DOCSLIB.ORG

Brief Overview of the Great Schism of the Western Church (1378–1417)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brief Overview of the Great Schism of the Western Church (1378–1417) APPENDIX BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WESTERN CHURCH (1378–1417) Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski List of Popes 1370–1417 Gregory XI (1370–78) (Pierre Roger de Beaufort) Popes during the Great Schism Avignon Line: Clement VII (1378–94) (Robert of Geneva) Benedict XIII (1394–1423) (Pedro de Luna) Roman Line: Urban VI (1378–89) (Bartolomeo Prignano) Boniface IX (1389–1404) (Pietro Tomacelli) Innocent VII (1404–6) (Cosimo Gentile de’Migliorati) Gregory XII (1406–15) (Angelo Correr) Pisan Line: Alexander V (1409–10) (Pietro Philargi) John XXIII (1410–15) (Baldassare Cossa) Elected at the Council of Constance: Martin V (1417–31) (Ottone Colonna) The Great Schism of the Western Church divided Christian Europe into two and eventually three competing papacies. During most of the fourteenth century, the papacy had resided in Avignon, and all the popes from Clement V (1304–14) to Gregory XI (1370–78) were either French or Occitan. Spurred on by a growing number of saintly and 486 appendix prophetic voices, Pope Gregory XI finally decided to return the papacy to Rome in 1377.1 Gregory died before he could truly reestablish his authority in Rome and the election of a new pope that was called in April 1378 caused one of the greatest crises Western Christendom ever had to confront. The conclave consisted of sixteen cardinals who, as they later claimed, felt threatened by an armed mob clamoring for the election of an Italian pope. They eventually settled on Bartolomeo Prignano, the archbishop of Bari, who became pope under the name Urban VI. Instantly unpopular because of his autocratic behavior, he managed to antagonize the cardinals to such an extent that they left Rome, established themselves at Fondi, and proceeded to elect another pope: Robert of Geneva, a relative of the French king Charles V, who reigned as Clement VII. The cardinals claimed that they had elected Urban under duress and that therefore the election had been invalid. There had been many schisms with rival popes prior to 1378, but this was the first time that the same College of Cardinals elected two dif- ferent popes within the space of five months. The cardinals had hoped that Urban VI would abdicate upon the election of Clement VII, but he had no intention of doing so. The claims of two different individuals to the papacy meant that every European ruler had to decide which pope to recognize as the legiti- mate one. Adding to the conflicts of the Hundred Years’ War, France, not surprisingly, opted for Clement VII while England immediately adhered to Urban VI. Scotland preferred Clement. The Spanish king- doms conducted a lengthy inquiry and finally chose the Avignon pope; the Empire and the many Italian states favored the Roman pope. Some areas, such as Flanders, remained divided and others (Naples, for example) switched sides repeatedly. If anyone had hoped that the death of one of the rival popes would lead to an end of the Schism, they were quickly disappointed. Despite strong diplomatic efforts of the French king Clement VII was succeeded by the tenacious Spaniard Pedro de Luna who as Pope Benedict XIII hung on the papacy until after the Council of Constance, which in 1417 finally put an end to the crisis of the Schism. Urban VI had three successors the last of whom was deposed at Constance. Even before Constance the Council 1 See Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Prophets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism (1378–1417) (University Park, 2006), 2–11 and Walter Ullmann, The Origins of the Great Schism (London, 1948) for a more detailed treatment of this topic..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • James III and VIII
    Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. James III and VIII Professor Edward Corp Université de Toulouse Bonnie Prince Charlie Entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse before 30 Apr 1892. Royal Collection Trust/ ©Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2018 EMPOWER™ RESEARCH The life story of James III and VIII is mainly contained Germain-en-Laye in France, James had good reason to within the Stuart Papers in the Royal Archives at be confident that he would one day be restored to the Windsor Castle. They contain thousands of documents thrones of his father. In the second (1719-66), when he in hundreds of volumes giving details of his political mainly lived at Rome, he increasingly doubted and and personal correspondence, of his finances, and of eventually knew that he would never be restored. The the management of his court. Yet it is important to turning point came during the five years from the recognise that the Stuart Papers provide a summer of 1714 to the summer of 1719, when James comprehensive account of the king's life only from the experienced a series of major disappointments and beginning of 1716, when he was 27 years old. They tell reverses which had a profound effect on his us very little about the period from his birth at personality. Whitehall Palace in June 1688 until he reached the age He had a happy childhood at Saint-Germain, where he of 25 in 1713, and not much about the next two years was recognised as the Prince of Wales and then, after from 1713 to the end of 1715.
