Espacio Doméstico Edward Hopper Y La Pintura Del Siglo De Oro Holandés

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Espacio Doméstico Edward Hopper Y La Pintura Del Siglo De Oro Holandés Espa io do ésti o Edward Hopper y la pint ra del iglo de Oro Holandés Elena G arc í a V a u ero de A ntonio C u atri estre nv ierno 0 1 9 0 2 0 Espacio doméstico Edward Hopper y la pintura del Siglo de Oro Holandés Estudiante Elena García-Vaquero de Antonio Tutora María Jesús Muñoz Pardo Departamento de Ideación Gráfica Aula TFG 1 María Mercedes González Redondo, coordinadora María del Mar Barbero Barrera, adjunta Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Fecha de entrega: 14 de Enero, 2020 Índice Resumen ........................................................................................................................ 5 Prefacio Motivación ............................................................................................................... 9 Objetivos .................................................................................................................. 9 Método y estructura ............................................................................................. 9 Contexto histórico: Vida social y vida urbana Mediados del siglo XVII en los Países Bajos .............................................. 13 Principios del siglo XX en los Estados Unidos ....................................... 20 Técnica y estética de la pintura Realista Realismo naturalista .......................................................................................... 27 Johannes Vermeer ............................................................................................. 28 Pieter de Hooch ................................................................................................ 36 Nicolaes Maes ................................................................................................... 41 Edward Hopper y el Realismo trascendental .......................................... 50 Elementos clave del estudio comparativo El espacio doméstico La dignidad y virtud del espacio doméstico holandés ................................... 61 El hogar como un escaparate en la ciudad ..................................................... 70 La figura humana La mujer holandesa ......................................................................................... 84 Los seres solitarios de Hopper ........................................................................ 88 La relación del espectador con la escena ........................................................ 94 Luz y materialidad La vinculación de los objetos con la estancia holandesa .............................. 108 La desnudez de las habitaciones de Hopper ................................................. 112 La luz como elementos espiritual .................................................................. 113 Amor y parentesco El amor y la familia holandesa del s. XVII ..................................................... 116 La vida familiar urbana y el amor a uno mismo de los norteamericanos del s. XX .................................................................................................................... 122 Conclusiones ......................................................................................................... 131 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................. 138 Procedencia de las ilustraciones ........................................................... 147 Anexo: Descripción completa de los cuadros ..................................... 154 5 6 Resumen El espacio, pero más concretamente el interior vinculado a lo doméstico, es algo inherente al ser humano. Desde las cavernas de los hombres pri- mitivos hasta los modelos de viviendas de nuestras ciudades, todos han tratado de resolver una necesidad primordial del ser humano: encontrar un lugar para guarecerse y donde poder protegerse. Porque, ante todo, los seres humanos somos seres interiores; y al igual que el cuerpo funciona como contenedor del alma, el ser humano necesita de un lugar donde protegerse, cubrirse, al que poder regresar y llamar hogar. El hogar entendido como el espacio íntimo y privado donde cada indi- viduo encuentra la esencia de lo más profundo y transcendental de su ser. Un espacio que ha evolucionado y se ha desarrollado de forma muy diferente debido a su vinculación con la cultura y las costumbres propias del lugar y momento histórico al que han pertenecido. Por ello y bajo esta premisa, en el presente trabajo se propone un viaje entre dos países y dos momentos históricos muy diferentes: los Países Bajos del siglo XVII y los Estados Unidos del siglo XX. Se tiene el objetivo de observar, analizar y comparar un conjunto de cuadros en los que el protagonista sea el espacio interior y doméstico. Para ello se han cogido tres pintores holandeses -Johannes Vermeer, Pieter de Hooch y Nicolaes Maes- para dar una visión del Realismo