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Estado De Tabasco Estado de Tabasco. Actividad 1 Bloque 1 Unidad 11. Maestría en Cocinas de México. Cuilinary Art School. Lic. Víctor Josué Palma tenorio. ¿Donde se encuentra Tabasco? • Tabasco es uno de los treinta y un estados que, junto con la Ciudad de México, forman los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Su capital y ciudad más poblada es Villahermosa. • Está ubicado en la región sureste del país, limitando al norte con el golfo de México (océano Atlántico), al este con Campeche, al sureste con Guatemala, al sur con Chiapas y al oeste con Veracruz. • Con 24,738 km² es el octavo estado menos extenso. Toponimia de Tabasco. El origen del nombre del estado ha sido objeto de diferentes interpretaciones: • La más aceptada es que proviene del nombre del cacique indígena Tabscoob, quien gobernaba la provincia en el momento del desembarco de los españoles en 1518. • Los conquistadores españoles escucharon a los indígenas referirse al río Grijalva como río Tabasco. Al respecto, Bernal Díaz del Castillo relata que durante la expedición al mando del capitán Juan de Grijalva, "llegaron a la desembocadura de un gran río llamado de Tabasco, porque así se llamaba el cacique de aquel pueblo". • El doctor Berend, en su manuscrito Nombres geográficos mayas, asegura que la palabra Tabasco es una forma ligeramente corrompida del conjunto de vocablos mayas Tab-uaxac-coh, que significan "nuestro señor el de los ocho leones". • Tabasco recibe el mote del Edén de México, por la exuberancia de su flora, y elementos naturales. Geografía. • El estado de Tabasco se encuentra formado por llanuras bajas y húmedas de origen aluvial, efecto de la acción de los ríos; en la zona de la Chontalpa y parte de los municipios de Centla y Jonuta, existen depresiones pantanosas e inundables, tanto por las avenidas de los ríos como por las aguas que atraen perturbaciones ciclónicas y abundantes lluvias. • El clima tropical húmedo es una característica muy singular de la región, con temperaturas que van de los 15 °C en los meses más fríos (enero y diciembre) hasta 44 °C en los más calurosos; la temperatura promedio es de 26 °C, la cual en razón de la escasa altura con relación al nivel del mar permanece constante. Historia de Tabasco. • El territorio del estado de Tabasco está comprendido en la región central, en las tierras bajas de Mesoamérica. Este territorio fue uno de los puntos más importantes en los que habitó la cultura olmeca, primera civilización en Tabasco y en el golfo de México. • Al igual que los olmecas, aunque unos siglos más tarde, la cultura maya habitó el territorio tabasqueño, esto fue durante el periodo clásico mesoamericano. • La civilización maya fue parte de la historia de Tabasco, teniendo asentamientos en las tierras bajas de su actual territorio, tales como Comalcalco, Pomoná, Moral-Reforma o San Claudio durante el período clásico de Mesoamérica. • Los Putunes o maya-chontales tuvieron su asiento principal y original en el delta de los ríos Usumacinta y Grijalva, así como alrededor de la Laguna de Términos. Llegaron a dominar un basto territorio que iba desde Cupilco en el oriente, hasta Chakán Putún en el golfo y Chactemal en la costa del mar Caribe Historia de Tabasco. • El 8 de junio de 1518, los españoles arribaron el territorio del actual estado de Tabasco cuando Juan de Grijalva se adentró en la desembocadura del río que los naturales llamaban río Tabasco y los españoles bautizaron como río Grijalva en honor a su capitán, y desembarcó en Potonchán, población del Señorío Chontal de Tabasco. • Juan de Grijalva, entabló pláticas con los indígenas de Potonchán entrevistándose con el cacique maya Tabscoob a quien, inclusive, le obsequió varias cosas, incluyendo su jubón de terciopelo verde, mientras que el cacique maya le obsequiaba diversos objetos de oro y artesanías de barro. Después de unos días y de abastecerse de víveres, Grijalva continuó su camino. Historia de Tabasco. • La conquista de Tabasco fueron las campañas militares realizadas por el ejército español con la finalidad de conquistar y colonizar el territorio tabasqueño, y que comprende un período de 45 años, el cual inicia en 1518 con el descubrimiento de Tabasco por parte de Juan de Grijalva y culmina en 1564 con la rendición final de los indígenas de Cimatán a la corona española. • Casi un año después del descubrimiento de Tabasco por Juan de Grijalva, en una segunda expedición, el conquistador Hernán Cortés arribó a Tabasco el 12 de marzo de 1519 al desembarcar en la "Punta de los Palmares",23 justo en la desembocadura del río Grijalva, pero fue recibido en forma hostil por los indígenas. • Ante la negativa de los indígenas a sujetarse a la corona española, Cortés decide atacarlos, escenificándose así el 14 de marzo la "Batalla de Centla", en donde tomó parte por primera vez el caballo en una batalla en el nuevo mundo, causando un gran impacto entre los nativos. Historia de Tabasco. • Hernán Cortés tomó posesión de las tierras a nombre de la