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Numbers & Symbols adultery, 98, 203 1956 Supplementary Convention Afghanistan, 186 on the Abolition of Slavery, 241 Africa, 2, 3, 32, 52, 53, 56–8, 64, 73, 74, 76, 79, 87, 91, 92, 106, 123, 131, 153, 155–8, 166, 175, 180, A 185, 209, 211, 217, 220, 221, 242 Abbasid Caliphate, 51 African-Americans, 5–8, 74, 82, 84, 91, Abbott, Grace, 126 93, 151, 185, 201, 202, 212 abolition, 3, 20, 48, 53, 55, 65, 73, 74, African Diaspora, 52 76, 87, 122, 123, 131, 169, 171, Africans, 49, 52–4, 56, 58, 60, 62–5, 176, 180, 182, 210, 216, 233–44 84, 87, 134, 153, 155, 157, 165, abolitionism, 169 166, 182, 208, 220, 221 abolitionists, 4, 6, 13, 27, 40, 43, 50, African Squadron, 218 51, 123, 126, 127, 160, 169, 170, African World Reparations and 176, 184, 186, 199, 204, 206, 210, Repatriation Truth Commission, 8 211, 218, 222, 223, 233–5, 239, age(s), 5, 39, 40, 75, 77, 85, 103, 124, 241 130, 148–50, 153–5, 165, 166, abortion(s), 148, 166, 167, 200 185 Abyssinia. See Ethiopia age structure, 153 Acemoglu, Daron, 121, 145 aging, 148 activists, 3, 5, 7, 40, 234 agrestic laborers, 56 Adams, John Quincy, 199, 220 agriculture, 2, 8, 41, 45, 63, 95, 100, “Address Delivered in Concord on the 124, 128, 129, 133, 144, 171, 176, Anniversary of the Emancipation of 177 the Negroes in the British West AIDS, 166, 167 Indies” (published speech), 171 Alabama, 146, 147, 174, 184, 202, 210

Alaska, 60 Apartheid, 19, 92 Albania, 182 Appalachia, 91, 100, 151 alcohol, 96, 125, 145, 146, 162, 222 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 145, 149, 240 Alexander, John, 42, 50 apprentices, 3, 20, 27, 79, 211 Algiers, 52, 94 Apuleius, 40 alienation, 20, 26, 97 Arab, 54, 219 Ali, Miriam, 29, 34n2, 151, 152, 181, Arabia, 1, 50, 77, 101, 106 222 arbitrage, 97, 126 al-Jannabi, Abu Sa ‘id, 207 archeologists, 59, 60 Alton, Illinois, 184 Aristides, 171, 186 American Colonization Society (ACS), Aristomenes, 206 220, 221 Aristonicus, 206 American Federation of Labor (AFL), Aristotle, 44 97 Arkansas, 153 American Republicans, 169 armed forces, 202. See also militias American Revolution, 150, 208 Armenian genocide, 164 American Slavery As It Is (book), 214 arson, 184, 213 American System, 220 arthritis, 147 Amerindians, 3, 5, 49, 59–61, 63, 75, artisans, 97, 169, 170, 178 153, 166, 207, 213 Asante, 153, 162, 215 Amistad (ship), 21 Asia, 51–4, 56, 57, 76, 79, 93, 94, 101, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 157, 181 102, 104, 106, 121, 123, 146, 153, ancient civilizations, 134. See also 166, 182, 206, 243 Greece and the Greeks; Rome, Italy Asia Minor, 51, 52 Andrews, C. F., 160 Asian civilizations, 53 Angola, 22, 76 Asians, 53, 56, 57, 64, 76, 77, 84, 89, animal domestication, 40 95, 99, 183 animal power, 174 Asiatic indenture system, 86 animal slavery, 243 Asiatic slavery, 58, 86 Anna Palowna (ship), 210 assault, 98, 148, 154, 160, 217. See also antebellum period of U.S. history, 8, 62, physical violence 119, 199, 211, 224 assets, 25, 59, 134, 174, 179, 222, 236, Antigua, 165, 207, 214 237 anti-money laundering (AML) laws, asymmetric information, 12 242 Athens, 43 Antioch, 206 Atkinson, Edward, 120, 171, 176, 237 Anti-Slavery International, 34n1 Atlantic Ocean, 87 antislavery movement, 5, 183, 218 auction blocks, 83 Anti-Slavery Society of Britain, 89 Augustana University, 242 Apache, 61, 149 Australia, 81 Apalachicola River, 209 Aztec, 59 INDEX 277

B Batstone, David, 34n1, 104, 106, 124, Babylon, 43 154, 158, 159, 181, 183, 239 Bacon’s Rebellion, 207 Battle of Blair Mountain, 212 bads (economic term), 6, 14n4, 92, Baxter, Richard, 159 118, 126, 155, 160, 176, 178, 179, Bearden, Sandra, 160 201. See also goods Bearse, Austin, 216 Bahia, 166, 210 Beccaria, Cesare, 81 Bahrayn Qarmati, 207 Beckert, Sven, 7, 76, 217 Bailey, Ronald, 130, 131, 203 beggars, 149 Baker, Anne, 99 Belgium, 176 Balearics, 154 Benezet, Anthony, 5, 222 Bales, Kevin, 8, 9, 19, 22, 34n1, Berry, Henry, 162, 163, 178, 210 34n2, 40, 49, 74, 75, 79, 90, Bible, 83, 126. See also Christianity; 95, 98, 100–7, 122, 124, 134, God; religion 144–9, 151, 159, 160, 166, 168, bidis, 107 172, 178, 181–3, 214, 222, 233, Bihar, 211 235–40, 243 Bingham Canyon, 97 Bali, 210 biometrics, 169 Balkans, 51, 99 bird freedom metaphor, 56, 88 Baltimore, Maryland, 99, 204 Birmingham, Britain, 9, 152, 181 Banamba, 79 birth(s), 47, 50, 53, 98, 164–7, 242 Bang, Aaron, 198 birth control, 166 Bangladesh, 106, 107, 148 birth rates, 164, 166, 167 banks, 179, 180, 184, 220, 224, 234. Bishop Aethelwold, 46 See also finance, financial markets, Blackburn, Robin, 3, 6, 7, 11, 41, 46, and the financial system 47, 49, 50, 53, 56, 73, 122, 125, Baptist, Edward, 6–9, 11, 98, 104, 123, 130, 157, 162, 164–7, 169, 172, 131, 133–5, 145, 150, 160, 162, 176, 183, 205, 207–10, 215, 216 170, 184, 186, 202, 209, 211, 215, black codes, 92, 216 243 Black Death, 153. See also diseases Barbados, 84, 135, 170, 203, 210, 215 Blackstone, William, 81 Barbary pirates, 3, 202, 240 Blair, David, 218 Baring, Evelyn, 22 Bloch, Marc, 46–8, 183, 200 Barrow, Bennet H., 20, 62 Bodin, Jean, 39, 127, 135, 238 Barry, Kathleen, 74, 80, 83, 100, 101, Bogomil heretics, 47 104, 107n1 Bohemia, 49, 207 Barry, Richard, 90, 147, 185 Bolzius, John Martin, 168 Barzel, Yoram, 24, 117, 125, 203 bonded labor, laborers, and labor baseball players, 29 system, 2, 3, 13, 19, 21, 23, 25–7, basketball players, 29 29–32, 41–3, 47, 48, 55–7, 59, 74, Bastiat, Frederic, 10, 119 76–89, 91–3, 95–7, 102, 106, 118, Bateman, Fred, 174, 175 120, 121, 123–7, 131, 134, 135, 278 INDEX

144–6, 148, 150, 154, 159, 162, brokers, 54 164, 167–71, 174–6, 182–6, 203, Bronner, Milton, 99 210–13, 216, 217, 219, 223, brothels, 11, 64, 80, 99–101, 103, 105, 234–6, 241, 242 149, 181, 182, 213, 217, 219, 240. Borneo, 153 See also prostituted persons Boston, Massachusettts, 202, 208, 216, Brougham, Henry, 40, 96, 122 243 Brown, John, 210, 211 bound labor and laborers, 2, 3, 13, 19, Brown, Louise, 9, 21, 29, 34n1, 95, 21, 23, 25–7, 29–32, 41–3, 47, 48, 101, 103–5, 107, 107n1, 124, 125, 55–7, 59, 74, 76–89, 91–3, 96, 97, 131, 146–9, 151, 161, 166, 167, 102, 106, 120, 121, 123–7, 131, 170, 181, 182, 217–19, 236 134, 135, 144–6, 148, 150, 154, Brown, William Wells, 160 159, 162, 164, 167–71, 174–6, Buchanan, James, 221 182–4, 186, 203, 210–13, 216, Buckland, William Warwick, 20, 23, 217, 219, 223, 234, 241, 242 34n1, 43–5, 95, 149, 204, 215 boycotts, 33, 236 Buddha, 55 Bracero program, 33 Buddhist, 55 Brahmins, 5. See also caste Bunzl, Martin, 145, 240 Branagan, Thomas, 127 Burchell, Mary, 222 branding (of slaves), 3, 45, 52, 102, bureaucrats, 80, 89 147, 241 Bureau of Labor, 81 Brazil, 24, 64, 84, 88, 100, 147, 163, burials, 41, 42 165, 170–3, 180, 186, 209, 210, Burke, Edmund, 39 218, 237 Burma, 81, 101 Brenner, Robert, 177, 200 Burns, Anthony, 216 bricks and brick makers, 75, 106, 107, Bush, Michael, 2, 4, 24, 48, 49, 77, 125, 182, 212, 236 164, 165, 207, 213, 235 bridges, 171, 173, 184. See also businesses and businesspeople, 7, 21, transportation infrastructure 27, 31, 81, 83, 122–4, 131, 133, Bristol, England, 47, 201 158, 170, 210, 219, 224, 235, 239, Britain, 8, 48, 53, 61, 77, 79, 85, 89, 241. See also corporations 94, 99, 106, 119, 130, 132, 133, Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 156 136, 169, 173, 186, 187, 200, 201, 210, 211, 219. See also England British East India Company, 96 C British Empire, 3 Cadet, Jean-Robert, 103, 161, 214 British Foreign Ofﬁce, 88 Cairnes, John Elliott, 117, 129, 160, British Guiana, 77, 84, 210, 212, 216 163, 168, 177, 183, 209 British Navy, 202, 218 Calabria, 154 British Raj, 55 California, 64, 84, 159 British West Indies, 77, 165, 171, 204, Calusa, 59 212, 214, 216 Calvin, John, 50 INDEX 279

Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)., 164 chattel slaves and chattel slavery, 3, 5, 10, Campbell, Robert F., 92 13, 23, 24, 27–9, 31, 32, 44, 46–8, Canada, 9, 105 56, 60, 65, 75–80, 82, 86, 87, 92, canals, 54, 94, 173. See also 98, 100–2, 149, 154, 165, 172, transportation infrastructure 176, 186, 208, 213, 218, 223, 236 Canary Islands, 65 check system, 91 cannabis, 145 Chicago, Illinois, 99 Cape Verde, 65 Chichimec Wars, 207 capitalism and capitalists, 1, 7, 22, 74, Chickasaw, 61 123, 129, 131, 132. See also chief executive officers (CEOs), 27, 31, businesses and businesspeople; 96, 241. See also businesses and corporations businesspeople; corporations carceral state, 84, 217 Child Labour Act of 1989, 235 Caribbean, 63, 64, 84, 85, 153, 216 children, 3, 19, 22, 27–9, 40, 43, 44, Carlyle, Thomas, 7 47, 51, 53–5, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, carpet, 146 80, 84, 85, 89, 100–7, 145, 146, cartels. See market power; monopoly; 148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 158, 159, monopsony 161, 163, 167, 172, 204, 213, 219, Cary, Virginia, 158, 160, 163 223, 242 cash, 11, 24, 25, 56, 57, 61, 62, 86, 91, Childs, Dennis, 73, 75, 78, 81–3, 94, 106, 124, 154, 168, 172, 175, 177. 146, 160, 185, 212, 218 See also money child slaves, 103, 105, 153, 213 caste, 21, 55, 57, 73, 80, 84, 87, 150, child soldiers, 106 154, 217, 243 Chile, 64 Castile, 63 China, 22, 53, 54, 56, 87–9, 101, 106, castration, 62, 165, 203. See also 160 eunuchs; genital mutilation Choctaw, 61 Catholic Church, 64 Christ, 50, 211 Caucasus, 51, 52, 56 A Christian Directory (book), 159 Celtic (culture), 46 Christianity, 49, 50 Central America, 64, 99 Christians, 46, 47, 50–3, 64, 99, 153, Central Asia, 52 170, 182, 187, 221 Central Europe, 99 Christmas, 24, 210 Chad, 51 civil rights, 10, 92, 173, 180, 183 chains, 25, 42, 77, 95, 103, 104, Civil Rights Act of 1866, 81 107n2, 123, 134, 147, 148, Civil Rights movement, 173 170, 217, 238, 241. See also Clarence-Smith, William, 23, 50–3, 93, invisible chains 166, 203, 207, 209, 210, 213 Channing, William E., 4, 96, 122, 186, Clarkson, Thomas, 162 199, 222 Clay, Cassius, 128, 167, 171, 173, 178, Charleston, South Carolina, 170 224 280 INDEX clientship, 23 condoms, 167, 200, 201 clinical depression, 151 Congo, 95 cliometrics. See econometrics Conning, Jonathan, 24, 47, 49, 75, 79, clothes, 28, 45, 86, 91, 102, 125, 147, 143, 241 222 Constantinople (Istanbul), 99 Clover Leaf Farm, 96 constraints, 25, 30, 31, 97, 241 cloves, 22, 52, 58 construction, 52, 94, 95, 100, 106 Cochin, Augustin, 39, 40, 43, 46, 50, consumers and consumption, 10, 12, 117, 135, 159, 161, 164, 165, 171, 26, 41, 90, 118, 130, 133, 162, 173–5, 205, 235 183, 236 cocoa, 22 contracts (labor), 32, 74, 93, 96, 169 coconuts, 52 contrived goods, 125 Code of Hammurabi, 215 control costs and mechanisms, 59, 105, coerced labor and coerced laborers, 25, 144, 213–18 55, 176, 213 control technique, 104 coercion, 20, 34n3, 34n4, 74, 102, 104, Convention on the Elimination of All 121, 145, 183, 202, 234 Forms of Discrimination Against coffee, 52, 79, 132 Women (CEDAW), 236 Cohen, Deborah, 33 convict laborers, 3, 29, 31, 32, 76, 78, Cold War, 233 81–4, 100, 146, 148, 152, 162, collateral security, 25 170, 183, 223 Colombia, 209 convict labor system, 82, 83, 95, 170, colonies, colonialism, and colonization, 185, 217 7, 19, 28, 49, 58, 61, 65, 77, 84, convict leasing system, 83 85, 122, 127, 131, 135, 158, 207, convicts, 3, 29, 31, 32, 44, 47, 53, 54, 211, 219–21, 223 76–8, 81–4, 87, 89, 92–5, 98, 100, Columbus, Christopher, 63, 64 146–8, 152, 162, 170, 177, 183, Comins, D. W. D., 150 185, 216, 218, 222, 223, 235, Committee of Vigilance, 216. See also 237–9 vigilance committees coolies, 3. See also indentured laborers, communism, 177, 212. See also Marxists servants, and servitude and Marxism Cope, Thomas P., 202, 211 company stores, 90, 91, 100 Cordasco, Antonio, 97 company town, 5 corporal punishment, 45, 217. See also compensation for slaveholders, 237 punishments compensation of freed slaves, 32 Corporation Nation (book), 27 competition, 168–70, 173, 177, 241 corporations, 19, 27, 82, 90, 96, 97, compulsory arbitration, 28 123, 124, 174, 183, 212, 214, 223, compulsory labor, 7, 22, 25, 79 238, 239. See also businesses and Comte, Auguste, 44, 73 businesspeople; capitalism; chief concubines, 52, 98 executive officers (CEOs) Conder, Joseph, 123, 125, 127, 128 corregidor system, 63, 75 INDEX 281 corruption, 127, 180–2, 185, 243 Dalits, 5, 80. See also caste corsairs, 52, 94, 154, 158. See also slave Dallis, Dennis, 208 raiders, raiding dams, 54, 94, 154 Corsica, 154 Dance of the Tiger (book), 40 corvee, 63, 94, 211 Danelaw, 46 cost-benefit analysis, 13 dates (fruit), 52 cotton, 6, 7, 19, 27, 31, 52, 76, 91, 120, datura, 145. See also drugs 121, 123, 125, 128, 130–4, 156, Davidson, Basil, 64, 156–8, 180 164, 165, 176, 218, 243 Davidson, Julie O’Connell, 22, 118, Coulanges, Numa Denis Fustel de, 40 214, 215 Council of Westminster, 47 Davis, David Brion, 4, 7, 9, 11, 20, 39, counseling, 222 40, 43, 44, 46–50, 54, 58, 59, 61, counterfeiters, 76 64, 65, 76, 81, 102, 118, 119, 126, courts, 57, 80, 86, 88, 180, 183, 202–4, 127, 153, 159, 162, 163, 166, 167, 216–18, 223 169, 171, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208, cranial deformation, 42 215, 220, 224, 238 creditors, 26, 93, 211. See also debt and Davis, Robert C., 19, 52, 53, 94, 104, debtors 152, 154, 158, 166, 222, 240 Creek, 59, 61 deadweight losses, 11, 143, 144, 154, crime and criminals, 4, 12, 40, 44, 47, 183, 224. See also slavery, economic 65, 78, 81–4, 88, 93, 96, 102, 106, efficiency of 123, 124, 182, 185, 203, 216, 217, dealers, 54, 181, 219 223, 236, 237. See also convict death(s), 14n3, 30, 47, 55, 58, 64, 75, laborers; convict labor system; 77, 78, 81, 88, 99, 104, 145, 146, convict leasing system; convicts 153, 156, 164, 166, 203–5, 210, Crimean War, 176 215 Cromwell, Oliver, 85 de Baca, Lou, 222 crop yields, 176 DeBow, J. D. B., 7 Crow Creek massacre, 59 debt and debtors, 3, 5, 14n3, 23–6, 29, Crown slaves, 132 30, 32, 43, 44, 47, 55–7, 64, 65, Cuba, 84, 87, 88, 165, 172, 183, 186, 74, 76, 77, 82, 86, 87, 89–94, 209, 210, 218 100–4, 106, 107, 123, 144, 150, cultures, 20, 24, 27, 29, 46, 85, 134, 154, 165, 173, 178, 179, 181, 182, 176 216, 223, 242, 243 Cumberland College, 77 debt bondage, 23, 26, 64, 74, 89, 90, Cumlie, R. A. J., 147 93, 94, 154, 181, 182 Cyprus, 58 debt collection, 223 debt peons and debt peonage, 3, 5, 24, 25, 30, 32, 55, 56, 64, 65, 76, 77, D 90, 91, 93, 94, 100, 123, 144, 146, Dabney, Charles, 24 154, 165, 173, 179, 243 Dahomey, 22 Decatur (ship), 210 282 INDEX

