DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 1. General Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 1. General Introduction Nota prévia Na elaboração desta dissertação, e nos termos do número 2 do Artigo 4º do Regulamento Geral dos Terceiros Ciclos de Estudos da Universidade do Porto e do Artigo 31º do D.L. 74/2006, de 24 de Março, com a nova redação introduzida pelo D.L. 230/2009, de 14 de Setembro, foi efetuado o aproveitamento total de um conjunto coerente de trabalhos de investigação já publicados ou submetidos para publicação em revistas internacionais indexadas e com arbitragem científica, os quais integram alguns dos capítulos da presente tese. Tendo em conta que os referidos trabalhos foram realizados no âmbito do Projeto DirdaMyx - Dinâmica de Infecção em Robalo e Dourada de Aquacultura por Myxozoa (FCT referência: PTDC/MAR/116838/2010) com a colaboração de outros autores, o candidato esclarece que, em todos eles, participou ativamente na sua conceção, na parte prática e obtenção de dados, na análise e discussão de resultados, bem como na escrita, estruturação de artigos, e ainda no processo de submissão para publicação a revistas da especialidade. Em todos os artigos que integram a tese Luis Rangel é primeiro autor. FCUP i Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The success of this work had the contribution of many people, and institutions, to which I address my thanks. In particular: To my supervisor Professor Maria João Santos (University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Portugal) that over the years has guided and advised me in my scientific career, being an valuable and permanent reference. To Dr. Csaba Székely, Dr. Cech Gabor and Hafiz (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary) for their valuable collaboration and advice. To Ricardo Severino, for the huge effort in collecting fishes, worms and mud in the fish farm and for welcomed me in his laboratory. To Ricardo Castro, which has not spared efforts in the exhaustive sampling of annelids, and gave all the help that made this work a success. To Professor Carlos Azevedo, Professor Graça Casal, and Sónia Rocha (University of Porto, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Portugal), for all the advice, help and collaboration, especially in molecular biology and electron microscopy. My thanks also to the technicians Elsa Oliveira and Ângela Alves. To my colleagues, Francisca Cavaleiro, Miguel Ramos, Joana Marques, Margarida Hermida, Joana Costa, not only for the companion and friendship, but also for the scientific collaboration. And to all others that directly or indirectly gave some contribution for the success of this work. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unconditionally support, in good times and bad times. This research was partially supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE - Operational Competitiveness Programme and national funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project BPEst-C/MAR/LA0015/2013 and the project DIRDAMyx, reference FCOMP-01- 0124-FEDER-020726/FCT-PTDC/MAR/116838/2010. Partially supported by the Structured Program of R&D&I INNOVMAR - Innovation and Sustainability in the Management and Exploitation of Marine Resources, reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035, namely within the Research Line INSEAFOOD Innovation and valorization of seafood products: meeting local challenges and opportunities, within the R&D Institution CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary FCUP ii Acknowledgements Centre of Marine and Environmental Research), supported by the Northern Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020), through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This research was supported by Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH) - Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (QREN), Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) and the Portuguese Ministério de Educação e Ciência through a PhD fellowship (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT - SFRH/BD/82237/2011). This work was developed at: FCUP iii Abstract Abstract Overfishing exerts an enormous pressure on marine resources and, consequently, it is urgent to develop alternative ways to meet the world's food requirements. One such alternative is fish farming which, in recent years, has experienced a great increase in production. However, fish farming can only succeed if it is economically viable. Amongst the problems that threaten the economic viability of the fish farming industry, disease and parasites are the most relevant. Thus, the study and development of the body of knowledge on fish diseases and parasites are crucial. Amongst the most frequent parasites in fish farms, with tendency to increase in the near future, are the myxozoans. These parasites can have very adverse effects and cause major losses in fish production. However, there is still a huge gap in the body of knowledge on this particular group of parasites, especially