allowed each year, but and the region. coral species that are classified in the they remain under strict supervision. This information can Sir Bu Nair Monitoring International Union for Conservation UN Ramsar A single wooden cottage, belonging to Study on fisheries Work in a collaborative way with be overplayed with of turtles by of Nature Red List as being vulnerable. (Sharjah) Convention in the Bin Hada family in al Khan area of interactions with fishermen to better understand species distribution. EMEG Colonies of birds, such as the Sooty gull UAE 2007 Sharjah, remains on the island. Crescent turtles based 2019-2021 the level of exposure of marine EN-WWF The information will and the Bridled tern, nest and live on the Petroleum is the concession holder of Wide on fishermen turtles to fisheries in the UAE also be used at regional island alongside gazelles and hedgehogs. the Sir Bu Nair area. interviews. and share information. platforms to share lessons learnt. The sanctuary is a safe breeding ground for the Green turtles and an important habitat Provide guidelines that for marine mammals such as , Indo- highlighting the biological Jebel Ali Pacific Humpback dolphins, Bottlenose and ecological principles; and By 2017, minimize Marine Protected area Oyster Enhancement Project which Develop technical Dubai dolphins, Spinner dolphins and Finless explain how development can threats from Sanctuary began in 2012. guidelines to in 1998 porpoises. The area is of high ecological proceed in a sustainable way development by include biological (Dubai) importance due to the extensive sea grass across the marine seascape designing guidelines that and ecological beds, which represent critical habitat for UAE to be use by decision-makers, integrate marine turtle needs for marine 2019-2020 EN-WWF many species of fish and shellfish. planners, and the private sector. conservation needs Wide turtles in the EIA Guidelines can be integrated into the planning and The area includes the islands of Marawah, permitting and into the current maritime management process Bu Tinah, Liffiyah, Bazm al-Gharbi, spatial planning Marine planning and development (Flagship species and Junana and Umm Amim, much of the process. Protected area processes (e.g. Environmental habitats). Khor al-Bazm, and a stretch of coastline, Made up of three zonation areas: Core in 2001 Impact Assessments, permitting Marawah running westwards from the port of Zone, Buffer Zone, and Transition Zone. Mirfa. Offshore, it holds important marine Core Zone allows low impact uses and procedures, risk assessments). Biosphere Biosphere EAD habitats of sea grass beds, coral reef, non-destructive research, buffer zone Expanding Reserve (Abu Reserve The objective is to study the macroalgae outcrops and mangroves. can be used for recreation and research monitoring Initiate monitoring UNESCO in ecology of foraging habitats Dhabi) Marawah Biosphere reserve is also of global and transition zone is used for carefully Abu efforts of Marine programme around On going of marine turtles and monitor EAD 2007 importance as a shelter and feeding ground managing areas resources. Endangered sand temperatures and Dhabi hatching success in relation to for the vulnerable (Dugong Species of Abu climate change impacts. nest temperature. dugon), Bottlenose, Humpback dolphins, Dhabi and 4 species of marine turtles. No Take zone where catching or removal of organisms are prohibited. As part of preparations for the designation of the The group of islands consist of Al Yasat Al Al Yasat Islands as a Marine Protected Ali and Al Yasat Al saafli., Esam and Karsha, Area, EAD has undertaken extensive Marine Al Yasat (Abu covering a total area of 482sq km. The scientific research, including surveys and Sanctuary in EAD islands are surrounded by coral reefs. Fauna assessments of the coral reef habitat of Dhabi) 2005 in the area include the endangered Green the area, studying and satellite-tracking turtle, hawksbill turtle and the Dugong. marine turtles after their egg-laying and installation of permanent monitoring stations to monitor the regeneration of coral reefs.

(cont...)