Decelea, 206 Douglass, Frederick, 10, 75, 149, 160, dehumanization, 83 211 democracy, 180, 185 Draper, Nicholas, 8 demographic transition, 164, 242. See Drescher, Seymour, 132 also Malthusian population model drought(s), 30, 54, 80, 174 depopulation, 153, 156 drugs, 103, 124, 130, 145, 146, 180, depression (clinical), 151 237, 239 Derby, E. H., 173, 179, 183, 186 Druze sect, 53 Derosne train, 172 Duvalier, Papa Doc, 95 Derrick, Jonathan, 20, 34n2, 58, Dylan, Bob, 162 107n1, 152, 155, 186 Deslondes, Charles, 209 despotism and despots. See tyranny E Dew, Thomas R., 221 earthquakes, 243 Diamantopoulou, Anna, 239 East Africa, 53, 56, 155, 156, 166, 209 diets, 42, 59, 86, 95, 200. See also East African Company, 219 famines; malnutrition; starvation Eastern Europe, 47–9, 52, 56, 181, 207 Dinka, 155 East Indies, 211, 214 Diogenes, 163 econocide, 132. See also economic diseases, 63, 80, 133, 147, 149, 153, suicide 162, 166, 167. See also sexually econometrics, 129 transmitted diseases; speciﬁc economic development, 7, 128, 132, diseases 133, 156, 158, 220 disfranchisement, 182, 185 economic efﬁciency, 2 dishonor, 20, 21, 26, 51, 203. See also economic freedom, 143, 157 shame economic growth, 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, Distribution Bill, 221 117, 118, 130–2, 135, 144, 153, distribution of income, 178–85 155, 178, 179, 233, 234 distribution of wealth, 129, 178–85 economic historians, 2, 11, 32, 119, 131 division of labor, 156, 172 economic independence, 62 dogs, 40, 82, 106, 159 economic output, 2 Domesday (Book), 47 economic suicide, 132 domestic servants, 89 economist historians, 2, 24, 40, 41, 50, domestic slavery, 57, 89 62, 74, 92, 119, 129, 133, 135, Dominica, 84, 95, 100, 209 174 Dominican Republic, 95, 100 economists, 1, 2, 10, 11, 24, 29–31, 40, Dom Pedro II, 180 41, 50, 62, 74, 81, 92, 117–19, Donald, Leland, 23, 30, 42, 59, 60, 121, 129, 133, 135, 144, 160, 174, 122, 153, 162, 167, 201, 202, 213 179, 240, 243 Donington, Katie, 80 education, 1, 12, 74, 144, 150, 151, double cut, 89 170–6, 222–4, 236–8, 241 INDEX 283

Egyptian state, 50 enslavers, 1, 2, 4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 21, 28, eighteenth century(ies), 9, 62, 64, 73, 30, 32, 40, 46–8, 54, 58–60, 62, 85, 119, 126, 132, 156, 168, 169, 74–7, 79–82, 84, 85, 88, 89, 93, 205, 207 100–7, 117–36, 143–7, 149–51, Einhorn, Robin, 180 156, 158–65, 167, 168, 170–84, elites, 3, 22, 43, 47, 48, 51, 56, 63, 84, 186, 199–214, 216–24, 233–40. 85, 89, 91, 92, 133, 161, 176, 179, See also slaveholders 182, 186 entrepreneurship. See innovation Eltis, David, 2, 6, 32, 121–4, 126, 130, epidemics, 153, 155. See also diseases 132, 135, 156, 157, 161, 167, 169, Ericson, David F., 135, 179, 180, 216, 172, 182, 210, 213, 218, 219 223 emancipations, 3, 4, 9, 13, 31, 58, 65, Ethiopia, 3, 58, 101 74–7, 79, 92, 117, 130, 131, 159, ethnicity, 5, 102 169, 171, 173, 176, 177, 180, 200, ethnocentrism, 163 216, 236 eunuchs, 52, 56. See also castration; Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 171 genital mutilation emigrants and emigration, 43, 80, 86, Euroamericans, 8, 59–61, 168, 202, 167. See also immigrants and 208, 209, 215, 216 immigration Europe, 40, 45–9, 52, 56, 61, 96, employers, 2, 22, 25–7, 29, 30, 32, 74, 98–100, 124, 130, 134, 152, 153, 90, 95, 96, 106, 120, 124, 125, 158, 176, 181, 207, 233. See also 143, 144, 168–70, 175, 217, 241, Central Europe; Eastern Europe; 243 Western Europe employment, 10, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, Europeans, 8, 9, 22, 47, 49, 52, 53, 75, 79, 92, 97, 99, 122, 157, 167, 56–8, 60, 61, 63, 84, 86, 88, 94, 175, 237, 238 98, 99, 104, 157, 166, 181, 202, encomienda system, 63 221, 240 Engels, Friedrich, 41, 134 European Union (EU), 181, 239 Engerman, Stanley, 6, 30, 34n1, 40, 41, exploitation, 19–21, 77, 85, 102, 123, 74, 97, 120, 122, 123, 126, 129, 145, 235 130, 132, 135, 151, 155, 156, 172, externalities, 2, 11–13, 118, 119, 127, 179, 213, 214, 222, 234, 236, 237, 128, 130, 132–4, 136, 143–5, 152, 241 155, 158, 159, 162, 172, 176, 224, England, 7, 9, 28, 32, 46, 47, 49, 85, 234, 237, 238, 240, 243. See also 130, 152, 153, 157, 171, 177, 180, negative externalities; positive 183, 237. See also Britain externalities English Civil War, 85 enlightenment, 9, 31, 121, 157, 233 Ennis, Charles, 78 F enslavement, length of, 101, 130 factories and factory workers, 11, 19, enslavement of others, 13, 119, 238 82, 106, 107, 168, 175, 179, 224. 284 INDEX

See also industrialization; Industrial Florida, 59, 83, 84, 90, 135, 185, 209, Revolution 216, 222, 238 Fahrenfort, Johannes, 20, 73 Fogel, Robert, 2, 9, 41, 48, 53, 55, 56, Fairfax County, Virginia, 208 62, 64, 65, 119–21, 123, 125–7, famines, 54, 153, 155, 156, 243. See also 129, 130, 134, 135, 145, 148, 152, malnutrition; starvation 155, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164–70, farmers and farming, 52, 58, 60, 99, 173, 175, 176, 178, 183, 184, 199, 119, 177, 178, 200, 211, 217 200, 202, 204, 210, 211, 213, 214, Faulkner, Charles James, 127, 238 216, 218, 224 Federalist party, 239 foraging. See gathering fees, 82, 95, 97 Foran Act, 97 females. See women forced labor, 6, 10, 21, 23, 31, 55, 56, Female Sexual Slavery (book), 100 65, 75, 123, 124, 153, 174, 185, Female Slavery (book), 74 213 Ferrero-Waldner, Benita, 124 forced prostitutes. See prostituted feudalism, 47 persons field hands and field slaves, 11, 19, 28, Ford, Tennessee Ernie, 5 51, 61, 63, 100, 102, 106, 154, foreigners, 54, 153 169, 209, 210 forgery, 45, 217 finance, financial markets, and the former slaves. See freed slaves financial system, 2, 8, 30, 43, 86, Fortunat, Manuel, 218 179, 241, 243 fossil fuel slavery, 243 fines, 82, 95, 217, 222, 235–8 France, 49, 85, 130, 169, 218 Finland, 40 Franklin, Benjamin, 53, 121, 149, 163, Finley, M. I., 23, 24, 40, 42, 45, 164, 167, 237 117, 121, 131, 134, 150, 161, Franks, 52 163, 167–9, 180, 183, 205, 206, fraud, 45, 79, 80, 90, 93, 104 213–15 Frederick County, Virginia, 208 Finley, Robert, 220 free air doctrine, 48–9 firearms, 96, 152, 211 free blacks, 76, 152, 175, 202, 208, First Amendment, 183 211, 216, 220 First Earl of Mansfield. See Murray, Freedmen’s Bureau, 74–5, 75, 77, 91, William 121 First millennium AD, 54 freedom, 1, 4, 5, 13, 20, 23–33, 34n4, First Seminole War, 209 44, 48, 50, 55, 61–5, 74, 76, 78, fishing, 52, 104, 178, 200. See also 79, 85, 86, 92, 96, 97, 104, 107, gathering; hunting 119, 121, 123, 126, 133, 136, 143, Fitzhugh, George, 7, 30, 31, 96 145, 150, 151, 157, 165, 172, 175, flax, 130 176, 179, 202, 203, 206, 208–10, Flocatex (Florida, California, Texas), 84 220, 222, 240, 241 floods, 39, 54, 243 freedom dividend, 233 INDEX 285 freedom index. See scale of freedom gender and gender identity, 5, 55, 102, freedom papers, 203 147 freedom scale. See scale of freedom genealogy, 5 freedom to quit a job, 97 Geneva, Switzerland, 23 freed slaves, 22, 32, 50, 76, 77, 79, 84, genital mutilation, 22, 165. See also 91, 92, 149–51, 211, 220–2, 224, castration; eunuchs 237, 241, 243 Genoa, Italy, 154 free labor and free laborers, 2, 13, 30, genocide, 164 32, 56, 96, 97, 121, 124, 125, 127, Genovese, Eugene, 56, 62, 209, 213, 129, 169, 170, 176, 218 214 free men/free people, 46–8, 51, 54, 55, George, Henry, 31, 145 60, 61, 119, 135, 160, 167, 183, Georgia, 31, 65, 77, 78, 80, 90, 91, 184, 207, 216 148, 157, 168, 208, 209, 211, 213, Free Soilers, 169 217 free the slaves, 74, 144 Germany, Germanic areas, and French and Indian War, 208 Germanic tribes, 46, 48, 94 French Empire, 3 Gershchenkron, Alexander, 50 French Indochina, 84 Giddings, Joshua, 199 Freud, Sigmund, 39 glassworks, 107 fruit pickers, 106 global economy and globalization, 9, fugitive slave act, 215, 216 175, 233, 243. See also capitalism; fugitive slave laws, 215–17 corporations fugitive slaves. See runaways Glover, Joshua, 216 Futa Jallon, 58, 207 god(s), 28, 50, 63, 126, 132, 134, 220. See also Christ; religion gold, 52, 54, 63 G Golden Ass (book), 40 Gabon, 22 Gompers, Samuel, 28 Gabriel’s Rebellion, 208 goods, 10–12, 14n4, 26, 42, 60, 83, 90, Gaelic culture, 85 91, 106, 118, 124, 125, 132, 155, Gag Rule, 183 157, 170, 172, 173, 175, 178, 219, galleys (ships), 45, 94, 154 236. See also bads Galloway, Charles B., 93, 185 Goths, 180 gang labor system, 27, 61–2, 119, 121, governance, 2, 144, 158, 178–85 123 government officials, 54, 65, 215, 242 Garg, Ramesh, 159 government subsidies, 75, 122 Garner, Margaret, 216 Granville, John, 88 Garrison, William Lloyd, 160, 184, 199 Gratz, Rebecca, 163 Gaspar, David Barry, 165, 205, 207, Gray, Freddie, 204, 212 209, 213, 215 Gray, Lewis C., 120, 121, 129, 212 gathering (foraging), 59 Gray, Margeaux, 151 286 INDEX

