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Apocalyptic Expectations Among the Followers of Pope Benedict Xiii (R University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Spanish and Portuguese ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-12-2014 APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY Taylor Aaron Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds Recommended Citation Aaron, Taylor. "APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds/2 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish and Portuguese ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aaron C. Taylor Candidate Spanish and Portuguese Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Anthony J. Cárdenas-Rotunno , Chairperson Mary B. Quinn Rachele Duke Michael A. Ryan i APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY. by AARON C. TAYLOR B.A., Anthropology and History, University of New Mexico, 2000 M.A. Hispanic Literature, University of New Mexico, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2014 ii DEDICATION A mi querida hija, Éowyn. Al ver esta tesis doctoral me pediste que te escribiera un libro infantil con dibujos porque éste se ve aburrido. Espero que mi próximo trabajo sea más interesante para ti, pero gracias por recordarme de las verdaderas bendiciones en esta vida. To my grandmother, Ilene Jones. I miss you greatly and wish you could have been here to celebrate. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Anthony J. Cárdenas-Rutonno, my committee chair, for his many years of support in the Spanish and Portuguese Department. His encouragement and guidance during writing of this dissertation, as well as throughout my time at UNM, has been invaluable. I also wish to acknowledge with much appreciation the members of my committee, Dr. Rachele Duke, Dr. Mary B. Quinn, and Dr. Michael A. Ryan, for their professional advice and assistance during the research and writing stages of this work. To the staff at the Spanish and Portuguese Department, especially Martha Hurd, thank you for the support with deadlines and paperwork. I also express my gratitude to the GPSA and the SPGPSA for their financial support during my research. Finally, I wish to thank my parents, grandparents, and other family members for showing me the value of education and encouraging me to continue my studies in the face of various obstacles. iv APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY. by Aaron C. Taylor B.A., Anthropology and History, University of New Mexico, 2000 M.A., Hispanic Literature, University of New Mexico, 2008 PhD, Spanish and Portuguese, University of New Mexico, 2014 ABSTRACT In 1420 an anonymous follower of Pope Benedict XIII (r. 1394—1423) compiled a group of forty prophecies regarding his belief in the imminent arrival of the Antichrist entitled Las señales que serán quando el Anticristo verná a reynar. Although most scholars of apocalyptic literature during the Great Western Schism (1378—1417) conclude their studies with the Council of Constance and the election of Pope Martin V in 1417, this study demonstrates that apocalyptic thought evolved quickly among the dwindling supporters of Pope Benedict XIII. By examining the social, historical and literary context of Las señales, this dissertation sheds light on the previously unexplored connection between apocalyptic thought, the persecutions suffered by Benedict and his followers following Constance, and their continued resistance to Martin V. This study demonstrates that Benedict’s followers not only modified contemporary apocalyptic traditions, but they also adapted contemporary literary texts, such as Vida de Jesucrist written by the Francesc Eiximenis. This seminal research opens up a new understanding in the development of apocalyptic literature of the Great Western Schism and provides scholars the opportunity to examine the text through the various editions provided here. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Apocalyptic Literature in Medieval Iberia ................................................ 1 Apocalyptic Thought among Early Christians until the 12th Century ............................ 2 Iberian Apocalyptic Texts until the 12th Century ....................................................... 8 Apocalyptic Developments through the 14th Century ................................................... 12 Iberian Apocalyptic Texts through the Fourteenth Century ..................................... 17 The Great Western Schism (1378—1429) .................................................................... 20 Apocalyptic Literature of the Great Western Schism ................................................... 31 Iberian Apocalyptic Literature during the Great Western Schism ............................ 33 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 2 - The Cancionero de la Trivulziana (MS 940) ............................................. 52 Previous Studies of the CT ........................................................................................... 52 Date of Composition ..................................................................................................... 57 Literary Content and Chronology ............................................................................. 57 Political and Historical Content of CT ...................................................................... 62 Place of Composition – Rome ...................................................................................... 66 The Cancionero de la Trivulziana – Arrival to Milan ................................................... 71 The Composition of the CT and Spanish Imperialism .................................................. 72 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 3 – The Structure and Sources of Las señales ............................................... 77 Structure of LS .............................................................................................................. 77 The Legend of the Fifteen Signs before Doomsday and LS ......................................... 78 Sources of LS Mentioned in the Text ........................................................................... 79 Saint Methodius Martyr ............................................................................................ 79 El Maestro de las Sentencias – Peter Lombard ......................................................... 80 Beda - Bede ............................................................................................................... 80 Hugo .......................................................................................................................... 81 Antidorense ............................................................................................................... 81 Nicolao de Lira ......................................................................................................... 82 Yohachín ................................................................................................................... 82 Augustino .................................................................................................................. 83 Abralio ...................................................................................................................... 83 vi Eusebio ...................................................................................................................... 83 Damaceno ................................................................................................................. 84 Fray Edon .................................................................................................................. 84 Cassiodorus ............................................................................................................... 84 Petrus de Taransía ..................................................................................................... 85 Rabbi Moisen ............................................................................................................ 85 Francesc Eiximenis and LS ........................................................................................... 86 Textual Witnesses in Catalan .................................................................................... 87 Textual Witnesses in Spanish ................................................................................... 87 Stemma Codicum .......................................................................................................... 89 Stemma Codicum of Catalan Witnesses .................................................................... 90 Stemma Codicum of Spanish Witnesses – S1, S2, S3 and S4..................................
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