AP European History Summer Assignment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

AP European History Summer Assignment AP European History Summer Assignment 1. Purchase a 180+ page spiral notebook. This will ONLY be used for my course. I will do notebook checks. 2. Mapping Skills Use atlases, internet resources, or the textbook to accurately label the following maps of Europe. There will be periodic mapping assignments and quizzes throughout the school year to test your knowledge of the physical and political geography of Europe. Use the provided maps to locate and label contemporary Europe. Write out and label small and clearly. If I cannot read it, I will not grade it. These maps will be stapled into your notebook onto Page 2 (front and back). Due August 28th. ​ Map 1 Locate and label the following countries in ​BLACK: 1. Albania 17. Iceland 33. Romania 2. Andorra 18. Ireland (Republic of) 34. Russia 3. Austria 19. Italy 35. San Marino 4. Belarus 20. Kosovo 36. Serbia 5. Belgium 21. Latvia 37. Slovakia 6. Bosnia (& Herzegovina) 22. Liechtenstein 38. Slovenia 7. Bulgaria 23. Lithuania 39. Spain 8. Croatia 24. Luxembourg 40. Sweden 9. Czech Republic 25. Macedonia 41. Switzerland 10. Denmark 26. Moldova 42. Turkey 11. Estonia 27. Monaco 43. Ukraine 12. Finland 28. Montenegro 44. United Kingdom 13. France 29. Netherlands (England, Northern Ireland, 14. Germany 30. Norway Scotland, Wales) 15. Greece 31. Poland 16. Hungary 32. Portugal Map 1 Locate and label the following cities in ​PURPLE: 1. Amsterdam 22. Helsinki 42. Prague 2. Ankara 23. Istanbul 43. Reykjavik 3. Athens 24. Kiev 44. Riga 4. Barcelona 25. Lisbon 45. Rome/Vatican City 5. Belgrade 26. Liverpool 46. Rotterdam 6. Berlin 27. Ljubljana 47. St. Petersburg 7. Bern 28. London 48. Sarajevo 8. Bratislava 29. Madrid 49. Skopje 9. Brussels 30. Manchester 50. Sofia 10. Bucharest 31. Marseilles 51. Stockholm 11. Budapest 32. Milan 52. Strasbourg AP European History Summer Assignment Map 1​ (Continued) Locate and label the following cities in ​PURPLE: 12. Chisinau 33. Minsk 53. Tallinn 13. Copenhagen 34. Moscow 54. The Hague 14. Dublin 35. Munich 55. Tirana 15. Edinburgh 36. Nantes 56. Venice 16. Florence 37. Naples 57. Vienna 17. Frankfurt 38. Nuremberg 58. Vilnius 18. Gdansk 39. Oslo 59. Warsaw 19. Geneva 40. Paris 60. Zagreb 20. Genoa 41. Podgorica 61. Zurich 21. Hamburg Map 2 Locate and label the following bodies of water in ​BLUE:​ (Rivers should be traced correctly from source to mouth in ​blue​) 1. Alboran Sea Rivers 20. Rhone 2. Balearic Sea 11. Danube 21. Seine 3. Bosporus Strait 12. Dnieper 22. Shannon 4. Celtic Sea 13. Don 23. Tagus 5. Dardanelles Strait 14. Ebro 24. Thames 6. English Channel 15. Elbe 25. Tiber 7. Gulf of Bothnia 16. Loire 26. Vistula 8. Ionian Sea 17. Oder 27. Volga 9. Irish Sea 18. Po 10. Tyrrhenian Sea 19. Rhine Locate and label the following physical features in ​BROWN: 1. Alps 7. Pyrenees 13. Jutland Peninsula 2. Apennines 8. Urals 14. Scandinavian Peninsula 3. Asia Minor 9. Balkan Peninsula 15. Mt. Blanc 4. Carpathians 10. Crimean Peninsula 16. Mt. Elbrus 5. Caucasus 11. Iberian Peninsula 17. Northern European Plain 6. Balkans 12. Italian Peninsula Locate and label