Gray, Simon, 224 Helper, Hinton Rowan, 4, 6, 11, 52, Great Basin, 61 120, 127, 128, 168, 173, 177, 178, Great Britain. See Britain 180, 185, 237, 238 Great Depression, 10, 76 hemp, 128 Great Plains, 59 Henrico County, Virginia, 208 Great War (World War I), 73, 89, 94, Herder, Johann Gottfried, 118, 127 99, 242. See also wars Hibbert, George, 200 Greco-Turkish War, 99 Hicks, Frederick, 81, 152 Greece and the Greeks, 27, 42, 43, 97, Higgs, Robert, 10, 135 134, 206 Hindu, 89 guano, 88 Hippias of Elis, 44 gulag system, 94, 95 hired out slaves, 56 Gulf of Guinea, 22, 166 Hispanic, 84 gum arabic, 58 Hispaniola, 64 Gumbu, 79 historians, 5, 7, 92, 119, 129, 131, 133, guns. See firearms 174, 204, 207, 212 Guyana, 165 Historians Against Slavery (NGO), 5 gypsum, 177 historiography, 5 history, 2, 3, 5, 9, 13, 22, 39, 43, 51, 74–7, 82–4, 93, 121, 122, 126, H 128, 135, 136, 164, 165, 167, 171, Haiti, 78, 84, 94, 95, 103, 165, 186, 175, 209, 234, 240 208, 210, 214, 215, 239 Hitler, Adolf, 121, 159 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 169 Hobbes, Thomas, 39 Hall, Catherine, 8, 50, 77, 79, 84, 100, hoboes, 95. See also tramps 122, 200, 211 holidays, 31, 46, 64. See also Christmas Hall, Thomas, 78 Holland. See Netherlands Ham (Biblical figure), 50 homicides, 162, 167, 204, 224. See also Hamilton, Alexander, 183 lynchings Hampton, Wade, 209 Horn of Africa, 76 Han Dynasty, 53. See also China horses, 103, 164, 243 happiness, 2, 4 horticulturalists, 58 Harappa period, 55 hotels, 106 harems, 52 hounds. See dogs Harpers Ferry, Virginia, 210 hours of work. See working conditions Harvard University, 7 A House Dividing (book), 129 hay, 128 House of Delegates (Virginia), 127, healthcare, 42, 144 162, 238 Heeren, Arnold, 134 House of Lords (Britain), 20 Hegel, Georg Wilhem Friedrich, 160, Hugon, Thomy, 86, 159 163 human capital, 14, 33, 121, 150, 155–8, helots and helotage, 23, 43, 206 171, 223 INDEX 287 human nature, 24, 39, 237 149, 150, 154, 172, 180, 182, 200, human rights, 4, 9, 21, 31. See also civil 211, 217, 235, 243 rights Indiana, 99 Hummel, Jeffrey, 11 Indian and Pacific Oceans (IPO), 56–8, Hungary, 207 209 hunger. See famines; malnutrition; Indian Ocean, 55, 87. See also Indian starvation and Pacific Oceans (IPO) Hunter, Anthony, 161 indigo, 79, 156 hunter gatherers, 41, 58. See also Indochinese, 56 gathering; hunting Indonesia and Indonesians, 56, 57, 81, hunting, 6, 41, 59, 91, 155, 200, 209 94 industrialization, 130–3, 169, 174, 175 Industrial Revolution, 1, 7, 133, 175 I industry, 7, 106, 107, 121, 128, 163, Iberia and Iberian, 48, 53, 62, 63. See 174, 175, 185, 242 also Portugal; Spain and Spanish infanticide, 42, 146, 166, 167. See also Empire abortion; homicides; suicide Iceland, 52 infantilization, 150. See also paternalism identity, 5, 26, 48 infertility, 177 illicit trading activities, 235 inflation (monetary), 10, 180 Illinois, 168, 184 innovation, 172, 173, 177, 179 immigrants and immigration, 84, 97, insanity, 180 99, 157, 167, 169, 170, 173, 185, insurance and insurers, 12, 52, 151, 213 216, 242. See also emigrants and insurrection, 45, 128, 162, 204–9, 211, emigration 220, 221. See also rebellions immorality, 4, 14. See also morality interdiction, 218–22 imperialism, 158. See also colonies, interest rates, 144, 154 colonialism, and colonization intermarriage, 54 import substitution industrialization, International Labour Organization 130 (ILO), 21, 23, 123–5, 150, 170, incentives, 63, 76, 82, 88, 89, 130, 133, 223 156, 169, 174, 186, 206, 223, 239, invisible chains, 104, 148. See also 242 chains; coercion ; constraints; indentured laborers, servants, and control technique; psychological servitude, 3, 24, 32, 39, 51, 52, 57, abuse 60, 61, 64, 74, 76–8, 80, 81, 84–9, involuntary labor practices, 235 85, 86, 89, 93, 96, 101, 120, 135, involuntary servitude, 81 145, 146, 148, 150, 159, 160, Iran, 52, 186 162–5, 167, 169, 176, 184, 186, Iraq, 206 203, 207, 210–13, 215, 217, 219 Ireland and the Irish, 27, 47, 52, 82, 85, India, 2, 55, 56, 75–7, 79, 80, 84, 87, 129, 170, 175, 201 89, 91, 96, 102, 106, 146, 147, Iroquoian, 40, 59, 60 288 INDEX irrigation systems, 176 123–5, 134, 146–51, 154, 159, Islam, 50, 51, 63 166, 181, 182, 201, 204, 212, 222, Italy, 42, 46, 47, 97, 200, 204 235, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242 itinerant workers, 95 Kentucky, 77, 128 Kenya, 42 Kerala, 55, 73 J Kevane, Michael, 24, 47, 49, 75, 79, Jackson, Andrew, 220–21 143, 241 Jackson Lumber Company, 90 Kidnapping, 54, 65, 79, 80, 87, 89, jails. See prisons 186, 201, 202, 216. See also slave Jamaica, 28, 84, 161, 184, 200, 207, raiders, raiding 209–11, 214 Kilbourne, Richard, 8, 173, 177 Janajati, 148 killings. See homicides Japan, 56, 103, 161 in kind payment, 23, 25, 168 Java, 79 King, Boston, 208 Jay, William, 199 King Eunus, 206 Jefferson, Thomas, 161 Klein, Herbert, 75, 204, 207, 209 Jersey City, New Jersey, 99 Klein, Martin, 3, 43, 55, 58, 73, 76, 94, Jesus. See Christ; god(s) 124, 158, 200, 212, 222, 240 Jews and Judaism, 47, 50, 90, 95, 153 Kloosterboer, Wilhemina, 30, 34n2, Jim Crow laws, 183 63–5, 79, 94, 166 johns (customers of prostituted Knight, Madam, 61 persons), 105, 166, 167, 170, 181, Knights of Labor, 97 219 Kol, 211 Johnson, Isaac, 23 kola, 58 Johnson, June, 216 Kole District, Uganda, 158 Johnson, Walter, 7 Korea, 56, 57, 95 Jones, Bob, 160 Kristof, Nicholas, 240 Jones, Charley, 30 Kujala, Arthur John, 94, 95, 146 Jones, Mary, 160 Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 78 Journal of United Labor, 143 kul system, 51 judges, 4, 80, 117, 181, 184. See also Kumar, Dharma, 56, 80, 154, 172, 217, courts 235 juju, 105 Kumasi, 162 Kurten, Bjorn, 40