corona española declarando la fundación el 25 de marzo de la Villa de Santa María de la Victoria,25 que sería la primera población en territorio continental de México. • En 1525, Cortés envió a Tabasco al Capitán Juan de Vallecillo28 con un pequeño destacamento para someter a los naturales, convirtiéndose así de hecho en el primer gobernador de la provincia de Tabasco. Vallecillo, reconstruyó la Villa de Santa María de la Victoria, que había sido destruida por los indígenas, e intentó pacificar la provincia, pero no pudo sojuzgar a los nativos, falleciendo a los pocos meses. • En 1528 Francisco de Montejo "el Adelantado", recibió del rey el título de «gobernador de Yucatán, Cozumel y Tabasco», de 1530 a 1535 batalló en tierras tabasqueñas, logrando en 1535 la pacificación y control de la zona del río Grijalva, abriendo un camino seguro hacia Las Chiapas. Grupos étnicos de Tabasco: Chontales de tabasco. • Los chontales son uno de los principales grupos étnicos de Tabasco. El término chontal deriva de la palabra náhuatl chontalli, que traduce «extranjero». • Originalmente, los aztecas lo usaban para referirse a los mayas de Tabasca. Los españoles adoptaron este término, que también se aplicó a diferentes pueblos del sur de Oaxaca, México, y también en Nicaragua. Pero estas lenguas y culturas no guardaban relación con la del Chontal de Tabasco. • En la actualidad, el pueblo chontal o yokot’an (como se autodenominan) juega un papel importante en la vida sociocultural de la comunidad mexicana. • Cultivan Principalmente maíz. También producen yuca, frijol, aguacate y también algunos arbo0rles frutales como el de papaya. Con el maíz los chontales preparan tortillas, totopos, tamales y podzol, que es el alimento básico. Grupos étnicos de Tabasco: Ch’ol • La población ch’ol maya es otro de los más importantes grupos étnicos de Tabasco. También se encuentra entre los 10 grupos lingüísticos indígenas más grandes de México. • Históricamente, esta cultura es originaria de Guatemala y Honduras. En México, los choles viven principalmente en zonas rurales. • Por otro lado, los choles se autodenominan winik que es la palabra para «hombre» en su idioma. También se les llama milperos que significa «gente hecha de maíz». • Para esta cultura el maíz es un alimento sagrado. Además de este, cultivan calabazas, frijoles, chiles, café y frutas tropicales. Grupos étnicos de Tabasco: Tzeltal • La cultura tzeltal proviene de uno de los muchos antiguos sub-grupos mayas. La organización social de los tzeltales se ha mantenido en el tiempo. • Sin embargo, se observan variaciones culturales especialmente en el dialecto, el vestido y los rituales religiosos y sociales. • En general, las tribus tzeltales mantienen su lengua indígena como su primera lengua. Para subsistir, se dedican a las actividades agropecuarias y al comercio de artesanías. Sus alimentos básicos son el maíz, los frijoles y la calabaza. Grupos étnicos de Tabasco: Tzotzil • El tzotzil y el tzeltal están emparentados tanto lingüística como culturalmente. Tzotz significa lana. • Este es un material primario con el que confeccionan su ropa. Pero en el antiguo idioma maya tzotzil traducía «gente de murciélago». • Los conquistadores españoles utilizaron esta interpretación para distinguir el tzotzil de otros grupos lingüísticos cuando arribaron por primera vez. • Los tzotziles se concentran principalmente en el estado de Chiapas. Sin embargo, en los últimos tiempos han debido movilizarse hacia otros estados, como Tabasco, buscando mejores oportunidades. Flora y fauna. • El inventario de fauna silvestre existente en Tabasco está formado por un total de 2.042 especies, de las cuales 1.222 son especies de invertebrados y 820 especies de vertebrados, estos últimos, están conformados por 500 especies de aves, 113 de mamíferos, 98 de peces, 85 de reptiles y 24 de anfibios. En la entidad está representada el 47% de las especies de aves que habitan en México, el 42% de los mamíferos voladores del País, así como el 23% por ciento de las especies de vertebrados existentes en el territorio nacional. Del total de especies, 241 se encuentran catalogadas como amenazadas, en peligro de extinción o sujetas a protección especial. • En la vegetación acuática: nutria, loro, cigüeña americana, cocodrilo, iguana, sapo y pejelagarto. En la selva húmeda: tlacuache, murciélago, jaguarundí, zorrillo, hurón, martucha, tortuga, lagartija, escorpión, rana y salamandra. En ambientes acuáticos: delfín, langostino y pargo. Animales en peligro de extinción: manatí, mono aullador, mono araña, puerco espín, ocelote, oso hormiguero y tapir. • En lo referente a la flora, en el estado, se encuentran catalogadas un total de 2.208 especies, de las cuales 100 especies entre plantas y árboles se encuentran en riesgo o amenazadas. • Predomina la vegetación acuática, le siguen en importancia las selvas húmedas. Hacia el este y oeste se localiza la sabana y bordeando las lagunas se distribuye el manglar; las selvas se ubican al sur.
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