Coral Reefs of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Analysis of Management Approaches in Light of International Best Practices and a Changing Climate
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fmars-07-00541 July 7, 2020 Time: 10:34 # 1 REVIEW published: 08 July 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00541 Coral Reefs of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Analysis of Management Approaches in Light of International Best Practices and a Changing Climate Haïfa Ben-Romdhane1*, Rima W. Jabado2,3, Edwin Mark Grandcourt2, Richard John Obrien Perry4, Ayesha Yousef Al Blooshi2,5, Prashanth Reddy Marpu6, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda7 and Hosni Ghedira1 1 Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2 Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity, Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 3 Gulf Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 4 Management Support Office, Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 5 Chairman’s Office, Department of Education and Knowledge, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 6 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 7 Research Centre on Water, Earth, and the Edited by: Environment, National Institute of Scientific Research, Quebec City, QC, Canada Hajime Kayanne, The University of Tokyo, Japan Reviewed by: The coasts and islands that flank Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates (UAE)’s largest Douglas Fenner, emirate, host the country’s most significant coastal and marine habitats including coral Independent Researcher, Pago Pago, American Samoa reefs. These reefs, although subject to a variety of pressures from urban and industrial David Andrew Feary, encroachment and climate change, exhibit the highest thresholds for coral bleaching MRAG Ltd., United Kingdom and mortality in the world. By reviewing and benchmarking global, regional and local *Correspondence: coral reef conservation efforts, this study highlights the ecological importance and Haïfa Ben-Romdhane [email protected] economic uniqueness of the UAE corals in light of the changing climate. The analysis provides a set of recommendations for coral reef management that includes an adapted Specialty section: This article was submitted to institutional framework bringing together stakeholders, scientists, and managers. These Coral Reef Research, recommendations are provided to guide coral reef conservation efforts regionally and in a section of the journal jurisdictions with comparable environmental challenges. Frontiers in Marine Science Received: 08 May 2019 Keywords: coral reefs, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Abu Dhabi, practices, management Accepted: 15 June 2020 Published: 08 July 2020 Citation: INTRODUCTION Ben-Romdhane H, Jabado RW, Grandcourt EM, Perry RJO, Coral reefs rank among the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet, Al Blooshi AY, Marpu PR, supporting a quarter of all known marine species (Reaka-Kudla et al., 1996; van Oppen and Lough, Ouarda TBMJ and Ghedira H (2020) 2018; Woodhead et al., 2019). Occurring in over 100 countries and territories, including more Coral Reefs of Abu Dhabi, United than 80 developing countries (Spalding et al., 2001, 2017), coral reefs are also among the most Arab Emirates: Analysis economically valuable ecosystems (Barton, 1994; Pascal et al., 2016; Spalding et al., 2017; Spurgeon, of Management Approaches in Light of International Best Practices 2019). They contribute social, economic and environmental benefits to millions of people through and a Changing Climate. a range of services, such as the provision of livelihoods and food security through fisheries, revenue Front. Mar. Sci. 7:541. from tourism, as well as shoreline erosion prevention and protection from extreme weather events doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00541 (Moberg and Folke, 1999). Frontiers in Marine Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2020| Volume 7| Article 541 fmars-07-00541 July 7, 2020 Time: 10:34 # 2 Ben-Romdhane et al. Corals of the UAE: Analysis of Management Approaches However, due to numerous localized and global pressures, reef conservation efforts regionally and in jurisdictions with coral reefs are facing a rapid decline (Bellwood et al., 2004). comparable environmental challenges. Direct anthropogenic threats include over-exploitation, urban development and pollution; while indirect and acute threats include bleaching events, storms, predatory outbreaks and IMPORTANCE AND UNIQUENESS OF epizootics (Guinotte and Buddemeier, 2008; Maina et al., 2008; UAE CORALS IN LIGHT OF THE Anthony et al., 2015). The pressures are exacerbated (e.g., ocean CHANGING CLIMATE warming) or caused (e.g., ocean acidification) by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from the human The coasts and islands that flank Abu Dhabi, the UAE’s largest