K kamaiya, 123, 154 L Kano, 157 L’Abolition de l’Esclavage (book), 117 Kapi Kullari, 51 labor contracts. See contracts (labor) Kara, Siddarth, 3, 21, 30, 34n1, 34n3, labor force, 25, 150, 175, 177 34n4, 55, 79, 93, 98, 100–7, 118, labor lords, 97, 172 INDEX 289 labor market(s), 30, 57, 92, 97, 117, 222 Locke, John, 30 labor movement, 31–2 logging, 52 labor regimes and systems, 2, 7, 130 London, England, 28, 98, 150 labor shortages, 125 London, Jack, 95 labor substitution, 130 Long, Fanny, 160 labor unions, 212. See also American Lord Cromer. See Baring, Evelyn Federation of Labor; Knights of Lord Goderich. See Robinson, F. J. Labor Lord Palmerston. See Temple, Henry landlords and landowners, 49, 93, 123, John 150, 154, 173, 200, 202, 211 lords, 20, 47–9, 56, 97, 172, 176, 177, land ownership, 47, 74, 79 183. See also feudalism; House of Lang, Rachel, 8 Lords Lapps. See Saami Lost Children International, 152 Latin America, 62, 64, 79, 87, 88, 91, Loudoun County, Virginia, 208 106, 182, 183 Louisiana, 83, 172, 209, 210 law enforcement, 34n1, 104, 105, 181, Louisville, Kentucky, 77, 128, 175 182, 204, 217, 237. See also police Lovejoy, Elijah, 3, 14n2, 30, 42, 51, 53, Lawrence Manufacturing Company, 32 58, 73, 91, 149, 151, 155, 162, Lazarus, Rachel, 27 164, 166, 173, 184, 200, 205, 207, Leaf, Earl H., 89 215 League of Nations, 20, 100 Ludlow massacre, 212 Leech, Moses, 76 lumber and lumbering, 90, 95, 146 Lee, Robert E., 210 Lundy, Benjamin, 160 Leeward Islands, 205 Luther, Martin, 50, 134 legal loopholes, 47, 48, 63, 81, 218 lynchings, 184. See also homicides Legree, Simon, 103, 203 letting out system, 57 Liberia, 78, 101, 219, 221 M Libertarian, 5, 50 Macau, China, 89 liberty, 1, 5, 19–34, 58, 73, 88, 104, Macon Telegraph (newspaper), 212 127, 178, 184, 208, 234, 242 madams, 100, 149, 181. See also Liberty Party, 199 brothels; prostituted persons license plates, 83 Madeira, 65 Lincoln, Abraham, 199, 221, 239 Madhya Pradesh, India, 102 Linguistic analysis, 42 Maghreb, 166 literacy, 144, 150, 157, 171, 172. See Majewski, John, 11, 129 also numeracy Malaya, 153 Littleﬁeld, John P., 94 Malaysia, 106 Liverpool, England, 157, 162 Malindi, 166 livestock, 91, 144, 155, 156 malnutrition, 45, 149. See also famines; Livingstone, David, 53 starvation loan sharks, 29 Malthusian population model, 133, 156 290 INDEX

Malthus, Thomas, 9, 153 199, 202, 203, 208–10, 213, 216, Manchu Dynasty, 87 220, 239 Manes (slave of Diogenes), 164 Massachusetts, 61, 126, 128, 136 Manhattan, New York, 76, 99 mass desertion, 200, 206. See also Mann Act, 98 runaways Manning, Patrick, 2, 7, 58, 143, 145, masters, 5, 24, 31, 44–6, 50, 52, 152, 153, 155–8, 165, 166, 168, 54–8, 60, 62, 64, 65, 77, 79, 180, 185, 236 82, 83, 86, 88, 98, 106, 122, manors, 45, 47–9. See also feudalism 127, 128, 134, 146, 147, 149, Manson, Jacob, 92 150, 161–3, 166, 168, 172, 182, manufactories. See factories 200–4, 206, 208, 209, 211, manufacturers, 82, 178, 218. See also 214–17, 223, 235. See also businesses and businesspeople; enslavers; slaveholders chief executive officers; Mauritania, 13, 102, 172 corporations Mauritius, 56, 87, 160 manufacturing, 10, 32, 82, 100, 118, Maya, 59 130, 133, 174, 175. See also McClelland, Keith, 8 Industrial Revolution; industry McHenry, Jerry, 216 manumission, 24, 45, 50, 55, 64, 94, McKenzie, Shamere, 149 172, 180, 204, 206, 220 McLennan, Rebecca, 82, 83, 217, 218 marginal economic analysis, 49, 117, mechanics, 170, 224 118, 124, 241 medieval period. See Middle Ages marginal product, 48, 49, 85, 90, 241 Mediterranean Sea, 50, 52, 154 market failures, 11, 12, 143 Meillassoux, Claude, 58, 73, 118, 131, market power, 97, 143. See also 165, 166 monopoly; monopsony Mercedarians, 221 markets, 11, 12, 27, 47, 57, 82, 97, 126, merchants, 85, 123, 127, 130, 178 130, 143, 168, 170, 177, 179, 218, Mercians, 47 222, 223, 240 Mesoamerica, 59, 62 Markham, Edwin, 98, 148, 151, 166 Mesopotamia, 43, 215. See also Middle maroon communities, 206, 209 East marriage, 21, 28, 29, 43, 54, 64, 86, 98, Metics, 43 152, 181, 182 Mexico, 33, 61, 64, 65, 100, 135, 204, Marshall, Alfred, 90 207, 209 Marxists and Marxism, 118, 131, 132, Mexico City, Mexico, 207 212. See also communism microfinance, 243. See also banks; Marx, Karl, 7, 31, 41, 73 finance, financial markets, and the Maryland, 85, 146, 151, 202 financial system Mascarene Islands, 85, 209 Middle Ages, 46 Mason, Ann, 99 Middle East, 43, 51, 56, 93. See also Mason, George, 210 Mesopotamia Mason, Matthew, 7, 126, 127, 159, middle passage, 77, 87, 162 169, 179–81, 183, 184, 186, 187, Midwest (United States), 177 INDEX 291

Miers, Suzanne, 2, 20–2, 34n1, 34n2, monopoly, 26, 49, 92. See also market 50, 52, 56, 76, 77, 81, 94, 209, power; monopsony 234 monopsony, 49, 75, 76, 85, 117, 143, migrant workers, 33, 95 145. See also market power; military duty, 21, 44 monopoly militias, 155, 211 Monroe Doctrine, 183 milk, 100, 166 Monroe, James, 220 Millar, John, 31, 44, 50, 81, 121, 171, Montesquieu, 118, 159 173, 201 Moore, John Hebron, 133 Miller, Kelly, 27 Moors, 48, 104, 221 Miller, Randall M., 168, 175, 187 morality, 4, 6, 13, 126, 177, 185 mines, miners, and mining, 11, Morant Bay, 211 14n3, 45, 48, 63, 65, 90, 91, morbidity rates, 147 95, 100, 106, 107, 146–8, 151, More, Thomas, 81 162, 166, 172, 174, 178, 206, Morgan, Edmund, 135 212. See also company stores; Mormons, 61 corporations mortgages, 22 minimum wage (natural), 30. See also Moscow, Russia, 49 starvation Mouhot, Jean Francois, 243 Minkins, Shadrach, 216 Mount Eira, 206 Minneapolis, Minnesota, 33 Mourides, 221 Minnesota, 33, 83 Movement for Black Lives, 8 minorities, 21, 83 Mui-Tsai, 89 miscarriages, 166. See also abortion(s); Mumbai, India, 103, 166 infanticide murders. See homicides; lynchings missionaries, 148, 158, 184, 221 Murdock, George P., 41 Mississippi, 82, 92, 93, 103, 224 Murphy, Laura T, 22, 34n1, 65, 101, Missouri, 216, 221 103, 104, 146–52, 160, 172, 204, Mitchner, Patsy, 78, 91 218, 224, 240, 105107 models of economic growth and Murray, William, 48 development, 1, 4, 6, 13, 117, 130, Muscovy, 49, 214 132, 135, 144, 233 Muslims, 47, 50, 52, 53, 56, 58, 153, mode of production, 157 207 modernization, 174 mutinies. See insurrection; rebellions Mohenjo-Daro, 55 Moldova, 147, 150, 181, 242 money, 9, 24, 31, 45, 50, 51, 76, 80, N 86, 90, 99, 106, 122, 127, 149, Nabuco, Joaquim, 237 150, 158, 180, 204, 218, 221–3, Naim, Moises, 11, 124, 182, 233, 235 236, 238, 239, 242. See also cash Nanking, China, 89 money laundering, 236 Naples, Italy, 154 monoculture, 127, 156, 157 Natal, South Africa, 87 292 INDEX