Naturalista, y compararlo con el Realismo Trascendental y Social Americano de comienzos del siglo XX a través de la obra de Edward Hopper. Todos ellos se han caracterizado por expresar mediante sus pinturas, y de forma muy verídica y a la vez teatral, la realidad de su cultura y su país. Se involucraron y preocuparon en hacer entender la relación que exis- tía entre el habitante y el espacio habitado. Este estudio comparativo se aborda desde cuatro asuntos clave: en primer lugar, el espacio doméstico holandés contenedor e ideal de la dignidad y virtud frente a los espacios doméstcios de las grandes urbes estadounidenses cuyo modelo de perfec- ción y virtud es la trasparencia de las relaciones sociales expuestas a la luz de un escaparate; además de la figura humana, la luz y la materialidad, así como el amor y el parentesco, conforman los últimos ejes comparativos de este estudio. Palabras clave: Espacio doméstico · Intimidad · Privacidad · Luz · Figura humana · Urbano · Mujer · Familia 7 8 Prefacio Espacio Doméstico: Edward Hopper y los pintores del siglo de Oro Holandés 1 0 P re a io Motivación L os m otiv os por los u e h e de idido tratar este te a se b asan en el interés q u e sie pre e a prod c ido los c u adros de Edward Hopper. a apa- rien ia u e tienen estos a f otogra í as y la esen ia de teatralidad q u e rodea todas s s es enas. N o se trata solo de la representa i n de l gares propios de los a os 5 0 en N ortea éri a sino u e siento u e tiene u n tras ondo so ial o m eta ó ri o donde el pintor intentó m ostrar s v isi n de la v ida cotidiana. Este interés me ha llevado a buscar las fuentes que influencia- ron a Hopper, u é u adros p do o serv ar él en s v ida y u e le g iaron h asta onv ertirse en el pintor u e f u e S i h a la os de la representa i n de la v ida c otidiana los á x i os representantes f u eron los pintores o- landeses del siglo X V I I . L o u e m e h a lle ado a en ontrar u n paralelis o entre estos pintores y Hopper, y a b u s ar u na rela i n entre a b os. Objetivo Este trabajo de fin de grado se trata de un trabajo teórico donde se plantea el an lisis y o para i n de las o ras de Edward Hopper y de tres pintores del siglo de Oro olandés J o annes V er eer, ieter de Hoo h y i olaes M aes- , en las c u ales se representa el espa io interior do ésti o y priv ado de dos épocas diferentes. Se trata de asemejar ambas obras, con el fin de en ontrar ele entos o para les u e per itan o prender m e or las es enas. U na ob serv a i n desde u n p nto de v ista des riptiv o y perc epti- v o del espa io, so re el c u al se e trae u n m arc o on ept al c o ú n Estos c on eptos será n u tili ados y representados de di erente f or a en ada m o ento h istó ri o por lo u e se propone en ontrarlos, c o pararlos y v er en q u e se ase e an y se di eren ian Método y estructura Con el fin de acotar el trabajo, se seleccionan obras de dos periodos dis- tintos en las u ales se represente el espa io interior y do ésti o. P or u n lado, en rela i n on los pintores h olandeses del siglo de Oro, se sele c io- nan o ras y artistas de m ediados del siglo X V I I ; m á s c on reta ente c en- trandonos en las figuras de Johannes Vermeer, Pieter de Hooch y Nicolaes M aes. , por otro lado, se ogen o ras de Edward Hopper reali adas entre los a os 0 y 0 . L a o ras q u e á s e interesan para este tra a o son a u ellas u e representen espa ios interiores de ará c ter do ésti o y pri- v ado. En el aso de los h olandeses se tratan de h a ita iones interiores de las asas t pi as h olandesas, donde se da an las a tiv idades otidianas de u n h ogar. en el aso de Hopper son h a ita iones on di erentes grados de inti idad re ogiendo tanto h a ita iones de asa y de h oteles, o o salas de cine, oficinas o teatros. La idea es contemplar los lugares interio- res m á s o u nes y representativ os de ada épo a donde se desarrolla a 1 1 Espacio Doméstico: Edward Hopper y los pintores del siglo de Oro Holandés P ara ello h e ons ltado di erentes li ros ogidos prin ipal ente de la B i- b liote a de la a u ltad de eogra í a e Historia de la niv ersidad C o pl - tense y de la i liote a de la a u ltad de ellas A rtes de la niv ersidad C o pl tense S o re los pintores olandeses e a ay dado espe ial ente el li ro Elo- gio de lo cotidiano de z v etan edorov , donde se presenta la v ida so ial y do ésti a de la Holanda del siglo X V I I . A de á s, este li ro e a aporta- do las o ras de m u c h os artistas q u e se dedi aron a este te a en parti u lar. S o re Edward Hopper e sele c ionado a u ellos q u e e an per itido c ono er s s intereses, s s re erentes y s pint ra asi om o el por u é de s interés por la arq u ite t ra y la v ida u rb ana El li ro q u e e a serv ido en este te a de gran ay da h a sido el at logo tit lado Hopper, u e reali- z ó el M u seo T h yssen B orne is a de M adrid c on m otiv o de la e posi i n retrospe tiv a de la o ra del pintor e p esta en el a o 2 0 1 2 en este m is o m u seo.
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