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Saadiyat is a barrier island located in the Dubai Municipality has introduced east of Abu Dhabi Island. It contains a Ras Al Khor 6.2 km2. The sanctuary holds Wildlife environmental education facilities in wealth of marine life appealing to eco- Current stakeholders include fishermen Wildlife Dubai approximately 450 species of fauna and Sanctuary in RAKWS that highlights the natural Saadiyat (Abu Saadiyat Marine tourism, including coral reefs, seagrass and recreational boat users. Municipality 47 species of flora and is one of the best EAD Sanctuary 1998. Ramsar processes by which RAKWS will be Dhabi) National Park beds, critically endangered hawksbill (Dubai) managed arid zone wetlands in the region. turtles, endangered green turtles, dolphins, Area is open to visitors. sustained commercially valuable fish, and colorful reef fish. Al Zorah is designed with the resident’s As of 2007, after the declaration of 1.4 km2. A large variety of rare or migratory and visitor’s experience in mind. The Bul Syayeef as a protected area, no In addition to being an important wetland Al Zoura Marine bird species can be found in the various arrival sequence is carefully orchestrated commercial fishing has taken place inside Ajman for birds, the Bul Syayeef MPA is a site with Reserve protected area parts of Al Zorah lagoon and mangroves. through the infrastructure network the protected area. Municipality several critical marine habitats including (Ajman) in 1995 Close to 58 different species of birds inhabit layout and the transition between National Park EAD coral reefs and seagrass meadows. These this ecosystem. the districts. Tourism (strictly viewing Bul Sayeef EAD satellite tracking study is carried out habitats have attracted a wide diversity of purposes) in this area. fish species, foraging marine turtles and are a potential site for dugongs. Construction activities as part of the Marine Activities are generally prohibited except Fujairah Musaffah Channel project. protected area 0.71 km2. Rich marine life from diving for scientific studies and Al Aqqa Municipality The total area of the mangrove forest in the in 1995 research. Eastern Corniche is about 19.5 sq. km. This is an important habitat which: Marine Activities are generally prohibited except Al Faqueet Fujairah • Supports 60-40 bird species in and protected area 2.2 Km2 Rich marine life from diving for scientific studies and Municipality around (feeding, nesting, nursery, (Bird island) in 1995 research. resting), as Western reef heron, Night Heron, Clamorous Reed Warbler, Marine Activities are generally prohibited except Fujairah Graceful Prinia, Palm Dove, Greater Dhadna protected area 0.08 km2 Rich marine life from diving for scientific studies and Flamingos, Crab Plovers, Grey Heron, Municipality Mangrove Open to visitors and ecotourism in 1995 research. National Park EAD Green Shank, Red Shank, Godwits, activities. National Park Ruff, sandpipers and occasionally Marine Activities are generally prohibited except Spotted Eagles Fujairah Bidiya protected area 0.57 Km2 Rich marine life from diving for scientific studies and • Supports other biodiversity Municipality in 1995 research. components as fish, shells, sponges, shrimps, echinoderms, and crabs. • Carbon sequestration (carbon sink and fixation as organic materials). • Coastal protection against sea surges and waves The Avicennia marina mangrove trees found in Kalba are the tallest and comprise the most extensive mature woodland in Protected area Khor Khalba the biogeographic region; they provide in 2012 The management and monitoring of this Mangroves breeding, nursery and feeding grounds site is carried out with the involvement EPAA for several fish and invertebrate species, and Alhafeya Ramsar wetland of the local residents, and an educational besides protecting the coastline from Protected site in 2013 visitor center is currently in the pipeline. Area (Sharjah) storm damage and erosion while trapping sediments washed off the land. Hawksbill, loggerheads and green turtles have been observed at the site.

(cont...)

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1.5.3 Education, awareness and capacity building 1.6 Gaps