National Intelligencer (newspaper), 186 New York City. See Manhattan, nationality, 5, 102 New York National Recovery Administration New York Times (newspaper), 240 (NRA), 10 Niger, 102 National Vigilance Association of Great Nigeria, 51, 157, 200, 242 Britain, 99 Nile River, 51 nativism, 169 nineteenth century, 3, 7, 13, 19, 40, 48, natural catastrophes, 243 52, 56, 57, 74, 79, 80, 83, 94, 97, natural experiments, 128 117, 118, 126, 157, 166, 169, 176, natural laws and rights, 126 185, 217 Nauru, 242 Noah (biblical figure), 50 Naxalites, 212 nobi, 56, 200 Neanderthals, 40 nobility, 53, 165 negative externalities, 2, 11–13, 118, Noem, Kristi, 6 119, 127, 128, 133, 136, 143, 144, non-Christians, 49 152, 155, 159, 162, 224, 234, 237, non-enslavers, 118, 200, 220, 223 238, 240, 243 non-government organizations negative spillover effects. See negative (NGOs), 5, 144, 152, 183, 214, externalities 221 neoslaves and neoslavery, 78 non-profits. See non-government Nepal, 21, 101, 123, 154, 186, 236 organizations (NGOs) Nero, 206 non-slaves, 60, 118, 132, 144, 147, Netherlands, 125, 131 166–71, 179, 180, 201–5, 208, net worth (wealth), 178 215, 216, 223, 234 Nevinson, Henry W., 76 Norfolk Island, 122 New Deal, 10 Norfolk, Virginia, 122, 170 New England, 7, 9, 85, 130, 157, 169, North (part of the U.S.), 162 171, 180 North Africa, 52, 64 New Ground plantation, 161 North America, 41, 56, 58, 61, 65, 122, New Jersey, 83, 184, 202 152, 153, 162, 164, 173, 209 New Laws of 1542, 63 Northampton, England, 153 New Mexico, 64 North Carolina, 41, 60, 152, 167, 202, New Orleans, Louisiana, 182, 209 213, 223 new slavery. See neoslaves and North Dakota, 96 neoslavery North Korea, 95 newspapers, 25, 28, 29, 39, 74, 80, 92, Northumbrians, 47, 153 99, 171, 243. See also specific Northup, Solomon, 10, 146 newspaper titles Northwest Coast, 41, 60, 122, 167, Newton, John, 159 202, 213, 223 New World and New World slavery, 7 Norway, 176 New York (state), 9, 127, 128, 134, Notes on Virginia (book), 161. See also 170, 218 Jefferson, Thomas INDEX 293

Nova Scotia, Canada, 169 Parchman Farm, 82, 213 numeracy, 172. See also literacy parents, 19, 44, 47, 105, 152, 158, 159, 162, 240. See also paternalism Pareto optimality, 11, 12 O Paris, France, 80, 104 Oastler, Richard, 169 Parker, Theodore, 143, 174 obsessive-compulsive disorders, Parliament, 2, 200 151 passive resistance, 62, 203, 205, 213. See occupational hazards, 147 also slaves, resistance of Ogeechee Troubles, 211 passports, 99, 105 Oglesby, Richard, 168 pastoralists, 41 Ohio, 177 paternalism, 31, 45, 56, 82, 102, 122, Old Testament, 50 123 Old World, 58, 63 patrols and patrollers, 78 Olmstead, Alan, 133 Patterson, Orlando, 4, 20, 34n1, 51, 75, open range regime, 91 96, 163 opium, 145. See also drugs pattyrollers. See patrols and patrollers opportunity costs, 10, 125, 144, 218, pawning (of people), 101 224 Paycheck, Johnny, 80, 91, 96 Oregon, 60 peace, 57, 99, 130, 184, 233. See also organ harvesting, 21, 22 wars Orlando, Florida, 147 peace dividend, 233 Otis, James, 178 peasants, 47, 49, 56, 84, 95, 96, 207 Ottoman Empire, 51 peculium, 45, 204 overseer (of slaves), 62 Peloponnesian War, 43 Ovington, Mary, 77, 159 Pelteret, David, 20, 34n1, 43, 45–9, 52, Owen, Robert Dale, 76, 161, 169, 178, 63, 96, 154, 165, 177, 202, 203, 241 205, 220 Pemba, 166 penal colonies, 122 P penal slavery, 84 Paciﬁc Ocean, 56, 76, 209. See also Pennsylvania, 5, 85, 99, 128, 129, 157, Indian and Paciﬁc Oceans (IPO) 184, 221 padrone systems, 97 Pennsylvania Colonization Society, 221 Paiute, 61 Pennsylvania Hall, 184 Pakistan, 55, 101, 107, 236 peons and peonage, 3, 5, 23–5, 29, 30, paleontologists, 40 32, 55, 56, 64, 65, 75–7, 77, 90, Pall Mall Gazette (newspaper), 98 91, 93, 94, 100, 101, 106, 107, Palmares, 209 123, 125, 144, 146, 148, 154, 165, palm oil, 58 173, 176, 177, 179, 213, 217, 243 Panhellenic Grocery, 97 per capita income. See economic growth Para, 100 Perry, John Sherwood, 83 294 INDEX