    [Show full text]
  • Awka Journal 2012 Print
    The Babylonian Captivity of the Popes: Lessons for the 21st Century Church Leaders Chinedu E. Nnatuanya Abstract Since the death and resurrection of Christ, the church has been a focal point in the history and development of the human race. Church as an institution has been a determinant factor in the socio-economic, politico-cultural and religious segments of the society. As a great player, its success has been the success of the society and its failure the failure of humanity. However, this institution has affected the society positively and negatively through her various stages it has passed since inception. Nevertheless, looking at the present church characterized with politics of rancor, struggle for power, excesses and abuses, intolerance, corruption, divide and rule, ethnicity, favoritism among others, it seemed as if to say that the church has not learnt from her passed. The captivity of the popes has a great volume of lesson for present leaders in a view to have rethink. Therefore, this work ventures at investigating why this captivity in order to prevent such event in this present time. Introduction Since the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the church has metamorphosed into series of stages. It has been persecuted more than any other institution yet has survived. In each period the church came out not being the same. However, between 1305-1416 the church passed through prolonged period of crises during which it seems that the church is doomed to destruction. It found its authority undermined, openly challenged and divided among rivals. Although, at the end, it emerged with its authority, yet the struggle for supremacy brought about significant changes to the structure of the church and sowed the seed that germinated during the reformation era.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiestas and Fervor: Religious Life and Catholic Enlightenment in the Diocese of Barcelona, 1766-1775
    FIESTAS AND FERVOR: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND CATHOLIC ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE DIOCESE OF BARCELONA, 1766-1775 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrea J. Smidt, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Dale K. Van Kley, Adviser Professor N. Geoffrey Parker Professor Kenneth J. Andrien ____________________ Adviser History Graduate Program ABSTRACT The Enlightenment, or the "Age of Reason," had a profound impact on eighteenth-century Europe, especially on its religion, producing both outright atheism and powerful movements of religious reform within the Church. The former—culminating in the French Revolution—has attracted many scholars; the latter has been relatively neglected. By looking at "enlightened" attempts to reform popular religious practices in Spain, my project examines the religious fervor of people whose story usually escapes historical attention. "Fiestas and Fervor" reveals the capacity of the Enlightenment to reform the Catholicism of ordinary Spaniards, examining how enlightened or Reform Catholicism affected popular piety in the diocese of Barcelona. This study focuses on the efforts of an exceptional figure of Reform Catholicism and Enlightenment Spain—Josep Climent i Avinent, Bishop of Barcelona from 1766- 1775. The program of “Enlightenment” as sponsored by the Spanish monarchy was one that did not question the Catholic faith and that championed economic progress and the advancement of the sciences, primarily benefiting the elite of Spanish society. In this context, Climent is noteworthy not only because his idea of “Catholic Enlightenment” opposed that sponsored by the Spanish monarchy but also because his was one that implicitly condemned the present hierarchy of the Catholic Church and explicitly ii advocated popular enlightenment and the creation of a more independent “public sphere” in Spain by means of increased literacy and education of the masses.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa's Letters
    The College of Wooster Libraries Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2017 Saint or Politician: A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa’s Letters Jacob Hailperin-Lausch The College of Wooster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Recommended Citation Hailperin-Lausch, Jacob, "Saint or Politician: A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa’s Letters" (2017). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 7556. https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/7556 This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The oC llege of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2017 Jacob Hailperin-Lausch The College of Wooster Saint or Politician: A Gendered Analysis of Catherine Benincasa’s Letters By Jacob Hailperin-Lausch Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Senior Independent Study Supervised by Madonna Hettinger Department of History Spring 2017 Abstract: Over the nearly seven hundred years since Catherine Benincasa’s death there has been a flow of almost continuous scholarly and spiritual work that has been written about her. Catherine is one of the few well documented women, of her historical period, in history. However, there is a large gap in the historiography of Catherine, and that is looking at the effect of her letters on her audience and possible implications of her letters on the political and spiritual landscape of her time and beyond. An important piece of looking at Catherine’s spiritual and political career is using a feminist or subaltern methodology to understand how Catherine’s gender influenced the outcome of her career.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of the Popes