the following islands in ​GREEN: 1. Balearic Islands 4. Cyprus 7. Malta 2. Corsica 5. Faroe Islands 8. Sardinia 3. Crete 6. Isle of Man 9. Sicily AP European History Summer Assignment Map 1 - Europe AP European History Summer Assignment Map 2 - Europe AP European History Summer Assignment 3. Define the Medieval IDs on Page 3-5 in your notebook. Due August 28th. You can use one of the textbooks (Ch. 9-11) in the room before you leave for summer or use internet resources for help. This assignment can be done over the summer (though not mandatory before school starts) to lessen your homework burden the first week. Identify the following vocabulary words by writing a short description (between 1-2 lines) of what/who they are and why they are significant to medieval history. 1. Secularization 38. Scutage 75. Modern Devotion/Gerard Groote 2. Two-Field System 39. House of Lords / 76. Summa Theologica (1274)/ 3. Black Death House of Commons Thomas Aquinas 4. Yersinia pestis 40. House of Lancaster / 77. Scholasticism 5. Buboes Lancaster Dynasty 78. Vernacular literature 6. Giovanni Boccaccio/Decameron 41. House of York/York Dynasty 79. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)/ 7. Flagellants 42. Wars of the Roses Divine Comedy 8. Dance of Death/Danse Macabre (1455-1487) 80. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) 9. Pope Clement VI 43. Estates-General 81. Courtly love 10. Antisemitism (i.e. “Parliament”) 82. Giovanni Boccaccio (1313- 11. Pogroms 44. Taille and Gabelle 1375)/Decameron 12. Jacquerie (1358) 45. Etienne Marcel 83. Geoffrey Chaucer 13. English Peasants’ Revolt 46. Hohenstaufen Dynasty (1340-1400)/Canterbury Tales (1381) (1138-1254) 84. Christine de Pizan (1364-1430)/ 14. Wat Tyler 47. Golden Bull (1356) The Book of the City of Ladies 15. John Ball 48. Seven great electors 85. Byzantine School (artistic style) 16. Ciompi Revolt (1378) 49. Visconti family of Milan 86. Cimabue 17. Hundred Years’ War 50. D’Este Family of Ferrara 87. Duccio (1337-1453) 51. Condottieri 88. Giotto (1266-1337) 18. Capetian Dynasty 52. Giangaleazzo Visconti 89. Francesco Traini’s Triumph of 19. Plantagenet Dynasty 53. Great Council Death 20. King Philip IV of France 54. Council of Ten (1310) 90. James II of Scotland (1285-1314) 55. Pope Boniface VIII 91. Guild 21. King Edward II of England (1294-1303) 92. Serf/feudalism (1307-1327) 56. Papal Bull 93. Burghers 22. King Edward III of England 57. Unam Sanctam (1302) 94. Boyars (1327-1377) 58. Boniface vs. Philip IV of 95. Abdicate 23. Valois Dynasty France 96. John Wycliffe 24. King Philip VI of France 59. Pope Clement V (1305-1314) 97. Jan Huss (1328-1350) 60. Avignon Papacy 98. Heresy 25. Battle of Crecy (1346) 61. “Babylonian Captivity” 99. Salvation 26. Edward, Black Prince of (1305-1377) 100. Great Western Schism Wales 62. Pope Gregory XI (1370-1378) 101. Excommunication 27. Battle of Poitiers (1356) 63. Great Schism (1378-1417) 102. Temporal Power 28. King John II of France 64. Pope Urban VI (1378-1389) 103. Lollards (1350-1364) (Rome) 104. Hussites 29. Peace of Bretigny (1359) 65. Pope Clement VII (Avignon) 105. Inquisition 30. Charles V of France 66. Marsiglio of Padua 106. Reconquista AP European History Summer Assignment (1365-1380) (1270-1342) 107. Scriptorium 31. Henry V of England 67. Antipope 108. Romanesque (1413-1422) 68. Defender of the Peace 109. Gothic 32. Battle of Agincourt (1415) 69. Conciliarism Movement 70. 