in what concerns the life cycle. This unsolved problem leads the main aims of the present thesis work, which includes the survey and elucidation of the life cycles of myxozoan parasites infecting farmed fishes with great economic value, moreover, the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), in Algarve, and the actinospores survey in the fish farm tanks and in wild environment, in Algarve and Aveiro Estuary. While conducting this work, two new species of myxosporeans were described: Ortholinea auratae n. sp., isolated from the European seabass, and Ortholinea labracis n. sp., isolated from the gilthead seabream, both from the Algarve fish farm. Both species were found infecting the urinary bladder and, less frequently, the kidneys of their hosts. The life cycles of these two species were elucidated. Actinosporean stages of Ortholinea auratae n. sp. developed in the intestinal epithelium of Limnodriloides agnes oligochaetes, producing triactinomyxon actinospores. Ortholinea labracis n. sp. developed in the intestinal epithelium of Tectidrilus sp. oligochaetes, also producing triactinomyxons actinospores. Both invertebrate hosts were collected from the mud of the fish farm tanks. The life cycle of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi, a systemic parasite of the European seabass, was also elucidated. This result was achieved after finding a new type of tetractinomyxon actinospore in the coelomic cavity of Capitella sp., a capitelid polychaete collected in European seabass farming tanks in the Algarve fish farm. While analysing the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of both polychaete actinospore and FCUP iv Abstract fish myxospore, it was possible to determine a 99.9% similarity. Therefore, it is possible to infer that they represent the two S. dicentrarchi life cycle stages. Myxosporean surveyed in annelids from estuaries revealed new types of actinospores with implications for the taxonomy and differentiation of actinospore collective groups. From Alvor Estuary (Algarve), a new type of echinactinomyxon was described from the coelomic cavity of the capitelid polychaete Heteromastus filiformis. Previously, these types of actinospore were always described from freshwater oligochaetes, and its presence in marine polychaetes is here recorded for the first time. Also, the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence was found to exhibit 94% of similarity with marine Sphaeromyxa species. In phylogenetic terms, Sphaeromyxa species cluster within myxosporeans of the freshwater lineage. From Aveiro Estuary, 10 new types of sphaeractinomyxon were described from the coelomic cavity of two oligochaete hosts (L. agnes and Tubificoides pseudogaster). Morphological and development analysis raised questions about the validity of the endocapsa and tetraspora actinospore collective groups. Developmental stages from the invertebrate hosts were studied by ligth microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The most significant result was the record of the internalization or engulfment of one cell by another in myxosporeans, leading to secondary cells origin, as it was previously demonstrated for the malacosporeans. Keywords: Parasites, Myxozoa, life cycles, actinospores, aquaculture, European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, Annelida, Ortholinea auratae, Ortholinea labracis, echinactinomyxon, triactinomyxon, sphaeractinomyxon, tetractinomyxon, Algarve, Aveiro Estuary, Portugal FCUP v Resumo Resumo O excessivo esforço de pesca tem exercido uma enorme pressão nos recursos marinhos e criado a necessidade de desenvolver outras formas alternativas para suprir as necessidades alimentares mundiais. Uma dessas alternativas é a piscicultura que, nos últimos anos, tem tido um grande crescimento. No entanto, a piscicultura só pode evoluir se for economicamente viável. De entre os inúmeros problemas que a piscicultura tem de enfrentar e resolver, as parasitoses são os que mais danos podem causar numa produção piscícola. Assim, é importante conhecer e estudar as possíveis parasitoses que podem afectar essa produtividade. Um grupo de parasitas muito frequente nas pisciculturas, e com tendência para aumentar a sua prevalência, são os parasitas Myxozoa. Estes parasitas podem ter efeitos muito nefastos e causar grandes prejuízos. No entanto, ainda existe um grande hiato no seu conhecimento, principalmente em relação ao seu ciclo de vida. É neste contexto que surge esta tese, que teve como objectivo, o recenseamento dos parasitas Myxozoa e o estudo do seu ciclo de vida, em peixes de cultura com grande importância económica, como é o caso do robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax) e da dourada (Sparus aurata), numa piscicultura do Algarve. E ainda, o recenseamento de actinosporos em anelídeos de tanques de cultura de peixes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.Kudoa Spp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) Parasitizing Fish Caught in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
    Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Costa Eiras, Jorge; Yudi Fujimoto, Rodrigo; Riscala Madi, Rubens; Sierpe Jeraldo, Veronica de Lourdes; Moura de Melo, Cláudia; dos Santos de Souza, Jônatas; Picanço Diniz, José Antonio; Guerreiro Diniz, Daniel Kudoa spp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) parasitizing fish caught in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 25, núm. 4, octubre-diciembre, 2016, pp. 429-434 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397848910008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Original Article Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 25, n. 4, p. 429-434, out.-dez. 2016 ISSN 0103-846X (Print) / ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016059 Kudoa spp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) parasitizing fish caught in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil Kudoa spp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) parasitando peixes capturados em Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil Jorge Costa Eiras1; Rodrigo Yudi Fujimoto2; Rubens Riscala Madi3; Veronica de Lourdes Sierpe Jeraldo4; Cláudia Moura de Melo4; Jônatas dos Santos de Souza5; José Antonio Picanço Diniz6; Daniel Guerreiro Diniz7*
    [Show full text]
  • Unesco-Eolss Sample Chapters
    FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - Myxozoan Biology And Ecology - Dr. Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla and Oswaldo Palenzuela MYXOZOAN BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla and Oswaldo Palenzuela Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain Keywords: Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Actinosporea, Malacosporea, Metazoa, Parasites, Fish Pathology, Invertebrates, Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Cell Biology, Life Cycle Contents 1. Introduction 2. Phylogeny 3. Morphology and Taxonomy 3.1. Spore Morphology 3.2. Taxonomy 4. Life Cycle 4.1. Life Cycle of Myxosporea 4.2. Life Cycle of Malacosporea 5. Cell Biology and Development 6. Ecological Aspects 6.1. Hosts 6.2. Habitats 6.3. Environmental Cues 7. Pathology 7.1. General Remarks 7.2. Pathogenic Effects of Myxozoans 7.2.1. Effects on Invertebrates 7.2.2. Effects on Fish 7.2.3. Effects on non-fish Vertebrates Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary UNESCO-EOLSS The phylum Myxozoa is a group of microscopic metazoans with an obligate endoparasitic lifestyle.SAMPLE Traditionally regarded CHAPTERS as protists, research findings during the last decades have dramatically changed our knowledge of these organisms, nowadays understood as examples of early metazoan evolution and extreme adaptation to parasitic lifestyles. Two distinct classes of myxozoans, Myxosporea and Malacosporea, are characterized by profound differences in rDNA evolution and well supported by differential biological and developmental features. This notwithstanding, most of the existing Myxosporea subtaxa require revision in the light of molecular phylogeny data. Most known myxozoans exhibit diheteroxenous cycles, alternating between a vertebrate host (mostly fish but also other poikilothermic vertebrates, and exceptionally birds and mammals) and an invertebrate (mainly annelids and bryozoans but possibly other ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - Myxozoan Biology And Ecology - Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Zootecnia E Engenharia De Alimentos
    UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE ZOOTECNIA E ENGENHARIA DE ALIMENTOS AMANDA MURAROLLI RIBEIRO Detecção de mixosporídeos por PCR em Tempo Real e PCR Convencional em amostras de água de pisciculturas Pirassununga 2020 AMANDA MURAROLLI RIBEIRO Detecção de mixosporídeos por PCR em Tempo Real e PCR Convencional em amostras de água de pisciculturas Versão Corrigida Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção de título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Qualidade e Produtividade Animal Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Augusto Mendes Maia Pirassununga 2020 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Serviço de Biblioteca e Informações, FZEA/USP, com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) Ribeiro , Amanda Murarolli R484d Detecção de mixosporídeos por PCR em Tempo Real e PCR Convencional em amostras de água de pisciculturas / Amanda Murarolli Ribeiro ; orientador Professor Dr. Antonio Augusto Mendes Maia. -- Pirassununga, 2020. 89 f. Dissertação (Mestrado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia) -- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo. 1. Myxozoa. 2. eDNA. 3. Peixes. 4. SSrDNA. 5. Diagnóstico. I. Maia, Professor Dr. Antonio Augusto Mendes, orient. II. Título. Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte - o autor AMANDA MURAROLLI RIBEIRO Detecção de mixosporídeos por PCR em Tempo Real e PCR Convencional em amostras de água de pisciculturas Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção de título de Mestra em Ciências.