    THE POWER OF THE POPES is eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at hp://www.gutenberg.org/license. Title: e Power Of e Popes Author: Pierre Claude François Daunou Release Date: Mar , [EBook #] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF- *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE POWER OF THE POPES*** Produced by David Widger. ii THE POWER OF THE POPES By Pierre Claude François Daunou AN HISTORICAL ESSAY ON THEIR TEMPORAL DOMINION, AND THE ABUSE OF THEIR SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY Two Volumes in One CONTENTS TRANSLATORS PREFACE ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION, ORIGINAL CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE TEMPORAL POWER OF THE POPES CHAPTER II. ENTERPRIZES OF THE POPES OF THE NINTH CENTURY CHAPTER III. TENTH CENTURY CHAPTER IV. ENTERPRISES OF THE POPES OF THE ELEVENTH CEN- TURY CHAPTER V. CONTESTS BETWEEN THE POPES AND THE SOVEREIGNS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY CHAPTER VI. POWER OF THE POPES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER VII. FOURTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER VIII. FIFTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER IX. POLICY OF THE POPES OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER X. ATTEMPTS OF THE POPES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CEN- TURY CHAPTER XII. RECAPITULATION CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE ENDNOTES AND iv TO THE REV. RICHARD T. P. POPE, AT WHOSE SUGGESTION IT WAS UNDERTAKEN, THIS TRANSLATION OF THE PAPAL POWER IS INSCRIBED, AS A SMALL TRIBUTE OF RESPET AND REGARD BY HIS AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, THE TRANSLATOR. TRANSLATORS PREFACE HE Work of whi the following is a translation, had its origin in the trans- T actions whi took place between Pius VII.
    [Show full text]
  • Apocalyptic Expectations Among the Followers of Pope Benedict Xiii (R
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Spanish and Portuguese ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-12-2014 APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY Taylor Aaron Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds Recommended Citation Aaron, Taylor. "APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds/2 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish and Portuguese ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aaron C. Taylor Candidate Spanish and Portuguese Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Anthony J. Cárdenas-Rotunno , Chairperson Mary B. Quinn Rachele Duke Michael A. Ryan i APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY. by AARON C. TAYLOR B.A., Anthropology and History, University of New Mexico, 2000 M.A. Hispanic Literature, University of New Mexico, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2014 ii DEDICATION A mi querida hija, Éowyn. Al ver esta tesis doctoral me pediste que te escribiera un libro infantil con dibujos porque éste se ve aburrido.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Vincent De Paul Feast: September 27
    St. Vincent de Paul Feast: September 27 Facts Feast Day: September 27 Patron: of charities; horses; hospitals; leprosy; lost articles; Madagascar; prisoners; Richmond, Virginia; spiritual help; Saint Vincent de Paul Societies; Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory; Vincentian Service Corps; volunteers Birth: 1581 Death: 1660 Beatified: August 13, 1729, Rome, Papal States by Pope Benedict XIII Canonized: June 16, 1737, Rome, Papal States by Pope Clement XII St. Vincent de Paul was born to a poor peasant family in the French village of Pouy on April 24, 1581. His first formal education was provided by the Franciscans. He did so well, he was hired to tutor the children of a nearby wealthy family. He used the monies he earned teaching to continue his formal studies at the University of Toulose where he studied theology. He was ordained in 1600 and remained in Toulose for a time. In 1605, while on a ship traveling from Marseilles to Narbone, he was captured, brought to Tunis and sold as a slave. Two years later he and his master managed to escape and both returned to France. St. Vincent went to Avignon and later to Rome to continue his studies. While there he became a chaplain to the Count of Goigny and was placed in charge of distributing money to the deserving poor. He became pastor of a small parish in Clichy for a short period of time, while also serving as a tutor and spiritual director. From that point forward he spent his life preaching missions to and providing relief to the poor. He even established hospitals for them.
