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James III and VIII
Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. James III and VIII Professor Edward Corp Université de Toulouse Bonnie Prince Charlie Entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse before 30 Apr 1892. Royal Collection Trust/ ©Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2018 EMPOWER™ RESEARCH The life story of James III and VIII is mainly contained Germain-en-Laye in France, James had good reason to within the Stuart Papers in the Royal Archives at be confident that he would one day be restored to the Windsor Castle. They contain thousands of documents thrones of his father. In the second (1719-66), when he in hundreds of volumes giving details of his political mainly lived at Rome, he increasingly doubted and and personal correspondence, of his finances, and of eventually knew that he would never be restored. The the management of his court. Yet it is important to turning point came during the five years from the recognise that the Stuart Papers provide a summer of 1714 to the summer of 1719, when James comprehensive account of the king's life only from the experienced a series of major disappointments and beginning of 1716, when he was 27 years old. They tell reverses which had a profound effect on his us very little about the period from his birth at personality. Whitehall Palace in June 1688 until he reached the age He had a happy childhood at Saint-Germain, where he of 25 in 1713, and not much about the next two years was recognised as the Prince of Wales and then, after from 1713 to the end of 1715. -
Fiestas and Fervor: Religious Life and Catholic Enlightenment in the Diocese of Barcelona, 1766-1775
FIESTAS AND FERVOR: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND CATHOLIC ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE DIOCESE OF BARCELONA, 1766-1775 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrea J. Smidt, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Dale K. Van Kley, Adviser Professor N. Geoffrey Parker Professor Kenneth J. Andrien ____________________ Adviser History Graduate Program ABSTRACT The Enlightenment, or the "Age of Reason," had a profound impact on eighteenth-century Europe, especially on its religion, producing both outright atheism and powerful movements of religious reform within the Church. The former—culminating in the French Revolution—has attracted many scholars; the latter has been relatively neglected. By looking at "enlightened" attempts to reform popular religious practices in Spain, my project examines the religious fervor of people whose story usually escapes historical attention. "Fiestas and Fervor" reveals the capacity of the Enlightenment to reform the Catholicism of ordinary Spaniards, examining how enlightened or Reform Catholicism affected popular piety in the diocese of Barcelona. This study focuses on the efforts of an exceptional figure of Reform Catholicism and Enlightenment Spain—Josep Climent i Avinent, Bishop of Barcelona from 1766- 1775. The program of “Enlightenment” as sponsored by the Spanish monarchy was one that did not question the Catholic faith and that championed economic progress and the advancement of the sciences, primarily benefiting the elite of Spanish society. In this context, Climent is noteworthy not only because his idea of “Catholic Enlightenment” opposed that sponsored by the Spanish monarchy but also because his was one that implicitly condemned the present hierarchy of the Catholic Church and explicitly ii advocated popular enlightenment and the creation of a more independent “public sphere” in Spain by means of increased literacy and education of the masses. -
The Power of the Popes
THE POWER OF THE POPES is eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at hp://www.gutenberg.org/license. Title: e Power Of e Popes Author: Pierre Claude François Daunou Release Date: Mar , [EBook #] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF- *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE POWER OF THE POPES*** Produced by David Widger. ii THE POWER OF THE POPES By Pierre Claude François Daunou AN HISTORICAL ESSAY ON THEIR TEMPORAL DOMINION, AND THE ABUSE OF THEIR SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY Two Volumes in One CONTENTS TRANSLATORS PREFACE ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION, ORIGINAL CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE TEMPORAL POWER OF THE POPES CHAPTER II. ENTERPRIZES OF THE POPES OF THE NINTH CENTURY CHAPTER III. TENTH CENTURY CHAPTER IV. ENTERPRISES OF THE POPES OF THE ELEVENTH CEN- TURY CHAPTER V. CONTESTS BETWEEN THE POPES AND THE SOVEREIGNS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY CHAPTER VI. POWER OF THE POPES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER VII. FOURTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER VIII. FIFTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER IX. POLICY OF THE POPES OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER X. ATTEMPTS OF THE POPES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CEN- TURY CHAPTER XII. RECAPITULATION CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE ENDNOTES AND iv TO THE REV. RICHARD T. P. POPE, AT WHOSE SUGGESTION IT WAS UNDERTAKEN, THIS TRANSLATION OF THE PAPAL POWER IS INSCRIBED, AS A SMALL TRIBUTE OF RESPET AND REGARD BY HIS AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, THE TRANSLATOR. TRANSLATORS PREFACE HE Work of whi the following is a translation, had its origin in the trans- T actions whi took place between Pius VII. -