The following table highlights the education and awareness programs; and the capacity building initiatives The need to make informed decisions based on particularly in areas identified as data deficient, which are taking place within the UAE. the best available information is acknowledged contributing to feed current global extinction risk as a principle to guide management conservation assessments and frameworks for marine turtles practices for marine turtles in the UAE In the light - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www. Table 9: Ongoing and planned education, awareness, and capacity building programmes in the UAE. of this principle there are recognized important iucnredlist.org). Capturing and assessing variation gaps to the conservation of marine turtles despite in status and trends of individual populations is Responsible Emirate Description of activities the increasing conservation efforts towards marine therefore crucial result particularly important on Authority turtles and the advances in our knowledge about establishing conservation priorities based on those marine turtle populations present in UAE waters. assessments Publication and distribution of public awareness material. Marine school trips, teacher training programme, workshops in schools, meeting with fishermen, sustainable school programme and EAD’s school initiative that addresses schools with the aim of reducing ecological footprint and increase its Major challenges common to the conservation In addition, gaps to the management conservation Abu Dhabi EAD 'ecological handprint. of widely distributed and long-lived species such process exist and are related to the current as marine turtles are particularly related to the capacity to undertake research studies of marine On the job training of internal staff (as part of nesting and foraging habitat study and investigation of mortality) difficulty that their complex life cycle imposes to populations and implement priority actions and the assessment of conservation status at biologically management strategies. In this sense regulatory Sir Bu Na’air studies annually / Khor Kalba plan for 2017 appropriate scale; and the fact that turtles spend frameworks, institutional capacity and adequate most of their lives migrating among different mechanisms for implementation may also impose marine habitats and only come close to shore a challenge for marine turtle conservation. The Sharjah EPAA Awareness of turtle by-catch handling - Number of dead turtles after by-catch release for reproduction purposes. However, efforts on Table 10 summarizes the gaps for marine turtle gathering information at specific population level conservation identified in the present status review. Awareness of Plastic Pollution impact on turtles - Number of Dead Turtles washed up or reported due is a recognized global priority (Wallace et al., 2010), to plastic digestion (Yaghmour, 2018).

Throughout the implementation of the hawksbill project, EWS-WWF implemented an awareness campaign around marine turtles with the following activities: • Hosted a virtual race (Great Gulf Turtle Race) on the EWS-WWF website where the public could EN-WWF UAE Wide follow the turtles, had a series of press releases resulting in extensive media coverage. • Implemented a social media campaign. • Offered a number of talks and presentation to the public (schools, private sector).

As part of the hawksbill project EWS-WWF implemented training in the field with partners on satellite transmitter deployment techniques. UAE wide and EN-WWF regional scope In addition, EWS-WWF hosted a workshop in April 2014 with a number of stakeholders from the region and offered an informal training on satellite tracking data acquisition, data filtering and final analysis using GIS.

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Table 10: Summary of gaps for marine turtle conservation in the UAE. Even though relevant information on 2. Conservation Plan 2018-2021 the topics listed below might be available for one species or in a particular area, a good understanding at national and cross species level is required. 2.1. Vision and Goals

Topics Identified Gaps Vision: VI. Enable effective conservation through Marine Turtles populations and their critical capacity building and awareness • Identification of critical habitat to the survival of marine turtles. habitats in the UAE are effectively conserved and • Population trends based on standardized nesting monitoring surveys. • Understanding of migration patterns and connectivity among population assemblages. managed to enable their sustainability. The plan of action is intended to have an initial • In-water monitoring on trends of foraging populations three years' duration commencing in 2019 until 1. Biology and Ecology • Characterization of genetic diversity and definition of population boundaries. Goals: of marine turtle • Description of foraging biology and diet. 2021, followed by a review which will enable to populations • Understanding of threats and their impact on specific population segments (e.g. juveniles, sub-adults, I. Reduce direct and indirect causes of marine take an adaptive management approach and adults). ensure the attainment of its strategic goals and • Assessment of incidental capture of turtles in fisheries. turtle’s mortality • Disease and natural mortality rates. II. Protect, conserve and rehabilitate marine overall vision. Identified goals and programmes are • Impact of climate change on nesting and foraging patterns and processes of marine turtles. specific to the situation in the UAE, and address turtle’s habitats the gaps and challenges identified in the section of III. Improve understanding of marine turtle’s • Understanding on current practices implemented in each Emirate. this document on current conservation status of • Harmonisation of management activities and procedures for long-term data collection. ecology and populations through research, 2. Management • Establishment of a national marine turtle program to collect base-line information for monitoring of local marine turtles in the UAE. practices populations. monitoring information exchange • Monitoring and management of critical habitats, including nesting and foraging areas. IV. Raise public awareness and encourage public The implementation will be coordinated by the • Involvement of stakeholders in data collection (Peoples participation in science and conservation. participation in marine turtle’s conservation Ministry of Climate Change and Environment -