    [Show full text]
  • CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
    FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Observations on the Infection by Kudoa Sp. (Myxozoa
    Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences ISSN: 1679-9283 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Costa Eiras, Jorge; Pereira Júnior, Joaber; Saraiva, Aurélia; Faria Cruz, Cristina Observations on the Infection by Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) in fishes caught off Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, vol. 38, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2016, pp. 99-103 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=187146621013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1679-9283 ISSN on-line: 1807-863X Doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v38i1.30492 Observations on the Infection by Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) in fishes caught off Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil Jorge Costa Eiras¹*, Joaber Pereira Júnior², Aurélia Saraiva¹ and Cristina Faria Cruz¹ ¹Departamento de Biologia, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Porto, Portugal. ²Instituto de Oceanografia, Centro de Biotecnologia e Diagnose de Doenças de Animais Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. It is reported the parasitization of Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) within the somatic muscles of the fish Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes, 1835), Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) and Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836, captured off Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Aquatic Biomes GREENWOOD GUIDES to BIOMES of the WORLD
    Freshwater Aquatic Biomes GREENWOOD GUIDES TO BIOMES OF THE WORLD Introduction to Biomes Susan L. Woodward Tropical Forest Biomes Barbara A. Holzman Temperate Forest Biomes Bernd H. Kuennecke Grassland Biomes Susan L. Woodward Desert Biomes Joyce A. Quinn Arctic and Alpine Biomes Joyce A. Quinn Freshwater Aquatic Biomes Richard A. Roth Marine Biomes Susan L. Woodward Freshwater Aquatic BIOMES Richard A. Roth Greenwood Guides to Biomes of the World Susan L. Woodward, General Editor GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roth, Richard A., 1950– Freshwater aquatic biomes / Richard A. Roth. p. cm.—(Greenwood guides to biomes of the world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-313-33840-3 (set : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-313-34000-0 (vol. : alk. paper) 1. Freshwater ecology. I. Title. QH541.5.F7R68 2009 577.6—dc22 2008027511 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright C 2009 by Richard A. Roth All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008027511 ISBN: 978-0-313-34000-0 (vol.) 978-0-313-33840-3 (set) First published in 2009 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Contents Preface vii How to Use This Book ix The Use of Scientific Names xi Chapter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • T.C. Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Karadeniz' De Yayiliş Gösteren Kudoa (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)
    T.C. ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ KARADENİZ’ DE YAYILIŞ GÖSTEREN KUDOA (MYXOSPOREA: MULTIVALVULIDA) TÜRLERİNİN 28S rDNA FİLOGENİSİ ERKAN ÖZDEMİR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ BALIKÇILIK TEKNOLOJİSİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI ORDU 2019 T.C. ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BALIKÇILIK TEKNOLOJİSİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI FEN BİLGİSİ EĞİTİMİ BİLİM DALI KARADENİZ’ DE YAYILIŞ GÖSTEREN KUDOA (MYXOSPOREA: MULTIVALVULIDA) TÜRLERİNİN 28S rDNA FİLOGENİSİ ERKAN ÖZDEMİR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ORDU 2019 3 I ÖZET KARADENİZ’ DE YAYILIŞ GÖSTEREN KUDOA (MYXOSPOREA: MULTIVALVULIDA) TÜRLERİNİN 28S rDNA FİLOGENİSİ ERKAN ÖZDEMİR ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BALIKÇILIK TEKNOLOJİSİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, 35 SAYFA (TEZ DANIŞMANI: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ CEM TOLGA GÜRKANLI) Bu çalışmada Kudoa anatolica ve K. niluferi türlerinin 28S rDNA genlerinin nükleotit dizilerine dayalı filogenetik analizleri amaçlanmıştır. Bu parazitler Karadeniz’in Sinop kıyılarında yakalanan Atherina hepsetus ve Neogobius melanostomus konaklarından izole edilerek tanımlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Kudoa anatolica’ya ait iki (AO-18, AO-20) ve K. nilüferi’ye ait bir (AO- 24) bir izolatın 28S rDNA gen bölgelerinin nükleotit dizileri belirlenmiş ve Neighbor- Joining, Maximum-Likelihood ve Maximum-Parsimony algoritmaları kullanılarak filogenetik analizleri yapılmıştır. Filogenetik analizler sonucunda üç farklı algoritma ile oluşturulan ağaçların topolojik olarak farklı oldukları görülmüştür. Bunun sebebi olarak 28S rDNA gen bölgesinin yüksek miktarda varyasyon içermesi
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Zoology Hazara University, Mansehra Pakistan 2016
    COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SCHIZOTHORACINAE FISH IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN AND WESTERN CHINA MUHAMMAD FIAZ KHAN DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY HAZARA UNIVERSITY, MANSEHRA PAKISTAN 2016 HAZARA UNIVERSITY, MANSEHRA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SCHIZOTHORACINAE FISH IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN AND WESTERN CHINA BY MUHAMMAD FIAZ KHAN This research study has been conducted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan August 22, 2016 COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SCHIZOTHORACINAE FISH IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN AND WESTERN CHINA SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD FIAZ KHAN (PhD scholar) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak Assistant Professor Department of Zoology Hazara University, Mansehra CO-SUPERVISOR: Prof. Chen Yifeng Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY HAZARA UNIVERSITY, MANSEHRA PAKISTAN, 2016 DEDICATION THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS AND MY SUPERVISOR Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Study Area 1 1.2 Introduction to Qinghai-Tibetan China 3 1.3 Classifications of Fishes 3 1.4 Pakistan freshwater resources 4 1.5 Fishes of Pakistan 5 1.6 Fishes of China 6 1.7 Taxonomy of genus schizothorax 6 1.8 Origin of Schizothoracinae Fishes 8 1.9 Pleistocene glaciations 8 1.10 Phylogeographic predictions based on glaciations history 10 1.11 Role of Phylogeography in evolution 12 1.12 Rationale of the study 13 1.13 The objectives of the current study was 13 Chapter 2 14 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14 2.1 Phylogeography 14 2.2 Genetic markers used in phylogeography 16 2.2.1 Mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) 16 2.2.2 Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA 16 i 2.2.3 Cytochrome B Gene 19 2.2.4 Control region (D-Loop) 20 2.3 Importance of genetic material in fish identification 22 2.4 Disadvantages of mitochondrial material 23 2.5 Phylogeography of Schizothoracines fishes 23 2.6 Worldwide Distribution of Schizothorax 23 2.7 Role of glaciations history in Phylogeography 26 Chapter 3 29 MATERIALS AND METHODS 29 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Biology of Fishes
    Environmental Biology of Fishes Fatty acid composition in the white muscle of Cottoidei fishes of Lake Baikal reflects their habitat depth --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: EBFI-D-16-00347R2 Full Title: Fatty acid composition in the white muscle of Cottoidei fishes of Lake Baikal reflects their habitat depth Article Type: Original Paper Keywords: deep water fish; monounsaturated fatty acids; polyunsaturated fatty acids; temperature adaptation; taxonomy; trophic ecology; viscosity homeostasis; white muscle Corresponding Author: Reijo Käkelä Helsingin Yliopisto Helsinki, FINLAND Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: Helsingin Yliopisto Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Larisa D. Radnaeva First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: Larisa D. Radnaeva Dmitry V. Popov Otto Grahl-Nielsen Igor V. Khanaev Selmeg V. Bazarsadueva Reijo Käkelä Order of Authors Secondary Information: Funding Information: Russian Fundamental Research Fund Dr Larisa D. Radnaeva (14-05-00516 А; 2014-2016) Abstract: Lake Baikal is a unique freshwater environment with maximum depths over 1600m. The high water pressure at the lakebed strengthens the solidifying effect of low water temperature on animal tissue lipids, and thus the effective temperatures in the depths of the lake equal subzero temperatures in shallow waters. Cottoidei species has colonized the different water layers of the lake, and developed different ecology and physiology reflected in their tissue biochemistry. We studied by gas chromatography the composition of fatty acids (FAs), largely responsible for tissue lipid physical properties, in the white muscle tissue of 13 species of the Cottoidei fish; 5 benthic abyssal, 6 benthic eurybathic and 2 benthopelagic species. The FA profiles reflected habitat depth.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cyprinid Fish
    DFO - Library / MPO - Bibliotheque 01005886 c.i FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. Circular No. 65 RUSSIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF NAMES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AND RELATED TERMS Compiled by W. E. Ricker Fisheries Research Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C. August, 1962 FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Biological Station, Nanaimo, B0C. Circular No. 65 9^ RUSSIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF NAMES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AND RELATED TERMS ^5, Compiled by W. E. Ricker Fisheries Research Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C. August, 1962 FOREWORD This short Russian-English glossary is meant to be of assistance in translating scientific articles in the fields of aquatic biology and the study of fishes and fisheries. j^ Definitions have been obtained from a variety of sources. For the names of fishes, the text volume of "Commercial Fishes of the USSR" provided English equivalents of many Russian names. Others were found in Berg's "Freshwater Fishes", and in works by Nikolsky (1954), Galkin (1958), Borisov and Ovsiannikov (1958), Martinsen (1959), and others. The kinds of fishes most emphasized are the larger species, especially those which are of importance as food fishes in the USSR, hence likely to be encountered in routine translating. However, names of a number of important commercial species in other parts of the world have been taken from Martinsen's list. For species for which no recognized English name was discovered, I have usually given either a transliteration or a translation of the Russian name; these are put in quotation marks to distinguish them from recognized English names.
