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Intermedia Agenda Setting Between Social Media and Traditional

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Intermedia Agenda Setting Between Social Media and Traditional INTERMEDIA AGENDA SETTING BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA AND TRADITIONAL NEWS IN KENYA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWITTER HASHTAG #LIPAKAMATENDER AND CITIZEN TELEVISION NEWS CAROLYNE W. KIAMBO UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY- AFRICA Summer, 2018 INTERMEDIA AGENDA SETTING BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA AND TRADITIONAL NEWS IN KENYA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWITTER HASHTAG #LIPAKAMATENDER AND CITIZEN TELEVISION NEWS CAROLYNE W. KIAMBO A Thesis submitted to the School of Communication and Cinematic Arts in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Communication Studies UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY- AFRICA Summer, 2018 Student’s Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other college, institution or university other than the United States International University- Africa in Nairobi for academic credit. Signed: ________________________ Date: __________________ Carolyne W. Kiambo (ID No. 645675) ii Approval Page In accordance with United States International University – Africa policies, this thesis is accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Communication Studies Sign: Date: __________________________ __________________ Lucy Gichaga, Ph.D. Supervisor _____________________________ __________________ Kioko Ireri, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Journalism and Corporate Communication _____________________________ __________________ Valerie P. Adema, Ph.D. Dean, School of Communication, Cinematics, & Creative Arts iii Copyright © by Carolyne Wanjiru Kiambo 2018 All Rights Reserved iv Acknowledgements I would first like to thank Jesus Christ for His grace and provision throughout my study. Secondly, my thesis advisor Dr. Lucy Gichaga of the School of Communication and Cinematic Arts at United Stated International University-Africa. She was very patient with me, consistently allowed this paper to be my own work steering me in the right the direction whenever she thought I needed it. I must also express my very profound gratitude to my parents and to my spouse for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study, through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you v Table of Contents Student‘s Declaration ........................................................................................................... ii Approval Page ..................................................................................................................... iii Copyright ............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................v Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .......................................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xi Operational Definition of Terms ........................................................................................ xii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Problem ............................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Social media and national conversations ................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Hashtags. .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.3 #LipaKamaTender Hashtag on Twitter.................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Mainstream Media (Television). .............................................................................. 5 1.1.5 Mainstream media‘s interaction with new media. ................................................... 7 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Main objective. ........................................................................................................ 9 1.4.2 Sub-objectives. ....................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Rationale of the Study ................................................................................................... 10 1.6. Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 12 1.6.1 Limitation. .............................................................................................................. 12 1.6.2 Assumptions. .......................................................................................................... 13 1.7 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................14 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................14 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Theory ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Agenda setting theory. ........................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Intermedia agenda setting and first level agenda setting. ...................................... 17 2.2.3 Second-level agenda setting. .................................................................................. 18 2.2.4 Review of prior research: Agenda setting theory and social media. ...................... 19 2.3 Twitter, Hashtags and the History of #LipaKamaTender ........................................... 21 2.3.1 Twitter. .................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Hashtags. ............................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Twitter, hashtags and the news making process. ................................................... 24 vi 2.3.4 The Kenyan national doctors strike 2016/2017. .................................................... 26 2.3.5 #LipaKamaTender hashtag emerges (Medics take war to Twitter). ..................... 26 2.3.6 Sampled Tweets. .................................................................................................... 27 2.4 News Surveillance ........................................................................................................ 28 2.4.1 Television news values. ......................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Prime time. ............................................................................................................. 30 2.4.3 Citizen television news. ......................................................................................... 31 2.5 Gap. ............................................................................................................................... 32 2.6 Conceptual Framework Model. .................................................................................... 33 2.7 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 34 2.8 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................36 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................36 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Population ,Sampling Design and Data collection ...................................................... 37 3.2.1 Unit of analysis. ..................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Tweets. ................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.3 Tweets sampling procedure ..................................................................................
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