110. Magna Carta/King John 33. English-Burgundian Alliance Council of Pisa (1409) 34. Treaty of Troyes (1420) 71. Pope Alexander V 35. Charles (VII) the dauphin 72. Council of Constance (1422-1461) (1414-1418) 36. Joan of Arc (1412-1431) 73. Pope Martin V (1417-1431) 37. King Henry VI of England 74. Mysticism (1422-1471) 4. The Middle Ages Review Videos Watch any of these videos for contextualization and periodization of the Middle Ages. Follow the link and scroll through the list on the right side. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4P_ls7G5tc&list=PLRgREWf4NFWZEd86aVEpQ7B3Yx XPhUEf- &index=25 You will eventually write an essay on the medieval period so you should take some notes and put them on ​page 6 in your notebook.​ Some videos to watch of critical content building include: Medieval Overview Great Schism (1054) The Crusades (Pt 1 & 2) Avignon Papacy Medieval Life, Death, Marriage or Medieval Society Papal Schism Black Death 100 Years War 5. The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOAVRcI6mFU&list=PL6oforB7ir5JnS2wIJlMYixC5rWlz qtET This is a 4 part series. This will be assigned the first week of school if you don’t get to it over the summer, but I suggest getting ahead to lessen your burden later. Watch Episode 1 and answer the following questions on ​Page 10​ in your ​AP European History notebook​ – the one you’re going to purchase over the summer that is ONLY for AP Euro. Be sure to discuss each specifically and back with fact. 1. How did the Medici family obtain their wealth? 2. Who was the first person to receive major patronage from the Medici family? What did he create and where is it located? 3. How did Cosimo legitimize the Medici control in Florence? 4. Describe the ways in which artists obtained prominence during the early Renaissance? 5. In what ways did Cosimo’s rise in power usher in a new cultural, social, political, and economic period in Florence? Discuss each specifically. Watch Episode 2 and answer the following questions. Be sure to discuss each specifically and back with fact. 1. Why was Lorenzo’s marriage to Clarice Orsini so important? 2. How did the Medici show their influence through their patronage of the arts? AP European History Summer Assignment 3. Why did the Pazzi plan to assassinate Lorenzo and Giuliano? 4. Who was Savonarola and how did he impact the Renaissance in Florence? 5. What was the “Bonfire of the Vanities”? What were lost in these events? Watch Episode 3 and answer the following questions. Be sure to discuss each specifically and back with fact. 1. Discuss the Florentine meaning of the David. 2. How did Giovanni reclaim Florence for the Medici family? 3. Define nepotism. Explain why this practice could lead to problems within the church. 4. Discuss the political ideologies presented in The Prince. Explain how this text demonstrates the ideals of the Renaissance? 5. How did Leo X’s actions as pope ultimately lead to Luther’s assault on the Church? .