• Turtle-specific legislative and regulatory framework. activities MOCCAE in close collaboration with a number 3. Capacity for • Designation of Areas of High Conservation value or ITAs. V. Enhance the implementation of national of key stakeholders working for the conservation implementation • Institutional capacity for regulation and enforcement. of marine turtles in the UAE, and its progress will • Stakeholder engagement and coordination of activities to tackle threats to marine turtles. legislations and policies for the protection, be assessed and reported annually at the Emirates cooperation and integrated management of Climate Change and Environment Council. 4. Education • Targeted awareness initiatives focusing on key stakeholders affecting marine turtle populations (e.g. marine turtles at the national, regional and Fishermen, tourism operators, developers, marine enforcement agency). & Awareness international levels

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2.2. Criteria for the Conservation plan 3. Actions Proposed as part The structure proposed for the definition of goals Medium priority action: of the Conservation Plan and programmes followed recommendations Actions necessary for avoiding a significant decline of the Memorandum of Understanding on the of the population, its distribution area or the quality CONSERVATION PLAN Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles of its habitat. Goal 1: Reduce direct and indirect causes of marine turtles mortality and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia (IOSEA) for the development of Low priority action: Priority Time actions plans. Identification and prioritization Other actions that are recommended for the Programmes Activities for Indicators Outputs Frame of programmes was achieved throughout adequate recovery of the species. These are non- Programs consultation with different stakeholders working critical measures for the execution timeline of the a) Collect and organize existing data on threats to on conservation of marine turtles in the UAE Plan. 1.1 marine turtle populations and following the criteria described below to In addition, the table indicated indicative Identify and b) Collect baseline information and assess the levels of Number of threats assess the marine turtle bycatch. Database of determine level of priority and time for completion timeframe for completion. Below The definition of identified and threats to c) Establish national baseline data collection and threats of marine Short H assessed of marine of programmes. the timeframe monitoring programs to collect information on the turtle populations term marine turtle turtle populations nature of threats and their habitats populations and their habitats High priority action: Timeframe for completion: and their d) Determine direct and indirect sources of mortality habitats affecting populations Actions those are essential for avoiding the Actions that could be completed between 2-1 years e) Investigate poaching of marine turtle eggs, if any. extinction or decline of the species. These actions were considered to be short term actions. Those a) Develop techniques and adopt the use of gear and are considered “critical measures” and should requiring 3 to 5 years were considering medium devices to minimize incidental capture of marine be compulsory throughout the duration of the term and finally actions that would require a turtles in fisheries b) Enact and enforce legislation requiring the use of NPOA. The success of the plan could be assessed completion time over 5 years were considered long Number of 1.2 marine turtle-friendly fishing gears and management technical manuals by the implementation of these activities. The non- term actions. Reduce the and disposal of fishing nets National baseline are developed incidental c) Develop procedures and training programs to on bycatch data implementation of these actions should result in Number of Long promote implementation of these measures H capture and legislation and term the revision of the Plan. d) Coordinate with fisheries industries and fishermen Training mortality policies updated cooperation’s to develop and implement incidental programmes for of marine or/and develope turtles capture mitigation mechanisms in national waters (e.g. Disentanglement techniques) Promote cooperation with the fisheries sector to develop and implement mitigation mechanisms to reduce incidental capture in the UAE. a) Develop and/or implement conservation techniques that emphasize natural processes to reduce the mortality of eggs and hatchlings to maximize hatchling recruitment and survival Nesting site 1.3 b) Minimize the mortality of eggs, hatchlings and management Develop nesting female turtles caused by feral and domestic plans and Population trends Medium animals M monitoring nesting sites of nesting sites term management c) Develop and implement management measures program programs to reduce the impact of artificial light at key nesting including sites are developed and implemented stranding data d) Management measures are developed and implemented to remove debris that impedes turtle nesting and hatchling production

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Goal 2: Protect, conserve and rehabilitate nesting and foraging marine turtle habitats Goal 3: Improve understanding of marine turtles’ ecology and populations through research, monitoring information exchange

