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Role of Media in Disseminating Luyia Indigenous Knowledge for Socio-Economic Development: the Case of West Fm Radio, Western Kenya

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Role of Media in Disseminating Luyia Indigenous Knowledge for Socio-Economic Development: the Case of West Fm Radio, Western Kenya i ROLE OF MEDIA IN DISSEMINATING LUYIA INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF WEST FM RADIO, WESTERN KENYA NAMAANDE BEN WEKALAO E83/1190/2006 THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 2016 i ii ii iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to God The Almighty for His ever present care and support, my family: Everlyn my wife, sons Ian, Wayne, Owen, and daughter Wendy and to my late Kukhu Dorcas Mukoya and Kuuka Joseph Namaande Wekalao for their love of knowledge and financial cum moral support that has seen me not only scale up the academic and intellectual horizons but also positively confront the challenges of life. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is by the Grace of God that I have reached this far throughout my journey in the academia and scholarly world. I give glory and thanks to God for silently dictating the events surrounding my life. Secondly, I appreciate the invaluable role played by my supervisors Dr. Daniel Wambiri Muthee and Dr. Peter G. Mwathi who unreservedly guided my study. The professional input by Dr. Charles Maina cannot be ignored as it went along way to polish my study. The scholarly endeavours will have been disappointing without the moral support of my family: Everlyn, my wife, sons Ian, Wayne & Owen and daughter Wendy, the apple of my eye. It would have been ridiculous for me to fail to acknowledge my mother, Darmaris Nekhwe for bringing me into this world, and the role played by my late grandparents (Dorcas Mukoya and Joseph Namaande Wekalao), my aunt Jessicah Kiluyi and uncles Paul Matanda and Nelson Kiluyi whose care, and immense financial investment in my education shaped my destiny in life. Last but not least, I recognize the contribution of my Research Assistants Carry Francis Oyier & Zachary Kefa Chepukaka plus all my colleagues especially Dr. Peter Wamae who kept urging me to complete my work in time. Finally, the invaluable direct and indirect role of the Kenya National Archives and Documentation service (my link and gateway to academia) together with my colleagues working in the institution cannot go umrecognized. The West FM management, staff together with the IK custodians (Manayasi and Omuchuma) are highly appreciated for their contribution to the study. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………..II DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... IIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ IV TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………..V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... XII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................... XIIIIV ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... XXVI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT TO THE STUDY ..................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 1 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ......................................................................................... 11 1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 13 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 13 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................... 13 1.7 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 14 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 14 1.9 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 15 1.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 15 1.11 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 17 1.12 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 20 vi 1.13 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ......................................................................... 21 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................ 26 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.1. The Concept of Knowledge ......................................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Explicit and Tacit Knowledge ...................................................................................... 29 2.2 LITERATURE RELATED TO THE MAIN CONCEPT .............................................................. 31 2.2.1Indigenous Knowledge Discourse ................................................................................. 31 2.2.2 Indigenous Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights .............................................. 32 2.3 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF WESTERN KENYA ................................................................... 38 2.4 INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ............................................................................................... 40 2.4.1 Indigenous Knowledge Domains and Practices ............................................................ 42 2.5 CREATION AND DISSEMINATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE...................................... 47 2.5.1 Community Methods of Disseminating Indigenous Knowledge .................................. 51 2.6 MEDIA AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ........................................................................... 57 2.7 INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................ 62 2.8 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN DISSEMINATING INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ................ 66 2.9 SUMMARY AND GAP IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................. 67 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ......................... 69 3.1INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 69 3.2.RESEARCH DESIGN AND LOCALE ..................................................................................... 69 3.3 POPULATION ..................................................................................................................... 71 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION ........................................ 71 3.4.1 Sampling Techniques .................................................................................................... 71 3.4.2 Sample Size Determination ........................................................................................... 72 vii 3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................................ 74 3.5.1 Questionnaires............................................................................................................... 74 3.5.2 Interview Schedules ...................................................................................................... 76 3.5.3 Observation checklist .................................................................................................... 76 3.5.4 Validity and Reliability Determination ......................................................................... 77 3.6 DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................................... 79 3.6.1 Logistical and Ethical Considerations........................................................................... 80 3.6.2 Research Protocol and Itinerary .................................................................................... 81 3.6 .3 Pilot Study ................................................................................................................... 82 3.6.4 Actual Data Collection .................................................................................................. 83 3.6.5 Interview Method .......................................................................................................... 83 3.6.6 Questionnaire Method ................................................................................................... 84 3.6.7 Content Analysis ........................................................................................................... 86 3.6.8. Review of Documentary Sources ................................................................................. 86 3.6.9 Observation Method ..................................................................................................... 87 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION................
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