Apocalyptic Expectations Among the Followers of Pope Benedict Xiii (R
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Spanish and Portuguese ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-12-2014 APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY Taylor Aaron Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds Recommended Citation Aaron, Taylor. "APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds/2 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish and Portuguese ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aaron C. Taylor Candidate Spanish and Portuguese Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Anthony J. Cárdenas-Rotunno , Chairperson Mary B. Quinn Rachele Duke Michael A. Ryan i APOCALYPTIC EXPECTATIONS AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF POPE BENEDICT XIII (R. 1394—1423): MS 940 OF THE TRIVULZIANA LIBRARY IN MILAN, ITALY. by AARON C. TAYLOR B.A., Anthropology and History, University of New Mexico, 2000 M.A. Hispanic Literature, University of New Mexico, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2014 ii DEDICATION A mi querida hija, Éowyn. Al ver esta tesis doctoral me pediste que te escribiera un libro infantil con dibujos porque éste se ve aburrido. -
Brief Overview of the Great Schism of the Western Church (1378–1417)
APPENDIX BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WESTERN CHURCH (1378–1417) Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski List of Popes 1370–1417 Gregory XI (1370–78) (Pierre Roger de Beaufort) Popes during the Great Schism Avignon Line: Clement VII (1378–94) (Robert of Geneva) Benedict XIII (1394–1423) (Pedro de Luna) Roman Line: Urban VI (1378–89) (Bartolomeo Prignano) Boniface IX (1389–1404) (Pietro Tomacelli) Innocent VII (1404–6) (Cosimo Gentile de’Migliorati) Gregory XII (1406–15) (Angelo Correr) Pisan Line: Alexander V (1409–10) (Pietro Philargi) John XXIII (1410–15) (Baldassare Cossa) Elected at the Council of Constance: Martin V (1417–31) (Ottone Colonna) The Great Schism of the Western Church divided Christian Europe into two and eventually three competing papacies. During most of the fourteenth century, the papacy had resided in Avignon, and all the popes from Clement V (1304–14) to Gregory XI (1370–78) were either French or Occitan. Spurred on by a growing number of saintly and 486 appendix prophetic voices, Pope Gregory XI finally decided to return the papacy to Rome in 1377.1 Gregory died before he could truly reestablish his authority in Rome and the election of a new pope that was called in April 1378 caused one of the greatest crises Western Christendom ever had to confront. The conclave consisted of sixteen cardinals who, as they later claimed, felt threatened by an armed mob clamoring for the election of an Italian pope. They eventually settled on Bartolomeo Prignano, the archbishop of Bari, who became pope under the name Urban VI. Instantly unpopular because of his autocratic behavior, he managed to antagonize the cardinals to such an extent that they left Rome, established themselves at Fondi, and proceeded to elect another pope: Robert of Geneva, a relative of the French king Charles V, who reigned as Clement VII. -
St. Vincent De Paul Feast: September 27
St. Vincent de Paul Feast: September 27 Facts Feast Day: September 27 Patron: of charities; horses; hospitals; leprosy; lost articles; Madagascar; prisoners; Richmond, Virginia; spiritual help; Saint Vincent de Paul Societies; Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory; Vincentian Service Corps; volunteers Birth: 1581 Death: 1660 Beatified: August 13, 1729, Rome, Papal States by Pope Benedict XIII Canonized: June 16, 1737, Rome, Papal States by Pope Clement XII St. Vincent de Paul was born to a poor peasant family in the French village of Pouy on April 24, 1581. His first formal education was provided by the Franciscans. He did so well, he was hired to tutor the children of a nearby wealthy family. He used the monies he earned teaching to continue his formal studies at the University of Toulose where he studied theology. He was ordained in 1600 and remained in Toulose for a time. In 1605, while on a ship traveling from Marseilles to Narbone, he was captured, brought to Tunis and sold as a slave. Two years later he and his master managed to escape and both returned to France. St. Vincent went to Avignon and later to Rome to continue his studies. While there he became a chaplain to the Count of Goigny and was placed in charge of distributing money to the deserving poor. He became pastor of a small parish in Clichy for a short period of time, while also serving as a tutor and spiritual director. From that point forward he spent his life preaching missions to and providing relief to the poor. He even established hospitals for them. -
Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
1 POPE GREGORY X AND THE CRUSADES A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF HISTORY AT QUEEN MARY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON BY PHILIP BRUCE BALDWIN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. THOMAS ASBRIDGE 2 FOR MY PARENTS 3 ABSTRACT This study examines the crusading movement during the reign of Pope Gregory X in the latter part of the thirteenth century, before the Latin presence in the Levant came to an end. It seeks to demonstrate the important position of this little-known pope, who formed the bridge between what can now be seen as two separate eras in the crusading period, namely, the era of the traditional passagium generale, and the ‘new’ era of the passagium particulare. To do this, it will study Western and Muslim sources to understand the condition of the Holy Land during Gregory’s pontificate to see the effect it had on the manner in which he organised his crusade, using both traditional and ‘new’ methods. By drawing on sources from crusading in Iberia, it will show that Gregory approached the crusade flexibly, and was not, as commonly described by historians, wholly obsessed with the Holy Land. It also seeks to dispel one of the more popular myths surrounding Gregory, which is that he wanted to change the government of the kingdom of Jerusalem by putting Charles of Anjou in charge there. A study of the Angevin chancery records – little used by crusade historians – will demonstrate that it was not Gregory’s idea, but rather Charles’ own. Finally, using Gregory’s papal registers and chronicle evidence, this study will attempt to imagine the crusade that would have occurred had Gregory not died prematurely. -
MONKS, POPES, and THEIR POLITICAL INTRIGUES by John Alberger
MONKS, POPES, AND THEIR POLITICAL INTRIGUES By John Alberger MONKS, POPES, AND THEIR POLITICAL INTRIGUES CHAPTER I. CATHOLICISM A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Guizot, speaking of the Christian Church, says: "I say the Christian Church, and not Christianity, between which a broad distinction is to be made." The Catholic Church has little except the name of Christianity, while it is secretly a political organization to establish "the supremacy of the Pope over all persons and things," which, according to Bellarmine's view, "is the main substance of Christianity." If we have recourse to the lexicon to ascertain the signification of the term religion, we may arrive at a definite conclusion respecting its classical use: but if we are guided in our inquiry by the popular acceptation, we will discover that its definitions are as numerous as the inhabitants of the globe, and as various as their features. We have Natural religion, Pagan religion, Hindoo religion, Jewish religion, Christian religion, and Mahometan religion. Among Christian sects some believe religion to consist in individual feeling, some in baptism, some in reverence for the clergy, some in problematical creeds and dogmas, some in observances of church ordinations, some in rhapsodies, and some in a species of sentimentalism. The Boston Pilot says: "There can be no religion without an Inquisition;" but Thomas Paine, with nobler philosophy, thinks "religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow creatures happy." The diversity and discordance which have arisen respecting the import of this term, originate from its compound nature adapting it to designate one idea, or a variety of ideas. -
Saint Peter Chrysologus
Saint Peter Chrysologus In 380 AD, Saint Peter Chrysologus was born in When Pope Leo I ascended the Chair of Saint Peter in 440 Imola, which is in modern day Bologna Italy, during the AD after the death of Pope Sixtus III that same year, Peter reign of Roman Emperor Thedosius I, who would be the Chrysologus would become a close confidant of the new last Roman Emperor to reign over the entire Empire. Pope. Peter Chrysologus would for his entire lifetime be After the death of Theodosius I in 395 AD, the reign in fiercely loyal to the Church and a defender of its authority. the West fell to Emperor Honorius. It was against this In 448, Eutyches came to Bishop Peter to gain his backdrop which Peter, who as an adult converted to support in a dispute with the Church where he had been Catholicism and was baptized and educated by Cornelius, deposed of his priestly office and excommunicated. the Bishop of the Diocese of Imola. Peter would Eutyches had previously become well known at the eventually be ordained a deacon of the Church by Bishop Council of Ephesus in 432 for his opposition to Nestorius, Cornelius. who had taught that Christ’s two natures, human and In 423, Emperor Honorius died, and was divine, were bound together by one will, as opposed to the succeeded by Emperor Valentinian III. orthodox view that Christ had two wills, both human and Peter was becoming well known for his short, but divine. While as a priest, Eutyches had been hailed for inspiring sermons, and Emperor Valentinian III would his stance against Nestorianism, he had embraced the become both a fan of Peter and his sermons. -
