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16 June 2021 Aperto AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Indomita yidishe mame. Ida Kaminska e la sua famiglia teatrale This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1659848 since 2018-02-13T10:38:12Z Publisher: Accademia University Press Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 06 October 2021 Tutto era musica Figure e motivi del tea tro e del cinema yiddish tra Europa e America vol. VII kaminska_interni_L3.indd 1 05/02/18 10:59 Tutto era musica ISSN 2283-7353 Figure e motivi del tea tro e del cinema yiddish tra Europa e America I. Antonio Attisani con Veronica Belling, Marida Rizzuti e Luca Valenza, Tutto era musica. Indice sommario per un atlante della scena yiddish II. Luci, ombre e voci sullo schermo yiddish III. Antonio Attisani, Da Odessa a New York: una Grande Aquila, un re dello shund e altre stelle vagabonde IV. Maurice Schwartz e la “Commedia dell’arte yiddish” della seconda età dell’oro V. Antonio Attisani, Solomon Michoels e Veniamin Zuskin. Vite parallele nell’arte e nella morte VI. Claudia D’Angelo, Re Lear. Storia di uno spettacolo yiddish sovietico VII. Giulia Randone, Indomita yidishe mame. Ida Kaminska e la sua famiglia teatrale VIII. Marida Rizzuti, La terza generazione: Molly Picon e gli artisti yiddish born in Usa kaminska_interni_L3.indd 2 05/02/18 10:59 Indomita Giulia yidishe mame. Randone Ida Kaminska e la sua famiglia teatrale kaminska_interni_L3.indd 3 05/02/18 10:59 Indomita yidishe mame. Ida Kaminska e la sua famiglia teatrale Volume rea lizzato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici dell’Università degli Studi di Torino © 2018 Accademia University Press via Carlo Alberto 55 I-10123 Torino Pubblicazione resa disponibile nei termini della licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione – Non commerciale – Non opere derivate 4.0 Possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori contattando [email protected] prima edizione febbraio 2018 isbn 978-88-99982-71-3 edizione digitale www.aAccademia.it/yiddish7 book design boffetta.com Accademia University Press è un marchio registrato di proprietà di LEXIS Compagnia Editoriale in Torino srl kaminska_interni_L3.indd 4 05/02/18 10:59 Indice Solitudine e resistenza di un’attrice Antonio Attisani VII Premessa. Abitare Yiddishland XIII Parte prima. La vita I. Lo spazio del teatro 3 1. Educazione teatrale 3 1.1. I primi passi 4 1.2. La scelta dello yiddish 12 1.3. Il Teatr Kaminski 12 2. Il debutto di Ida 26 2.1. In cerca della propria strada 27 2.2. Con Zygmunt Turkow, una lunga tournée 35 3. Varshever Yidisher Kunst-teater 39 3.1. La fondazione 40 3.2. Un documento prezioso 47 3.3. Il secondo vykt 53 4. Gli anni Trenta 56 4.1. L’ensemble Ida Kaminska 64 4.2. Il terzo vykt 71 5. Guerra e sovietizzazione 76 5.1. Il Teatro Statale Yiddish dell’Ucraina Occidentale 79 5.2. La fuga verso est 85 5.3. La realtà moscovita e il ritorno in Polonia 88 6. Verso la creazione di un Teatro Statale Yiddish in Polonia 92 6.1. Nuove basi 93 6.2. A capo della scena yiddish del dopoguerra 96 6.3. Un repertorio strategico 105 7. Varshe, ritorno e ripartenza 111 7.1. Il volto del teatro yiddish nella capitale 112 7.2. Vecchie e nuove storie 119 7.3. Riconoscimenti, compromessi e frizioni con il potere 130 Parte seconda. Le opere II. Mirele Efros 151 1. L’incontro con Jacob Gordin 151 2. Madre e maestra 164 kaminska_interni_L3.indd 5 05/02/18 10:59 Indice 3. Una pièce, per tutta la vita 173 4. La regina Lear del dopoguerra 195 5. Un epico melodramma 213 III. Muter Kuraj un ire kinder 227 1. Il Berliner Ensemble arriva in Polonia 227 2. Due registi e un’attrice sotto il segno di Brecht 241 3. Al lavoro su Madre Courage 257 4. Da iena a mater dolorosa 282 5. Ombre dall’epoca dei forni 295 IV. Hope against Hope 310 1. Il fiume carsico dello yiddish 313 2. L’epilogo 322 Ringraziamenti 329 Indice dei nomi e dei titoli 331 vI kaminska_interni_L3.indd 6 05/02/18 10:59 Indomita Solitudine e resistenza di un’attrice yidishe mame. Ida Kaminska Antonio Attisani e la sua famiglia teatrale La nostra serie di volumi sul teatro yiddish nasce da un inten- vII to dichiaratamente monumentale, vale a dire festosamente celebrativo ma soprattutto realizzato in forma di opera multi- dimensionale e collettiva, come una raccolta di informazioni storiche e di analisi critiche che può essere esaminata da diversi punti di vista, sia in senso sincronico che diacronico. Tutti i singoli volumi, focalizzati a raccontare le più signi- ficative vicende biografiche e artistiche, sono importanti e nell’insieme costituiscono la storia più completa e aggiornata di questa