    [Show full text]
  • Histozoic Myxosporeans Infecting the Stomach Wall of Elopiform Fishes Represent a Novel Lineage, the Gastromyxidae Mark A
    Freeman and Kristmundsson Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:517 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-1140-7 RESEARCH Open Access Histozoic myxosporeans infecting the stomach wall of elopiform fishes represent a novel lineage, the Gastromyxidae Mark A. Freeman1,2* and Árni Kristmundsson3 Abstract Background: Traditional studies on myxosporeans have used myxospore morphology as the main criterion for identification and taxonomic classification, and it remains important as the fundamental diagnostic feature used to confirm myxosporean infections in fish and other vertebrate taxa. However, its use as the primary feature in systematics has led to numerous genera becoming polyphyletic in subsequent molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is now known that other features, such as the site and type of infection, can offer a higher degree of congruence with molecular data, albeit with its own inconsistencies, than basic myxospore morphology can reliably provide. Methods: Histozoic gastrointestinal myxosporeans from two elopiform fish from Malaysia, the Pacific tarpon Megalops cyprinoides and the ten pounder Elops machnata were identified and described using morphological, histological and molecular methodologies. Results: The myxospore morphology of both species corresponds to the generally accepted Myxidium morphotype, but both had a single nucleus in the sporoplasm and lacked valvular striations. In phylogenetic analyses they were robustly grouped in a discrete clade basal to myxosporeans, with similar shaped myxospores, described from gill monogeneans, which are located
    [Show full text]
  • Synopsis of the Species of Myxobolus Bu¨Tschli, 1882 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae)
    Systematic Parasitology (2005) 61: 1–46 Ó Springer 2005 DOI 10.1007/s11230-004-6343-9 Synopsis of the species of Myxobolus Bu¨tschli, 1882 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) J.C. Eiras1, K. Molna´r2 & Y.S. Lu3 1Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Cieˆncias and CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal 2Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary 3State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Whuan, Hubei, 430072, P.R. China Accepted for publication 2nd July, 2004 Abstract A synopsis of 744 nominal species of Myxobolus Bu¨tschli, 1882 (Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Myxobolidae) is presented. For each species, the relevant morphometric and morphological data are indicated, as well as the host(s), site(s) of infection within the host and type-locality. Introduction For the great majority of the species, the data were taken from the original descriptions. When Myxobolus Bu¨tschli, 1882 is the largest genus this was not possible, alternative sources were within the Myxosporea. Landsberg & Lom (1991) used, as indicated in the table. Species not suffi- listed 444 valid species, since which a large number ciently characterised, and therefore not permitting of species have been described. These parasites comparison with other species, were not incorpo- primarily infect fishes, but a small number of rated into the list. These include M. unicapsulatus species have been found parasitising amphibians (Gurley, 1893), M. mugilis (Perugia, 1891), and reptiles. M. merlucii (Perugia, 1891) and M. musculi The species descriptions are scattered in a wide Keisselitz, 1908.
    [Show full text]