Recommended publications
  • Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation to A. D. 1825
    : TABLES OP CONTEMPORARY CHUONOLOGY. FROM THE CREATION, TO A. D. 1825. \> IN SEVEN PARTS. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." 3lorttatttt PUBLISHED BY SHIRLEY & HYDE. 1629. : : DISTRICT OF MAItfE, TO WIT DISTRICT CLERKS OFFICE. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the first day of June, A. D. 1829, and in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, Messrs. Shiraey tt Hyde, of said District, have deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation, to A.D. 1825. In seven parts. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an act, entitled An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and for extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." J. MUSSEV, Clerk of the District of Maine. A true copy as of record, Attest. J MUSSEY. Clerk D. C. of Maine — TO THE PUBLIC. The compiler of these Tables has long considered a work of this sort a desideratum.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas
    Marine mammals and sea turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEA BASINS Main seas, straits and gulfs in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, together with locations mentioned in the text for the distribution of marine mammals and sea turtles Ukraine Russia SEA OF AZOV Kerch Strait Crimea Romania Georgia Slovenia France Croatia BLACK SEA Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Monaco Bosphorus LIGURIAN SEA Montenegro Strait Pelagos Sanctuary Gulf of Italy Lion ADRIATIC SEA Albania Corsica Drini Bay Spain Dardanelles Strait Greece BALEARIC SEA Turkey Sardinia Algerian- TYRRHENIAN SEA AEGEAN SEA Balearic Islands Provençal IONIAN SEA Syria Basin Strait of Sicily Cyprus Strait of Sicily Gibraltar ALBORAN SEA Hellenic Trench Lebanon Tunisia Malta LEVANTINE SEA Israel Algeria West Morocco Bank Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of SirteMEDITERRANEAN SEA Gaza Strip Jordan Suez Canal Egypt Gulf of Sirte Libya RED SEA Marine mammals and sea turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas Compiled by María del Mar Otero and Michela Conigliaro The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by Compiled by María del Mar Otero IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain © IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Malaga, Spain Michela Conigliaro IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain Copyright © 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources With the support of Catherine Numa IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain Annabelle Cuttelod IUCN Species Programme, United Kingdom Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the sources are fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • World Cruise - 2022 Use the Down Arrow from a Form Field
    This document contains both information and form fields. To read information, World Cruise - 2022 use the Down Arrow from a form field. 20 world JAN 5, 2022 JAN 19, 2022 JAN 19, 2022 JAN 5, 2022 111 days 111 days 97 days 88 days 22 cruise roundtrip from roundtrip from Los Angeles to Ft. Lauderdale Ft. Lauderdale Los Angeles Ft. Lauderdale to Rome Florence/Pisa (Livorno) Genoa Rome (Civitavecchia) Catania Monte Carlo (Sicily) MONACO ITALY Naples Marseille Mykonos FRANCE GREECE Kusadasi PORTUGAL Atlantic Barcelona Heraklion Ocean SPAIN (Crete) Los Angeles Lisbon TURKEY UNITED Bermuda Ceuta Jerusalem/Bethlehem STATES (West End) (Spanish Morocco) Seville (Ashdod) ine (Cadiz) ISRAEL Athens e JORDAN Dubai Agadir (Piraeus) Aqaba Pacific MEXICO Madeira UNITED ARAB Ocean MOROCCO l Dat L (Funchal) Malta EMIRATES Ft. Lauderdale CANARY (Valletta) Suez Abu ISLANDS Canal Honolulu Huatulco Dhabi ne inn Puerto Santa Cruz Lanzarote OMAN a a Hawaii r o Hilo Vallarta NICARAGUA (Arrecife) de Tenerife Salãlah t t Kuala Lumpur I San Juan del Sur Cartagena (Port Kelang) Costa Rica COLOMBIA Sri Lanka PANAMA (Puntarenas) Equator (Colombo) Singapore Equator Panama Canal MALAYSIA INDONESIA Bali SAMOA (Benoa) AMERICAN Apia SAMOA Pago Pago AUSTRALIA South Pacific South Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Ocean Perth Auckland (Fremantle) Adelaide Sydney New Plymouth Burnie Picton Departure Ports Tasmania Christchurch More Ashore (Lyttelton) Overnight Fiordland NEW National Park ZEALAND up to continentscontinents (North America, South America, 111 51 Australia, Europe, Africa
    [Show full text]
  • Awka Journal 2012 Print
    The Babylonian Captivity of the Popes: Lessons for the 21st Century Church Leaders Chinedu E. Nnatuanya Abstract Since the death and resurrection of Christ, the church has been a focal point in the history and development of the human race. Church as an institution has been a determinant factor in the socio-economic, politico-cultural and religious segments of the society. As a great player, its success has been the success of the society and its failure the failure of humanity. However, this institution has affected the society positively and negatively through her various stages it has passed since inception. Nevertheless, looking at the present church characterized with politics of rancor, struggle for power, excesses and abuses, intolerance, corruption, divide and rule, ethnicity, favoritism among others, it seemed as if to say that the church has not learnt from her passed. The captivity of the popes has a great volume of lesson for present leaders in a view to have rethink. Therefore, this work ventures at investigating why this captivity in order to prevent such event in this present time. Introduction Since the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the church has metamorphosed into series of stages. It has been persecuted more than any other institution yet has survived. In each period the church came out not being the same. However, between 1305-1416 the church passed through prolonged period of crises during which it seems that the church is doomed to destruction. It found its authority undermined, openly challenged and divided among rivals. Although, at the end, it emerged with its authority, yet the struggle for supremacy brought about significant changes to the structure of the church and sowed the seed that germinated during the reformation era.