quasi centenaria civiltà teatrale la cui conoscenza è per molti versi preziosa, tra l’altro essendo una delle radici sepolte del teatro e del cinema contemporanei. Una volta completata, la serie risulterà chiaramente essere un indice commentato di possibili studi a venire. Oltre ai motivi appena accennati, sarà necessario anche cogliere con maggiore pre- cisione nella peculiare vicenda teatrale la sciagura dell’anti- semitismo, culminato nella seconda guerra mondiale e nella Shoah. Dei sei milioni di ebrei assassinati dai nazisti e dai loro complici, cinque erano parlanti yiddish. Il poeta e martire Itzhak Katzenelson ha espresso in modo preciso e toccante il senso di questo crimine nel proprio Canto del popolo yiddish messo a morte: «O sciocco goy, hai sparato all’ebreo ma la pal- kaminska_interni_L3.indd 7 05/02/18 10:59 Indomita lottola ha colpito anche te! E ora chi ti aiuterà a costruire le yidishe mame. Ida Kaminska tue nazioni? Chi ti darà tanto cuore e tanta anima? E quelle e la sua teste calde dei miei comunisti non litigheranno più con i famiglia teatrale miei bundisti […]. Oh! Se poteste litigare ancora ed essere vivi! Ahimè, non c’è più nessuno… c’era un popolo, e ora non c’è più… c’era un popolo… e ora è scomparso!». Nel contesto di questa celebrazione in forma di studio il pre- sente volume ha un valore particolare perché si sofferma con affetto e competenza su un capitolo della tradizione teatrale yiddish esteuropea cui gli attori e i drammaturghi di origine polacca e lituana hanno dato un contributo non secondario. È una tradizione assai meno conosciuta di quella sviluppatasi in America, alla quale d’altronde hanno contribuito molti talenti provenienti dai paesi citati. La vita e la carriera artistica di Ida Kaminska sono contras- segnate dal costante impegno nello sviluppo di un teatro yid- dish di alto livello artistico da proporre al mondo moderno. La sua è un’avventura esaltante e drammatica dispiegatasi prima e dopo la seconda guerra mondiale e la Shoah, dagli vIII anni Venti agli anni Sessanta, vale a dire dalla cosiddetta «se- conda età dell’oro» del teatro yiddish al suo fatale declino, contro il quale l’attrice ha speso le proprie ultime energie. La sua storia e quella della sua grande famiglia artistica è dunque parallela nel tempo e nel significato a quella di altri attori, soprattutto Maurice Schwartz, cui è dedicato il quarto volume di questa serie. Anche Schwartz ha speso tutta la pro- pria vita in un titanico sforzo di modernizzazione artistica e tecnica del teatro yiddish negli Stati Uniti e nelle Americhe. Tra l’altro, per trovare sulla scena una compassione per il reale e una felicità da condividere con il pubblico entrambi hanno dovuto rinunciare alla pienezza degli affetti e alla sere- nità familiare. La somiglianza tra queste due eccezionali per- sonalità è profonda: si sono impegnati a sviluppare il teatro yiddish senza tradirne la peculiarità e persino i compromessi ai quali hanno dovuto talvolta piegarsi non li hanno mai in- dotti a smettere di studiare e di sperimentare. La loro fedeltà a una rigorosa e originale idea di teatro si evidenzia nel rifiu- to ribadito sino alla fine di abbandonare una lingua straordi- nariamente plastica, naturalmente teatrale potremmo dire, benché resa progressivamente marginale dagli eventi storici, una lingua ricca di sfumature che vanno dalle vette del tragi- kaminska_interni_L3.indd 8 05/02/18 10:59 Solitudine co al mare dell’ironia, una lingua grottesca destinata a essere e resistenza di un’attrice abbandonata nel secondo dopoguerra non soltanto perché la Antonio Attisani gran parte dei suoi parlanti erano stati assassinati ma anche perché i sopravvissuti e i loro eredi si sono progressivamente integrati nei paesi d’insediamento o nel nuovo stato di Israe- le, che invece ha optato per l’ebraico come lingua naziona- le. Entrambe le loro vite, comunque, sono caratterizzate da grandi compimenti e altrettanto grandi fallimenti. Naturalmente là dove vi sono somiglianze vi sono anche differenze. La prima differenza tra loro è quella tra una don- na e un uomo, una sfumatura decisiva. Le condizioni sociali con le quali l’attrice ha dovuto fare i conti erano decisamente più ostiche in quei decenni cruciali. Dunque bene ha fat- to Giulia Randone a insistere, anche contro le perplessità del sottoscritto, nel sottolineare fin dal titolo che la storia di Ida Kaminska è quella di una donna e madre che sceglie la professione teatrale e declina la propria femminilità con intelligenza, compassione e spirito di sacrificio, senza mai rinunciare alla felicità creativa pur in un mondo sordamente ostile.
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