    [Show full text]
  • ST. CATHERINE of SIENA the Mystic EPISODE OUTLINE – PART I
    • ST. CATHERINE of SIENA The Mystic EPISODE OUTLINE – PART I I. INTRODUCTION A. Fascinating Catherine: uneducated; counselor to popes and kings; Doctor of the Church B. Mystical power vs. worldly definition of power II. LIFE AND TIMES A. Her vision as a young girl B. Vow of virginity and living as a recluse C. Mantellate/Order of Dominicans D. Motif in writings: blood III. AVIGNON A. Papacy in exile in Avignon B. Convinced Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome from Avignon C. Supported Urban VI, Gregory’s successor IV. CATHERINE’S UNDERSTANDING OF GOD A. Named Doctor of the Church B. God is beauty, truth, and love itself C. God is “crazy in love” with the world ST. CATHERINE of SIENA: The Mystic 1 • ON FIRE with TRUTH THE LIFE & TEACHING of ST. CATHERINE of SIENA Catherine of Siena is the only lay woman ever proclaimed a Doctor of the Church. For most of her life, except when she was away on a mission of one kind or another, she stayed at home with her family in Siena. Born on March 25, 1347, she died at the age of 33 on April 29, 1380. One of the closest friends of Catherine most affected by her death was a young Sien- ese poet, Neri dei Pagliaresi. A single stanza from the elegy he wrote at the time of her death offers a vivid, intimate portrait of his much-missed friend: Tell me, who will save me now from an evil end? Who will preserve me from delusions? Who will guide me when I try to climb? Who will console me now in my distress? Who will ask me now: “Are you not well?” Who will persuade me that I shall not be damned?1 † ST.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue of the Shepherd's Flock Report!
    Special Issue of the Shepherd’s Flock Report! Teachable Moment…..Election of a pope! Inside this special Issue are Background information for catechists and activities for our students. Who is the Pope? ACTIVITY—Qualities of a Pope. The title pope, once used with far greater lati- Have the students talk about what the qualities tude (see below, section V), is at present em- of a good selection of pope should possess. ployed solely to denote the Bishop of Rome, Make a list of the things thy name. who, in virtue of his position as successor of After a few minutes read the story of the God St. Peter, is the chief pastor of the whole Shepherd and or the 23rd Psalm. (both are on Church, the Vicar of Christ upon earth. the next page) Explain the meaning of scriptures. Besides the bishopric of the Roman Dio- cese, certain other dignities are held by the Jesus is the shepherd who cares for all people. pope as well as the supreme and universal The Pope is the shepherd of the flock on earth pastorate: he is Archbishop of the Roman We are that flock. Province, Primate of Italy and the adjacent What other qualities of the pope should we islands, and sole Patriarch of the Western add to the list. Then hang the list in the hall- Church. The Church's doctrine as to the way . The list can be done on butcher paper pope was authoritatively declared in the Vatican Council in the Constitution "Pastor that is in the closet in room 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Family Tree of Christianity Session 5: the Protestant Reformation (1300 – 1700)
    The Family Tree of Christianity Session 5: The Protestant Reformation (1300 – 1700) Review of Session 4 Iconoclast Controversy in East (717-842) Popes supported rise of Carolingian dynasty: Franks 800: Charlemagne crowned as “Emperor” by Pope Photian Schism (867-879) Constantinople IV (869): the 8th Ecumenical Council Charlemagne’s empire crumbled after his death in 814 Europe invaded by Vikings, Magyars, Muslims: “Dark Ages” 9th century: spread of Slavic peoples into Eastern Europe 863: Cyril & Methodius (Byzantines) begin to evangelize Slavs 1054: the Great Eastern Schism Roman Catholicism in the West and Orthodoxy in the East Gregorian Reform of papacy & Church Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) clashes with HRE Henry IV Battle over lay investiture: appointment of bishops The Crusades: several between 1100 and 1300 1094: Byzantine Emperor appeals to Pope Urban