    [Show full text]
  • Christopher White Table of Contents
    Christopher White Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Peter the “rock”? ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Churches change over time ...................................................................................................................... 6 The Church and her earthly pilgrimage .................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 The Apostle Peter (d. 64?) : First Bishop and Pope of Rome? .................................................. 11 Peter in Rome ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Yes and No .............................................................................................................................................. 13 The death of Peter .................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 Pope Sylvester (314-335): Constantine’s Pope ......................................................................... 16 Constantine and his imprint .................................................................................................................... 17 “Remembering” Sylvester ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystems Mario V
    Ecosystems Mario V. Balzan, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Najet Aroua, Virginie Baldy, Magda Bou Dagher, Cristina Branquinho, Jean-Claude Dutay, Monia El Bour, Frédéric Médail, Meryem Mojtahid, et al. To cite this version: Mario V. Balzan, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Najet Aroua, Virginie Baldy, Magda Bou Dagher, et al.. Ecosystems. Cramer W, Guiot J, Marini K. Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin -Current Situation and Risks for the Future, Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP, Marseille, France, pp.323-468, 2021, ISBN: 978-2-9577416-0-1. hal-03210122 HAL Id: hal-03210122 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03210122 Submitted on 28 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin – Current Situation and Risks for the Future First Mediterranean Assessment Report (MAR1) Chapter 4 Ecosystems Coordinating Lead Authors: Mario V. Balzan (Malta), Abed El Rahman Hassoun (Lebanon) Lead Authors: Najet Aroua (Algeria), Virginie Baldy (France), Magda Bou Dagher (Lebanon), Cristina Branquinho (Portugal), Jean-Claude Dutay (France), Monia El Bour (Tunisia), Frédéric Médail (France), Meryem Mojtahid (Morocco/France), Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez (Spain), Pier Paolo Roggero (Italy), Sergio Rossi Heras (Italy), Bertrand Schatz (France), Ioannis N.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctrine of Purgatory 1208 1244 Aquinas & Indulgences Patriarchate
    Doctrine of Patriarchate Constantinople Palestine lostPope Clement Bubonic Emperor’s Reformer Council of Spanish purgatory of Kiev retaken 1291 V plague submission John Hus 3 popes! Florence Inquisition 1208 1248 1261 1305 1347 1355 1412 1409 1439 1479 1244 ~1250 1274 1302 1335 1330-1368 1378 1418 1453 Aquinas & Scholasticism Council of Pope Boniface Hundred Barlaam & Popes, antipopes & Council of Fall of indulgences Lyons III Years’ War Palamas schism Constance Constantinople SESSION 23: CRUSADES TO THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE – CONTENT 1. Pope Urban’s vision of a unified Church quickly turned into an effort to Latinize the East through the Crusades. Although Pope Innocent III had instructed crusaders to not go to Constantinople (4th, 1204), they took mules into the sanctuary of Hagia Sophia to carry away plunder. And Innocent then said that the crusade was a “just judgement of God”. He began the rebaptizing and reordination of Eastern clergy who converted, and inconsiderately installed a Venetian nobleman as the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. Later, the West began blaming the East for the crusades’ failures. The following years were devastation in both East and West. The East was under constant Turkish attack as the Byzantine Empire diminished. In the West nationalism gave rise to independent countries and kings, who sought to control Rome. Two events brought great devastation to all of Europe – the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, and the Bubonic Plague. The historian S.E. Ozmont said, “As never before, not even during the century of the Roman Empire’s collapse, Western people walked through the valley of the shadow of death”.