Time Programmes Activities Priority Indicators Outputs Frame Time Programmes Activities Priority Indicators Outputs Frame a) Designate and manage protected/ conservation a) Develop monitoring programs and promote the 2.1. Establish areas and IOSEA Network Sites b) Establish measures to conserve marine turtle reduction of water quality from land-based and measures to Percentage of Management habitats by identifying critical habitats and developing maritime pollution that may adversely affect marine protect and key marine turtle plans for key Long initiatives for adequate protection. H turtles and their habitats habitats protected nesting and term conserve c) Undertake assessments of the environmental b) Initiate and/or strengthen long-term monitoring and conserved foraging sites marine turtle impact of marine and coastal development and of marine turtle populations in order to assess habitats other human activities that may affect marine turtle conservation status and population trends (in-water Number of key populations and their habitats 3.1 and nesting areas). sites have long Distribution map Conduct c) Develop study to understand potential impact term monitoring for key nesting research of climate change on the status of marine turtles, programmes and foraging areas studies and their habitats, and their behavior patterns such as running for marine turtles a) Identify/Confirm critical areas (Important Turtle migration. in UAE 2.2. Identify monitoring Long Areas) Map of critical d) Develop programs to study life history of marine H Number of important Number of ITAs in term b) encompassing different life stages of marine turtles H areas for marine Medium activities turtles (including disease and mortality rate) to assess research studies Research the UAE turtle areas and delineate areas for their conservation action / turtles in the UAE. term on marine marine turtle’s health and monitoring programs for (ITAs) protection. turtles e) Establish a data collection baseline activities on ecological studies and their f) Conduct assessments for the identification of marine turtle and of marine turtle habitats critical nesting and foraging habitats. their habitats in habitats g) Identify migratory routes through the use of UAE Rehabilitation of Habitats tagging, genetic studies, and/or satellite tracking. a) Determine factors and degree of impact of natural Incorporate genetic sampling of populations under and anthropogenic activities on key habitat. existing monitoring activities Implement research b) Remove debris that impedes turtle nesting and Number of programs for ecological studies of marine turtle hatchling production 2.3 rehabilitation habitats. c) Develop marine turtles’ habitat’s rehabilitation Develop initiatives programs and initiatives rehabilitation Rehabilitation and Long H Adopt best Number of rescue protocol term and rescue Rehabilitation of individuals practices and training programs programs for a) Establish marine turtles rescue and rehabilitation platform/ for marine turtle marine turtles facilities a) Determine appropriate standardized methods for mechanism to rescue b) Develop specialist training programs for marine data collection/ recording and develop protocols centralized data turtle rescue and rehabilitation Protocols b) Exchange on a regular basis scientific and technical sharing c) Develop protocols for the rescue, rehabilitation 3.2 information and expertise among governmental and rescue of marine turtles at all life stages. Exchange institutes, scientific institutions, and non- Number of Data collection governmental organizations in order to develop and meeting related protocols Long H information implement best practice approaches to conservation marine turtle’s term on a national of marine turtles and their habitats on a national level issues Platform to level Regular progress updates on marine NPOA during exchange National Happiness and positive committee information meetings. Working Group of technical experts to exchange information

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Goal 4: Raise public awareness of the threats to marine turtles and their habitats, and encourage public Goal 5: Enhance implementation of national legislations and strengthen cooperation on national, participation in conservation activity regional and international levels

Time Time Programmes Activities Priority Indicators Outputs Programmes Activities Priority Indicators Outputs Frame Frame

5.1. Mechanism of regional and Enhance a) Identify and strengthen existing mechanisms for international mechanisms cooperation at the sub-regional level Number of cooperation for regional & b) Develop a web-based information resource for collaborative established / Long Number of marine turtle conservation M initiatives international strengthened term awareness cooperation c) Encourage the development of networks for implemented a) Develop and disseminate education materials on programs cooperative management of shared populations, (national/regional) and promote UAE national 4.1 marine turtles, their ecological and cultural value and within or across sub-regions information reports at IOSEA Establish and/ their habitats. Number of exchange MoU or enhance the b) Develop and conduct media related information educational Education implementation and awareness programs on marine turtles and their material Long H and awareness habitats for different sectors of the community developed and term of public programs 5.2. education and c) Encourage the incorporation of marine turtle disseminated Strengthen a) Review national policies and legislation to address awareness biology and conservation issues into school curricula legislation gaps on marine turtle conservation and develop d) identify specific activities to be implemented a Number of programs framework legislations or policies to address these gaps, as Relevant Number The national national level to raise awareness on marine turtles. media awareness appropriate. of legislation plan of action Long M initiatives and b) Identify efficient mechanisms to enhance and policies are is adopted and term implemented enforcement enforcement of policies, and collaborate with enacted. implemented of enforcement agencies to protect nesting and foraging conservation habitats. legislation