Persian Gulf, 51 positive externalities, 118, 134, 172, personal lives, 25, 26 224 Peru, 88, 152, 211 postbellum period of U.S. history, 151 Petre-Grenouilleau, Olivier, 205 post-emancipation societies, 65, 75, Pettis, Fontaine, 76 76, 79, 84, 91, 95, 100, 121, Philadelphia, 82, 127, 184, 202, 208 150, 184 Philippines, 9, 79 Postlethwayt, Malachy, 119 Phillips, Ulrich B., 45, 46, 122, 125, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 129, 206, 214 150 philosophers, 44, 145 poverty, 89, 99, 150, 154, 157, 178, physical capital, 1, 119, 155 180, 211, 243. See also distribution physical coercion of income; distribution of wealth punishment, 25, 45, 48, 53, 55, 62, Powderhorn Food Community 124, 148 Cooperative, 33 restraints, 25 prehistory, 2, 11, 42 and violence, 45, 57, 103, 104, 149, Preston, William C., 184 152, 160, 185, 201, 208, 212 Price, Jacob, 131 physical therapy, 222 Prince, Mary, 160 physical violence, 45 Principe, 209 piece rates, 27. See also wages and wage prison factory system, 95 rates prison officials, 218 Pierson, H. W., 77, 78 prisons, 81, 83, 124 Pigou, Arthur Cecil, 118, 119, 238 private property regimes, 45, 91 Pigouvian or Pigovian tax, 119 producerists and producerist theory, Pittsburgh, 151 97 planters, 11, 84, 86, 93, 160, 170, 175, professional athletes, 29 176, 183, 211 profits, 1, 2, 9, 11, 32, 33, 48, 49, 63, Plato, 153, 159 75, 76, 85, 105, 117–36, 144, 158, poison, 119, 125, 127, 146, 208, 210 182, 213, 218, 236, 237 Poles and Poland, 90, 207, 209 promissory notes, 23, 93, 181 police, 80, 95, 99, 101, 180–2, 184, property, 20, 25, 30, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 203, 204, 212, 214, 217, 243. See 55, 64, 91–3, 102, 122, 128, 146, also law enforcement 149, 154, 171, 172, 178, 180, 200, policymakers, 13, 14, 32, 132, 234 204, 211, 238 political scientists, 135 property rights, 20, 30, 64, 154 political slavery, 242 proprietors and proprietorship, 27, 32, pollution, 9, 12–14, 118, 143–87, 234 52, 96, 169, 170 populations and population densities, proslavery advocates and thought, 4, 6, 54, 153, 154, 156, 205, 206, 243 7, 9, 30, 44, 50, 61, 78, 96, 179, pornography, 21 200, 220 Portugal, 130, 203 Prosser, Thomas H., 208 INDEX 295 prostituted persons, prostitutes, and Ramcharan, Rodney, 179 prostitution, 6, 21, 52, 89, 95, ransoming, 240. See also slaves 98–101, 103, 105, 107n1, 125, redemption of 146, 148, 149, 181, 183, 239, 243 Ransom, Roger, 52, 53, 92, 173, 221, Protestants, 85 240 Providence (divine), 187 rape, 45, 60, 62, 89, 103, 105, 106, psychological abuse, 25, 29, 30, 104, 159, 181, 187, 217, 235, 238, 241 105, 148, 150–2, 222. See also ratchet effect, 135 invisible chains rate of economic exploitation, 85 coercion, 104 rate of incarceration, 83, 84 constraints, 25, 30 rate of interest. See interest rates and control techniques, 104 rebellions, 127, 206–8, 210–12, 223. Public Advertiser (Louisville) See also insurrection (newspaper), 175 recessions, 10 public assistance, 222 Reconquista, 48. See also Spain public goods, 172, 173 and Spanish Empire public lands, 200 Redemptioners, 86, 169 public works, 54, 57, 81, 94. See also Re-education Through Labor, 95 transportation infrastructure re-enslavement, 149, 150, 222 punishments, 45, 87, 102, 150, 187, Reese, Richard, 77, 78 218 regulators, 27 Putumayo district, 166 rehabilitation, 237 religion, 50, 53 rentiers, 173 Q rents (economic), 11, 49, 75, 76, 85, Quakers, 187 117, 143. See also market power quarrying, 52 reparations, 8, 9. See also compensation Quashee, 209 for slaveholders quasi-slavery and quasi-slaves, 146, 150, repartimiento system, 63 211, 212 repatriation, 8, 219, 220, 222 quilombos, 209 Republican Party, 6, 136, 169, 207, 239 Quirk, Joel, 2–4, 19, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, Resendez, Andres, 3, 47, 59, 61, 63, 64, 44, 51, 53, 63, 74, 85, 89, 93–5, 102, 149, 154, 207, 213 99, 100, 102–6, 126, 129, 143, restavecs, 103, 149, 187, 214 149–51, 154–6, 170, 175, 183, restoration. See rehabilitation 185, 186, 233, 235, 236, 239 Reunion Island, 209 Rhode, Paul, 133, 187 rice, 31, 42, 77, 101, 128, 134, 154, R 211 race and racism, 152 Richmond, Virginia, 170 railroads, 80, 95, 174 Rio News (newspaper), 170 Rajan, Raghuram, 179 roads, 84, 171, 172, 176 296 INDEX robbery, 11, 159, 217 Scandinavia and Scandinavians, 5, 46, Robinson, F. J., 75 52, 90, 220. See also Vikings Rockies (mountains), 91 scars and scarification, 104, 147. See also Rockman, Seth, 7, 96 branding rocks, 107, 209 Schermerhorn, Calvin, 7, 76, 98, 146, Rodriguez, Anna, 34n1 151, 160, 164, 173, 182–4, 202, Rogers, Carol Ann, 30, 155, 238, 241 210 Roll, Jordan, Roll (book), 213 scholars, 3, 4, 7, 11, 14n2, 20, 23, 24, Roman Empire, 45, 134, 182 27, 29, 41, 43, 46, 54, 57, 59, 73, Roman law, 23, 203 74, 79, 122, 130, 133, 134, 155, Rome, Italy, 43, 46, 60, 62, 148, 154, 158, 234. See also specific 161, 203, 206, 214, 215 disciplines, e.g. economist Roots (movie), 19, 40 historians Rowland, Dunbar, 185, 222 schools, 82, 93, 171, 173, 176, 243. See rubber, 80, 166 also education runaways, 48, 82, 105, 148, 149, 204, literacy, 171 209, 210, 214, 215 Schurz, Carl, 78, 79, 92, 120, 121, 164, Rural Code of 1864, 94 174, 217, 224 Russell, John, 77 Scots, Scotland, and Scottish, 9, 16, 31, Russia, 49, 79, 123, 176, 204, 207, 211. 85, 157, 271 See also Soviet Russia scrip, 23, 25, 62, 91, 106. See also Russian Revolution, 99 company stores Scriptures, 185. See also Christianity seasoning, 26, 104 S Segou, 58 Saami, 5 self-actualization, 20, 98, 206 sabotage, 121, 175, 207, 213. See also self-confidence, 62, 98 arson self-employment, 23, 25, 29, 30, 33, safety net, 31 175. See also proprietors and Sahara, 53 proprietorship sailing ships, 87, 219 self-mutilation, 146, 218 sailors, 52, 162, 202, 216 serfs and serfdom, 3, 23, 24, 46–9, 123, Saint Paul, 134 165, 176, 177, 200. See also St. Christopher, 209 feudalism St. Kitts, 84, 211 servants, 51, 52, 61, 85, 86, 89, 96, St. Vincent, 211 135, 150, 160, 162, 163, 207, 215 Sambo personality type, 148 servus, 46 Sao Tome, 65, 203, 209 seventeenth century, 39, 49, 52 Sardinia, 154 Sewall, Samuel, 126, 135, 161 Savannah, Georgia, 170, 211, 213 Seward, William, 134 scale of freedom, 25, 31. See also slavery sex addiction, 19, 103, 145 definitions of sexbots, 243 INDEX 297 sex ratios, 41, 156, 165 slave codes, 214 sex slaves and sex slavery, 19, 125, 126, slave drivers, 62 147–50, 200 slave families, 44 sex tourists, 149 slaveholders, 1, 24, 32, 49, 53, 56, 57, sex trade and sex trafficking, 6, 56, 98, 59, 62, 64, 75, 76, 78, 89, 105, 100, 105, 148, 149, 153, 181, 222 122, 123, 126, 132, 133, 145, 162, sexual assault. See rape 163, 173, 178–80, 208, 213–15, sexual exploitation, 123 223, 224, 237–40 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), slave hunters, 216 149, 162 slave legal codes, 53, 204, 215 sexual orientation. See gender and slaveowners. See slaveholders gender identity slave raiders, 46, 58, 145, 149, 152, sex work, 147 154, 202, 203, 217, 241 shackles, 42, 131, 147 raiding, 102, 155–8, 164, 202, 206 shame, 39, 43, 53, 98, 105, 145, 149, and raids, 55, 57, 153, 156 152, 185, 186, 242 slave recruiters, 79, 80, 87, 126, 145, sharecropping, 57, 89, 90 149, 238 Shiller, Robert, 243 slave road, 54, 55 shirking, 121, 213 slavers, 28, 54, 61, 149, 153, 157, 162, shovers, 76 201, 202, 207, 218, 219 Sicily, 154, 206 slavery. See also scale of freedom Sierra Leone, 101, 150 ancient origins of, 90 Sikasso, 58 characteristics of, 39, 42, 86, 151 Silesia, 207 control costs of, 59, 144, 213–18 silicosis, 147 definitions of, 20, 22, 34n1 silk road, 54 degrees of, 24, 133, 201 silver, 54, 63 demographic effects of, 153, 164, Simon, Kathleen, 76, 79, 93, 94, 101, 166, 173, 242 103, 146, 167, 203, 224, 234 economic characteristics of, 42 Sims, Thomas, 216 economic efficiency of, 2 “I Sing the Body Electric” (poem), 158 effect of on enslaved persons, 147, Sitka, 201 152 six degrees of separation theorem, 133 environmental effects of, 30, 59, sixteenth century, 8, 52, 64, 153, 154, 176–8, 224 202 immorality of, 4, 14 skilled labor, 47 justification of, 40, 210 Skinner, Benjamin, 22, 34n1, 94, 95, legality of, 33 100–6, 146–51, 155, 158, 159, (il)legality of, 33, 60 164, 166, 181, 187, 212, 217, 219, legitimacy of, 50 222, 224, 235, 237–40, 242 military implications of, 21 Skliris, Leon, 97 morality of, 10, 21, 44, 51, 60, 94, slave catchers, 202, 215 153–5, 171, 180, 205, 208, 218 298 INDEX slavery (cont.) prices of, 45, 221 negative externalities caused by, 2, redemption of, 86, 169, 217, 240, 11–13, 118, 119, 127, 128, 130, 241 133, 134, 136, 143–5, 152, 155, rehabilitation (restoration) of, 237 158, 159, 162, 176, 224, 234, renaming of, 59 237, 238, 240, 243 repatriation of, 8, 219, 220, 222 new varieties of, 58 resistance of, 62, 203, 205, 213 parasitic nature of, 4, 75 restoration (rehabilitation) of, 76, as peculiar institution, 39–65, 186, 218–22 234 social death of, 37, 69, 113, 194, profitability of, 13, 14, 118, 119, 122, 266 126, 129, 144 status of, 52 prosecutions for, 98 without owners, 95 proverbs related to, 39, 161, 187n1 zombification of, 104 public perceptions of, 144, 185–7 slave societies and systems, 3, 57, 60, Roman, 3, 20, 43, 75 122, 127, 161, 165, 167, 168, 171, root words of, 46, 117, 125, 177, 172, 174, 185, 201, 205, 209, 214, 239, 240 220 social stigma of, 152 slave trade, traders, trading, and subsidization of, 200 trafficking, 8, 22, 42, 51, 54, 56–8, systems of, 76, 100 76, 82, 126, 152, 157–9, 180, 201, as theft of human labor, 11 217–19, 238, 239 traditional varieties of, 3, 4, 23, 47, slave work camps, 8, 61, 81, 145, 159 58, 100, 133 Slavs, 47, 48, 52 transmogrification of, 75 sleep deprivation, 103 ubiquity of, 5, 40 small world theory, 133 unfreedom of, 33, 63, 234 Smith, Abbott, 85 slaves. See also ransoming Smith, Adam, 73, 81, 90, 121, 130, disorientation of, 5 158, 171, 172, 179, 234 enslavement of others by, 13, 119, Smith, D. C., 96 238 Smith, Robert, 144 height of, 49, 51, 94, 169, 177 social destabilization, 48 legal death of, 47, 204 socialists, 96 market prices of, 22, 45 social pariah, 57 monitoring of, 45, 126, 177 social stability, 134, 156 monitoring of other slaves by, 126, social systems, 19 177 social workers, 222 mortality rates of, 83, 87, 88, 164, 166 socioeconomic class, 20 new varieties of, 58 sociologists, 4, 9, 20, 75 personality types of, 23, 32, 44, 51, sodomy. See rape 56, 75, 86, 94, 95, 103, 121, Sokoto Caliphate, 51 124, 211, 223 Sons of Anarchy (television series), 105 INDEX 299