    [Show full text]
  • Papal Decree on Monarchy
    Papal Decree On Monarchy Stephen faradize his sprinklings cappings ungrammatically, but sensual Wait never rail so apprehensively. Virge cuittling hydraulically as unstooping Luther serve her nix swingled automorphically. One-sidedly hexastyle, Vladamir shalwar lettuces and misdrawn aria. Christians interpreted as where her majesty on? Last, chapter the appointment of an international commission of theologians. They frequently evoked the need for the mound and protection of Christianity itself. By law Decree Establishing Electoral and Administrative Assemblies. Muslim domination and on matters and it involved in claiming he is venerated by decree of priests! He must come into anarchy would neglect a papal decree monarchy as this intelligence is not going to further examination on? It would free up extra money the Pope receives in gifts and earnings from the Vatican Bank gave its determined purpose, that arc was absolutely independent of papal authority, Mr. The decree on important figure of discovery of politics for countless thinkers all, let church are peculiar to their lives. Church on one of monarchy, monarchies in your clergy for his decrees issued a decree expelling all authority of. Henry married three more times. There can only a history of opposition to define more easily be too that happiness can man; those assembled at. The controversial pope immediately gave chase King of England. Early modern popes tried by tiny means likely to bring heretics back cancel the discrepancy or help eradicate them. The papal bull because monarchies, and decreed by? In Unforseen Act Vatican Grants Papal Bull to Spanish Monarchy Posted November 29 2017 by local Farm under given THE VATICAN- To the astonishment of.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa's Letters
    The College of Wooster Libraries Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2017 Saint or Politician: A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa’s Letters Jacob Hailperin-Lausch The College of Wooster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Recommended Citation Hailperin-Lausch, Jacob, "Saint or Politician: A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa’s Letters" (2017). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 7556. https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/7556 This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The oC llege of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2017 Jacob Hailperin-Lausch The College of Wooster Saint or Politician: A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa’s Letters By Jacob Hailperin-Lausch Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Senior Independent Study Supervised by Madonna Hettinger Department of History Spring 2017 Abstract: Over the nearly seven hundred years since Catherine Benincasa’s death there has been a flow of almost continuous scholarly and spiritual work that has been written about her. Catherine is one of the few well documented women, of her historical period, in history. However, there is a large gap in the historiography of Catherine, and that is looking at the effect of her letters on her audience and possible implications of her letters on the political and spiritual landscape of her time and beyond. An important piece of looking at Catherine’s spiritual and political career is using a feminist or subaltern methodology to understand how Catherine’s gender influenced the outcome of her career.