Goal 6: Enable effective conservation through capacity building and awareness

a) Involve stakeholders in planning and Time implementation of conservation and management Programmes Activities Priority Indicators Outputs Frame measures 4.2 b) Encourage the participation of Government Number of Promote public institutions, non-governmental organizations, the stakeholders Number of Campaigns in materials participation in private sector and the general community in research involved in Long a) Identify needs for capacity building M marine turtle’s 6.1 produced oriented marine turtles and conservation efforts research and term b) develop training and capacity building programs conservation Training to build capacity conservation c) Develop multimedia educational materials to be conservation c) Strengthen capacity at national and regional levels, and capacity for marine turtle Programs of distributed at national level efforts related to technical interventions for management, activities building management and capacity building Long d) Promote marine turtle conservation in the UAE in and research M conservation term association with international significant Biodiversity on marine d) Promote partnerships with universities, research Training programs & turtle days. turtle and institutions and other organizations that can provide Number of their habitats support on capacity building. conservation capacity Building and training workshops

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4. Implementation of the NPOA Stakeholders for the implementation of the NPOA This NPOA covers a period of 3 years commencing working for the conservation of marine turtles in Stakeholders play an important role in supporting • Emirates Diving Association and Dive clubs in 2019 until 2021. The implementation of the the UAE. Progress will be assessed and reported various components of this NPOA. In addition, since (across all emirates) NPOA will be coordinated by MOCCAE in close annually at the Emirates Climate Change and this NPOA is aiming to conserve migratory species, • Emirates Marine Environmental Group (EMEG) collaboration with a number of key stakeholders Environment Council. dissemination of information and collaboration • Emirates Natural History Groups (all chapters) at a regional level is required. An indicative list of • Emirates Nature in association with the World NPOA Implementation Enabling Activities important stakeholders is provided below. Wide Fund for Nature (EN-WWF) • Fishermen Cooperatives A number of priority activities will be initiated evaluation of progress and effective participation GOVERNMENT • Private hotel operators adjacent to important during the initial phase of implementation. These of key stakeholders. These enabling activities are • Ministry of Climate Change and Environment turtle habitats (eg.Park Hyatt and Noukhada) priority activities are seen as ‘enablers’ that will listed below with a suggested timeline within a • Ministry of Culture, Youth and Community • Universities in the UAE allow effective implementation of the plan, periodic timeframe of 3 years. Development • Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi REGIONAL / INTERNATIONAL • Dubai Municipality • Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) Table X: List of Enabling Activities with a suggested timeline • Sharjah Environment and Protected Areas Secretariat – Abu Dhabi Authority • Gulf Cooperation Council ‘Enabling’ Activities for NPOA Implementation 2019 2020 2021 • Umm Al Quwain Municipality • IUCN Turtle Specialist Group • Fujairah Municipality • Memorandum of Understanding on the Priorities activities and identify roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders X • Ras Al Khaimah Environment Protection and Conservation and Management of Marine Development Authority Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean Identify indicators to measure success of NPOA implementation X • Oil and Gas Government Companies and South-East Asia (IOSEA)

Develop standardization protocols for data collection and training X • Chambers of Commerce • PERSGA, Regional Organization for the • Critical Infrastructure and Coastal Protection Conservation of the Environment of the Red Assessment of distribution of nesting and foraging habitats of importance for marine turtles in Authority Sea and Gulf of Aden X X the UAE • Dibba Fujairah Municipality • Regional Organization for the Protection of the • Ajman Municipality & Planning Department Marine Environment (ROPME) Recognition of ITAs - nesting and foraging habitats of importance for marine turtles X X • FAO Regional Commission on Fisheries NON-GOVERNMENTAL GROUPS (RECOFI) Data collection and initial assessment of threats including bycatch and interaction of fisheries X X AND ORGANIZATIONS • CITES Secretariat with marine turtles • Dubai Falcon Clinic and Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Identify funding opportunities for the implementation of the NPOA X • Dubai Rehabilitation Centre

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