combustion of fossil fuels (Nyström et al., 2000). Recurring emirate, host the nation’s most significant coastal and marine coral bleaching in consonance with El Niño events in 1982–1983 habitats including coral reefs (Abed and Hellyer, 2001; Al-Cibahy (Glynn, 1984; Glynn and De Weerdt, 1991), 1997–1998 (Bruno et al., 2012). The UAE has coastlines along the Gulf of Oman et al., 2001; McClanahan, 2008), 2002–2003 (Liu et al., 2003), 2005 and the Arabian Gulf and ranks 38th in the world in terms (Wilkinson and Souter, 2008; Eakin et al., 2010), and 2010 (Kim of coral reef size (Spalding et al., 2001). It hosts large areas of et al., 2011) has resulted in widespread mortality of the world’s coral reef assemblages of approximately 1,190 km2, the majority corals. The latest 2015–2016 El Niño was the strongest on record of which are located within Abu Dhabi waters (Spalding et al., (NOAA-CRW, 2016) and caused, in line with continued human- 2001). The UAE’s local coral species diversity is among the driven climate change, massive coral bleaching in many regions richest in the Arabian Gulf, counting around 34 hard coral around the world (Normile, 2016). Some studies measuring the species (Riegl, 1999; Riegl and Purkis, 2012), although very low extent of coral bleaching in Australia’s iconic Great Barrier Reef in comparison to the Indian Ocean (ca. 300 species) (Gischler, (GBR) branded the reef’s problem as “extreme” claiming as much 2011) and the Indo-Pacific (ca. 670 species) (Veron, 2000). These as 81% bleaching of its northern sector (Baird and Hughes, UAE reefs are subject to pressures from urban and industrial 2016). The GBR is managed through extensive conservation encroachment such as dredging and oil exploration activities, as practices that are comprehensive and adaptive (McCook et al., well as climate change (Rezai et al., 2004). However, they also 2010). Despite the existence of sound management actions, GBR possess, along with a few other reefs such as the corals in adjacent corals were not exempt from being affected by extreme climatic back reef pools in Ofu Island, Samoa (Palumbi et al., 2014), events. Therefore, conservation plans should include strong and the highest thresholds of bleaching and mortality in the world timely actions to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions such (Riegl et al., 2012; Hume et al., 2015). as carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, Recently, corals that host Symbiodinium thermophilum, a oil and natural gas), agriculture and land clearing. Conservation thermo-tolerant microalgae, were found to be prevalent among plans should, also, integrate early-warning systems and rapid UAE coral reefs and were reported to be resistant to extremes assessments from the scientific community to reef managers as in salinity and sea-surface temperatures (SST) (Hume et al., part of a holistic approach on both local and regional scales. This 2013, 2015, 2016; Shuail et al., 2016; Ben-Romdhane et al., 2018, holistic approach should explore the key factors contributing to 2020). These studies highlight the potential of Abu Dhabi coral any extreme event and highlight the ensuing effects and response reefs to thrive at molecular, physiological, and ecological levels, operations in all the concerned and affected countries. even in these extreme conditions. Such findings about tolerance Only recently have a few local-regional management to environmental extremes and, given the high frequency of initiatives approached the topic of climatic disaster risk reduction disturbances, about adaptability, imply that the UAE, and Abu to facilitate the sharing by countries of their experiences and Dhabi corals in particular, are of considerable interest to scientists lessons identified and learned (Glantz, 2017). Scientists and and managers concerned with the status and sustainability of managers, jointly, need to define a set of priorities for reef coral in other regions of the world (Riegl and Purkis, 2012; Coles conservation and restoration, since coping with the impacts of and Riegl, 2013; D’angelo et al., 2015), especially in the face of extreme events, such as El Niños, is not the same as vulnerability growing anthropogenic pressure (Hoegh-Guldberg, 2011) and reduction, though actions on either could inform the other rapid climate change (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). (Glantz, 2017). However, bringing scientists and managers together through an integrated ecosystem assessment process is often a complicated procedure (Rose and Parsons, 2015). CORAL REEF PROTECTION AND This study considers the example of coral in the United CONSERVATION: GLOBALLY AND Arab Emirates (UAE) and emphasizes their ecological and REGIONALLY economic uniqueness and importance in relation to rapid climate change. It also highlights the importance of coral While looking at the local setting, the global and regional reef monitoring, management and protection