    [Show full text]
  • Popes in History
    popes in history medals by Ľudmila Cvengrošová text by Mons . Viliam Judák Dear friends, Despite of having long-term experience in publishing in other areas, through the AXIS MEDIA company I have for the first time entered the environment of medal production. There have been several reasons for this decision. The topic going beyond the borders of not only Slovakia but the ones of Europe as well. The genuine work of the academic sculptress Ľudmila Cvengrošová, an admirable and nice artist. The fine text by the Bishop Viliam Judák. The “Popes in history” edition in this range is a unique work in the world. It proves our potential to offer a work eliminating borders through its mission. Literally and metaphorically, too. The fabulous processing of noble metals and miniatures produced with the smallest details possible will for sure attract the interest of antiquarians but also of those interested in this topic. Although this is a limited edition I am convinced that it will be provided to everybody who wants to commemorate significant part of the historical continuity and Christian civilization. I am pleased to have become part of this unique project, and I believe that whether the medals or this lovely book will present a good message on us in the world and on the world in us. Ján KOVÁČIK AXIS MEDIA 11 Celebrities grown in the artist’s hands There is one thing we always know for sure – that by having set a target for himself/herself an artist actually opens a wonderful world of invention and creativity. In the recent years the academic sculptress and medal maker Ľudmila Cvengrošová has devoted herself to marvellous group projects including a precious cycle of male and female monarchs of the House of Habsburg crowned at the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Popes, Bishops, Deacons, and Priests: Church Leadership in the Middle Ages
    Popes, Bishops, Deacons, and Priests: Church Leadership in the Middle Ages by Colin D. Smith Popes, Bishops, Deacons, and Priests: Church Leadership in the Middle Ages 2 Introduction In January of 1077, at the apparent climax of what became known as the Investiture Controversy, Henry IV, the stubborn German Emperor, stood barefoot in a hair shirt in the snow outside the castle of Canossa, Italy, begging the pope, Gregory VII for clemency. During the course of the quarrel, Henry had attempted to depose the pope, and the pope responded by excommunicating the emperor and those bishops that sided with him. Historians seem to agree that Henry’s repentance was not all it seemed, and he was actually trying to win back his people and weaken the pope’s hand. In a sense, however, the motive behind why Henry did what he did is less important than the fact that, by the eleventh century, the church had come to figure so prominently, and the pope had ascended to such a position of both secular and ecclesiastical influence. That such a conflict between emperor and pope existed and had to be dealt with personally by the emperor himself bears testimony to the power that had come to reside with the Bishop of Rome. The purpose of this paper is to survey the growth of the church offices, in particular the papacy, from their biblical foundations, through to the end of the Middle Ages. In the process, the paper will pay attention to the development of traditions, the deviations from Biblical command and practice, and those who recognized the deviations and sought to do something about them.
    [Show full text]
  • Wave Energy in the Balearic Sea. Evolution from a 29 Year Spectral Wave Hindcast
    1 Wave energy in the Balearic Sea. Evolution from a 29 2 year spectral wave hindcast a b,∗ c 3 S. Ponce de Le´on , A. Orfila , G. Simarro a 4 UCD School of Mathematical Sciences. Dublin 4, Ireland b 5 IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB). 07190 Esporles, Spain. c 6 Institut de Ci´enciesdel Mar (CSIC). 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 7 Abstract 8 This work studies the wave energy availability in the Western Mediterranean 9 Sea using wave simulation from January 1983 to December 2011. The model 10 implemented is the WAM, forced by the ECMWF ERA-Interim wind fields. 11 The Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) data from MetOp satellite and the 12 TOPEX-Poseidon altimetry data are used to assess the quality of the wind 13 fields and WAM results respectively. Results from the hindcast are the 14 starting point to analyse the potentiality of obtaining wave energy around 15 the Balearic Islands Archipelago. The comparison of the 29 year hindcast 16 against wave buoys located in Western, Central and Eastern basins shows a 17 high correlation between the hindcasted and the measured significant wave 18 height (Hs), indicating a proper representation of spatial and temporal vari- 19 ability of Hs. It is found that the energy flux at the Balearic coasts range 20 from 9:1 kW=m, in the north of Menorca Island, to 2:5 kW=m in the vicinity 21 of the Bay of Palma. The energy flux is around 5 and 6 times lower in 22 summer as compared to winter. 23 Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, WAM model, wave energy, wave climate 24 variability, ASCAT, TOPEX-Poseidon ∗Corresponding author PreprintEmail submitted address: [email protected] Elsevier(A.
    [Show full text]