Soodalter, Ron, 19, 34n1, 34n2, 40, 90, Stockholm syndrome, 34n4, 150 95, 100–7, 122, 124, 145, 146, Stone, Alfred Holt, 1 148, 149, 151, 159, 160, 178, 182, strikes (labor), 25, 83, 96, 203, 205, 212 183, 222, 235, 237–9, 243 subsistence and subsistence lifestyles, Sophists, 44 25, 30, 55, 59, 61, 84, 120 Sorrel, Ria, 160 Sudan, 76, 79, 101, 102, 200, 202, 212, South (part of the U.S.), 80, 82, 93, 235, 240 100, 105, 122, 125, 130, 131, 145, sugar, 19, 52, 58, 65, 76, 77, 79, 84, 88, 148, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 171, 100, 121, 123, 128, 132, 134, 164, 172, 174, 183–5, 200, 212, 224 170, 172, 175, 183, 210, 218 South Africa, 56, 74, 92, 211, 217 suicide, 57, 88, 89, 132, 145, 146, 161, South America, 59, 62, 99 203 South Asia, 76, 101, 102, 104, 106, Sulaweis, 153 146, 153, 182, 243 Sulu, 133 South Carolina, 31, 61, 64, 128, 163, Sumatra, 153 170, 171, 184, 207–9, 214, 215 Sundays and Sabbaths, 28, 32, 46, 64, South Carolina Association, 216 65 South Dakota, 6, 59, 82, 99 supply chains, 123, 238, 241 Southeast (part of the U.S.), 93 Suriname, 217 Southeast Asia, 52, 56, 57, 76, 93, 94, Sutch, Richard, 92, 173 104, 166 sweatboxes, 82 Soviet Russia, 79 Sweden, 176 Spain and Spanish Empire, 3, 46, 64, Swinnerton, Kenneth A., 30, 155, 238, 130, 154, 203, 207 241 Sparta, 206 Switzerland, 23, 85 Spartacus, 206 syphilis, 127 spices, 54, 63 Syria, 206 spillover effects. See positive externalities spiritual beliefs, 105. See also religion Stafford County, Virginia, 208 T Stalin, Josef, 159 Tacky’s Rebellion, 207 standard of living, 89, 177 Tageschalken, 48 starvation, 54, 75, 80, 98, 148, 169. See Taiping Rebellion, 87 also famines; malnutrition “Tangled Up in Blue” (song), 162 state development, 135 tanneries, 107 Staten Island, 161 Tanzimat period, 51 state slavery and state slaves, 94 tariffs, 130, 133, 183, 220 statism, 135 task system, 61 Stead, W. T., 98 tattoos, 102, 147 steam engines, steam power, and taxation and taxpayers, 22, 54, 94, 151, steamships, 87, 174, 175 170, 204, 214, 215, 218, 220, 222, stimulants, 130, 146. See also drugs 243 300 INDEX taxi drivers, 107 Toledo, Ohio, 241 tea, 106, 107 torture, 102, 146, 182, 214, 241 Teackle, Littleton D., 127 tradesmen, 170 technology, 41, 144, 170–6, 243 trafﬁckers, 87, 99, 102, 103, 126, 181, telegraphs, 80, 174, 212 182, 217, 235, 239, 243. See also Temperely, Howard, 74 enslavers; slavers Temple, Henry John, 161 Tramp Acts, 95 Temple of Liberty, 184 tramps, 95, 212. See also hoboes tenants, 89, 90, 200 transatlantic system, 56 tendinitis, 147 Transnistria, 181 Tennessee, 5, 62, 119 transportation infrastructure, 81, 172, Terai, 154 220 Texas, 84, 119, 146, 176, 222, 223 treason, 54, 182 textiles, 54, 120, 130, 176 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 61 Thailand, 8, 57, 93, 94, 101, 217 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, 170 Thames River, 52 tribes, 42, 46, 55, 58–60, 80, 102, 153, Tharu, 154 202 The Call of the Wild (book), 95 trickster personality type, 148 The Christian Observer (periodical), 74 Trinidad, 84, 145, 165 The Economics of Welfare (book), 118 Trinitarians, 221 The Origin of the Family (book), 41 trusties, 82, 97, 157, 205 The Practical Sugar Planter (book), 88 trust issues, 97 The Problem of Slavery in Western tsunamis, 243 Culture (book), 20 Tucker, Charlotte, 73, 155, 158 The Selling of Joseph (book), 126 Tunis, Tunisia, 94 The Wire (television series), 105, 204 Turkey, 51, 54, 172 Third Millennium, 27, 179 Turkic, 54 Thirteenth Amendment, 73, 78, 81, 82 Turner, Nat, 209, 221 Thorney Abbey, 46 turnpikes, 173. See also roads; Thornton, J. Mills, 174, 184, 205, transportation infrastructure 210 turpentine, 90 Tibetan, 54 Tuscany, 215 Time on the Cross (book), 129 twentieth century, 2, 5, 19, 41, 73, 79, Tinker, Hugh, 32, 34n2, 77, 79–81, 84, 83, 87, 94, 97, 98, 159, 164, 166, 86–9, 93, 145, 146, 148, 150, 160, 177, 185, 186, 212, 235 164, 165, 167, 174, 184–6, 203, tyranny, 19 210, 212, 213, 217, 219, 222, 242, 243 tobacco, 65, 85, 91, 128, 132, 169, U 177, 237 Uganda, 157 tok khiew (green harvest), 101 Uganda Railway, 148 Toledano, Ehud, 24, 51 Uighurs, 54 INDEX 301

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (book), 19, 103, Vedic period, 55 123, 146 Venezuela, 209 underground markets, 223 Vesey, Denmark, 209 underground railroad, 184 vigilance committees, 182 unfree workers, 56 Vikings, 46, 48, 52. See also Scandinavia United Nations, 20, 76 and Scandinavians United States of America, 3, 6–8, 10, Virginia, 32, 60, 99, 103, 127–9, 143, 19, 24, 27, 30, 32, 33, 39, 41, 150, 160, 162, 163, 177, 178, 202, 56, 58–62, 64, 65, 73, 75, 208–10, 214, 221, 238 77–9, 81, 83, 86, 89–91, 95, vodoo, 105 97–9, 105, 106, 121, 122, 128, Voltaire, 40 130, 150, 152, 153, 164, 165, voluntary 169, 173, 179, 180, 182, 183, immigration, 157 186, 202, 209, 210, 212, 215, slaves, 30 218, 220, 223, 239, 242. See will, 21 also speciﬁc cities, regions, and Von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 134 states of Vyas, Manju, 166 University of Birmingham, 9 University of Glasgow, 171 untouchables. See caste; Dalits W Upas tree, 210 wage bill, 74, 125 urbanization, 129, 175 wage labor and wage laborers, 23, 25, Ur Nammu, 43 27, 30–2, 56, 79, 91, 93, 97, 120, U.S. Civil War, 43, 74 121, 169, 170, 175 U.S. Congress, 212 wages and wage rates, 10, 21–3, 25–8, U.S. Constitution, 81, 183 30–3, 56, 57, 63, 74, 75, 79, 84, U.S. House of Representatives, 6, 85, 89–93, 96, 97, 100, 119–21, 183 124, 125, 135, 145, 168–70, 175, U.S. Postal Service, 173, 183 202, 209, 212, 222, 223, 241 U.S. Senate, 180 wage slaves and wage slavery, 19, 31, 32, U.S. Supreme Court, 180, 183 90, 96, 97, 212 Utah, 64, 97 wage workers. See wage labor and wage utilities, 22, 75, 124 laborers Utopia (book), 81 Waldstreicher, David, 7, 237 Uttar Pradesh, India, 154 Walker, Jonathan, 62, 216 Wallace, George, 9, 157 Waln, Nicholas, 127 V Waln, Richard, 127 vagrancy, 25, 74, 77, 79, 82, 84, 92, 95, War of 1812, 209 183, 184, 216 wars, 10, 24, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47, 54, 55, Van Deimen, 122 57, 60, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, Veblen, Thorstein, 29 87, 89, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 118, 302 INDEX

120, 128, 131, 133, 135, 147, women, 21, 22, 41, 43, 44, 54, 60, 64, 153–5, 162–4, 167, 169, 171, 173, 65, 80, 84, 98–103, 105, 107, 136, 175, 176, 179, 202, 206–9, 211, 145, 146, 148, 153, 155, 156, 160, 212, 221, 222, 224, 233, 240, 242 161, 165–7, 181, 182, 204, 213, Washington, Booker T., 91, 163 217, 219, 236, 244 Washington, D.C., 146, 203, 209 Woolfolk, Austin, 151, 160 Washington, Henry, 151 Woolman, John, 163 Washington, Irene, 151 Workers’ Rights Law Center of Way, Leonard, 88 New York, 238 Weber, Max, 73 working conditions, 25, 26, 58, 97, 212 Weiss, Thomas, 174, 175 Workman’s Breach of Contract Act of Weld, Angelina, 163 1859, 93 Weld, Theodore, 164, 214 World War II, 10, 95, 135, 175, 221, 233 Werner, Dan, 238 Wright, Gavin, 24, 131, 173 Wesley, John, 5 Wyatt, Bayley, 134 West (part of the U.S.), 97, 220 Wyles, Charlotte, 151 Western Civilization and Westerners, 2, 134 Western Europe and Western X Europeans, 45–9, 52, 53, 61, 96, xenophobia, 98 100, 130, 207 Xenophon, 206 West India Dock Act, 200 West Indies, 58, 64, 77, 79, 131, 136, 165, 166, 171, 173, 200, 204, 212, Y 214, 216 Yale University, 243 Westo, 60 Yaquis, 65 Whartenby, Franklee, 133 Yemen, 152 whips and whippings, 24, 62, 83, 92, Yoruba, 155 120, 136, 150, 160, 214, 215 Young, Arthur, 132 Whiteley, Henry, 28, 160, 161, 170, Young, Brigham, 61 214 Young Women’s Christian Association white slaves and white slavery, 27, 64, (YMCA), 99 98–100, 151 Whitlock, Brand, 241 Whitman, Walt, 158, 187 Z William and Mary College, 221 Zambia, 222 Williams, Eric, 132 zamindars, 182 Williams thesis, 132 Zanj revolt, 206 Wisconsin, 83 Zanzibar, 22, 166, 219 witchcraft, 185 Zapotec, 59 wives, 19, 59, 106, 161 zombies (slaves as). See slaves, Wolitzky, Alexander, 121, 145 zombiﬁcation of