Quedam De Quibus Dubitans': on Preaching the Crusade in Alfonso X's Castile
`QUEDAM DE QUIBUS DUBITANS': ON PREACHING THE CRUSADE IN ALFONSO X'S CASTILE PETER LINEHAN St John' s College, Cambridge In terms of dramatic content, Alfonso X' s return to Castile from his meeting with Pope Gregory X at Beaucaire was altogether the equal of Henry IV of Germany' s journey to Canossa almost two hundred years before. The effect, however, was wholly different. For whereas by appealing to the priest in Gregory VII the bare-footed German ruler' s démarche may have called the other's bluff, in December 1275 there was no disguising the fact that the learned king returned borne a broken man. On setting out for his encounter with the pontiff fourteen months earlier, he had been in his pomp. Now, seriously iii, possibly even cancerous, and with the imperial strategy by which for almost two decades ah l his endeavours had been influenced shot from under him, in little over a year as well as the possibility of an empire he had lost his son and heir and, in addition to other close relations to whom he was attached, his archbishop of Toledo also. It was at this point that the reign of Alfonso X began to unravel. Immediately the old peninsular agenda resurfaced itself. The Marinid forces of Abu Yusuf which had already claimed the archbishop D. Sancho' s scalp were still at the gate. When the king reached Valladolid in the last week of February 1276, therefore, measures to deal with that threat were the absolute priority. 2 All this is familiar enough. -
Roman Catholicism Why the Need for a Reformation?
1 Roman Catholicism Why The Need for a Reformation? By Owen Daniels Roman Catholicism Why The Need for a Reformation? John 8:31-32 - 31 So Jesus said to the Jews who had believed him, “If you abide in my word, you are truly my disciples, 32 and you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.” Psalm 86:11 - Teach me your way, O Lord, that I may walk in your truth; unite my heart to fear your name. 2 Persecuted or Ignored Pre-Reformers • The Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, etc – All of these groups were appalled by the moral evil emanating from Rome. Though they did not disagree with the theology of Rome, they siloed themselves from its corrupt influences. • Waldensians – Started 1177. boldly proclaimed the Word of God throughout Southern France, Northern Italy and Switzerland. After the Bible was placed on The Index of Forbidden Books by the Council of Valencia in 1229, the Papacy began to viciously persecute the Waldensians. Many thousands were murdered. The persecution of the Waldensians only ended in the 17th Century when Oliver Cromwell of England intervened vigorously on their behalf. The Waldensians survive in Northern Italy to this day - the oldest Protestant church in the world. • John Wycliffe (1320-1384) - Wycliffe championed the independence of England from Papal control and supported King Edward III’s refusal to pay taxes to the Pope. "Who can forgive sins?" Wycliffe taught: "God alone!" He also exposed indulgences, purgatory and transubstantiation as unbiblical heresies. Translated the Bible into English. Justification by faith through Christ alone. -
Pope Benedict XVI: Nunc Dimitti S
Pope Benedict XVI: Nunc dimitti s Thomas M. McCoog SJ Since Pope Benedict XVI announced his resignation, it has been claimed repeatedly that this is the first such act in 600 years – but Thomas McCoog SJ argues that even Pope Gregory XII’s resignation in 1417 is not a real precedent for Pope Benedict’s decision. In fact, we have to go back to 1294 to find the only true historical precedent for the momentous event that takes place today... The new famous photograph of Photo: AFP/Getty Images Dusty tomes and forgotten the bolt of lightning illuminat- manuals need not be consulted ing the dome of St. Peter’s said to ascertain precedents for the it all. For once a picture was papal decision. We have at least worth a thousand words. Pope three available and accessible Benedict XVI quietly announ- histories of the popes and the ced his resignation on 11 papacy which an interested February at a consistory conv- reader can peruse for more inf- ened to set the date for the can- ormation on this glorious insti- onisation of the martyrs of tution and its incumbents: J. Otranto. 1 This short Latin N.D. Kelly and Michael Walsh, statement was a bolt out of the A Dictionary of Popes , 2 nd ed. blue, and would have astonish- (Oxford, 2010); Eamon Duffy, ed those who understood the Saints and Sinners: A History of language. Even experienced Vat- the Popes , 3 rd ed. revised (New ican observers – perhaps not shocked by the Haven, 2006); and John W. O’Malley, S.J., A History of resignation itself because some saw Pope Benedict’s the Popes: From Peter to the Present (New York, 2011).