II for help Complete remission of sins for death in battle: “indulgence” Siege of Jerusalem (1099): defenders & civilians were massacred 1204: the debacle of the 4th Crusade Exacerbated East-West tensions beyond healing Revival in the West: High Middle Ages (1100-1300) Growth of cities: result of increased commerce Great Gothic cathedrals become urban centers Rise of mendicant (“begging”) orders Preaching and living the gospel in the world of the city Franciscans and Dominicans First universities: Paris, Oxford, Bologna Scholastic integration of Greek learning & Christian theology 3rd Lateran Council (1179): 2/3’s majority for papal elections Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) The greatest
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Peter Chrysologus
    Saint Peter Chrysologus In 380 AD, Saint Peter Chrysologus was born in When Pope Leo I ascended the Chair of Saint Peter in 440 Imola, which is in modern day Bologna Italy, during the AD after the death of Pope Sixtus III that same year, Peter reign of Roman Emperor Thedosius I, who would be the Chrysologus would become a close confidant of the new last Roman Emperor to reign over the entire Empire. Pope. Peter Chrysologus would for his entire lifetime be After the death of Theodosius I in 395 AD, the reign in fiercely loyal to the Church and a defender of its authority. the West fell to Emperor Honorius. It was against this In 448, Eutyches came to Bishop Peter to gain his backdrop which Peter, who as an adult converted to support in a dispute with the Church where he had been Catholicism and was baptized and educated by Cornelius, deposed of his priestly office and excommunicated. the Bishop of the Diocese of Imola. Peter would Eutyches had previously become well known at the eventually be ordained a deacon of the Church by Bishop Council of Ephesus in 432 for his opposition to Nestorius, Cornelius. who had taught that Christ’s two natures, human and In 423, Emperor Honorius died, and was divine, were bound together by one will, as opposed to the succeeded by Emperor Valentinian III. orthodox view that Christ had two wills, both human and Peter was becoming well known for his short, but divine. While as a priest, Eutyches had been hailed for inspiring sermons, and Emperor Valentinian III would his stance against Nestorianism, he had embraced the become both a fan of Peter and his sermons.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Women of the Great Schism
    Two Women of the Great Schism: The Revelations of Constance de Rabastens by RAYMOND DE SABANAC and Life of the Blessed Ursulina of Parma by SIMONE ZANACCHI • Edited and translated by RENATE BLUMENFELD-KOSINSKI & BRUCE L. VENARDE Iter Inc. Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies Toronto 2010 Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance Tel: 416/978–7074 Fax: 416/971–1399 Email: [email protected] Web: www.itergateway.org CRRS Publications, Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies Victoria University in the University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario M5S 1K7 Canada Tel: 416/585–4465 Fax: 416/585–4430 Email: [email protected] Web: www.crrs.ca © 2010 Iter Inc. & the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies All Rights Reserved Printed in Canada We thank the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation for a generous grant of start-up funds for The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, a portion of which supports the publication of this volume. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Two women of the Great Schism / edited and translated by Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski & Bruce L. Venarde. (Other voice in early modern Europe : Toronto series ; 3) Co-published by: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: The revelations of Constance de Rabastens / by Raymond de Sabanac — Life of the Blessed Ursulina of Parma / by Simone Zanacchi. Also available in electronic format. ISBN 978–0–7727–2057–3 1. Constance, de Rabastens, fl. 1380–1386. 2. Ursulina, of Parma, Blessed, 1375–1410. 3. Women in Christianity—History—Middle Ages, 600–1500.
    [Show full text]