1 a Comparative Study of the Representations of Womanhood In
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A comparative study of the representations of womanhood in local and foreign television soap operas in Kenya By Joy Mueni A dissertation presented to the School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Nairobi In fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication and Information Studies 1 November, 2014 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my original work and that it has not been submitted to any other college or university for academic credit. ____________________________ ___________________________ Joy Mueni Date This dissertation has been submitted to the University of Nairobi with our approval as Supervisors. _________________________________ _________________________________ Prof. Peter Kareithi ___________________________________ _________________________________ Dr. Muiru Ngugi 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been an arduous albeit fruitful labour to put together this dissertation. This would however not have been possible without the support that I received from many different quarters; both expected and unexpected. To my supervisors Prof. Peter Kareithi and Dr. Muiru Ngugi, you two gentlemen critiqued, prodded, encouraged and delivered both gentle and hard punches depending on what the situation called for and walked with me chapter by chapter. I will forever be indebted to you. Dr. Kiai, thank you for your goodwill and ensuring a smooth flow of the PhD process. Dr. Sam Kamau, thanks for encouraging me and providing useful insight on navigating UoN. To my mum, the great and mighty Janet Nzilani Mulwa, where would I be without your emotional support? I am truly grateful for all that you have done for me and on my behalf. Above all, you are a high achiever and you instilled that in me. Thanks for believing in me when I doubted - may God bless you abundantly. Mbithe, Kevin and Jeanet (see, am trying), thank you for the immense support and continuous encouragement. For understanding when the PhD unceremoniously called. To Joy and Leah, my sorority sisters in life and work. Thank you for your patience, for enduring the whining and ranting of a PhD student and continuing to push me to excel even when I felt I couldn‘t write another word. Thank you for reading my drafts and helping to edit and all the other useful suggestions. We remain sisters for life. Mbithe, Leah and Joy, I am now waiting to read your book "The Dummies Guide on how to Survive a Friendship with a PhD Candidate". 3 To Jan Zillan (Ms Awesome), you are too young to understand all, but you are a benefactor of this work and I pray that you will be an empowered lady helping portray your gender positively. 4 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to: Janet Nzilani Mulwa, a woman who has charted her path in the turbulent seas of a world that is still struggling to accept that women and men are closer in nature, in spirit, in intellect than many would have us believe. You, mum, are my joy and source of inspiration in the attainment of excellence. Jan Zillan: that you will grow to be a woman who is confident in her own right; unafraid, unfettered and undeterred. And to the many women to whom 'empowerment' is still a foreign concept - be the heroine of your life, not the victim 5 ABSTRACT This study sought to explore the representations of womanhood in soap operas. It is a comparative study and hence looked at three soap operas purposively selected for their geographical orientation. The soaps are: Mali, Generations and Triunfo del Amor which form the scope of the study. It is argued that the mass media has been involved in the creation of ideology and by its role, sets the public agenda. For this reason the study aimed to analyse how soaps represent women and to make a comparison between locally produced soaps and foreign soaps broadcasted in Kenya. Further the study sought to explore whether the soaps broadcast in Kenya help to resist or reinforce traditional African gender roles and values. Backed by an extensive literature review on social and cultural expectations of women in Africa, representation and soap opera as a television genre, the researcher lays a foundation for the theoretical framework. Feminist media theory is the theory that was used for this study. In explaining the feminist media theory, the study traces the history of the women‘s movement and hinges its growing popularity on ideological and power issues which give way for the feminist media criticism. Visual texts were used as the data collection method, while critical discourse analysis and interpretative textual analysis are the data analysis methods used for this study. In analyzing the texts, the researcher used four themes: objectification of the female gender, leadership, public versus private life and self-reliance versus victimization. The study found that based on the four themes, women were represented as objects for fulfilling male desires and that few women were in leadership positions. It also found that many women were represented as thriving in the private sphere as opposed to the public sphere and that while the heroines were represented as self reliant, many other women were portrayed as victims of ill circumstances and men's desires. The findings in each of these themes were compared and contrasted among the three soaps and conclusions drawn. The study concluded that female characters are traditionally represented, more so in the local soaps, and hence reinforce traditional gender roles. The study also concluded that soaps can play an important role in development of gender identities and pushing for gender parity but not in their current form. Therefore, script writers and producers need to be empowered to understand the role their works can play in the attainment of gender parity. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. xi DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ........................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... xiv 1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ……………………………........………………… 18 1.0 Background Information ………………………....……………………….……..…. 18 1.1 Soap Opera ................................................................................................................. 24 1.2 Statement of the Problem…………..........…………………….……………………. 27 1.3 Research Objectives ……………..……………..……………………...…………… 29 1.4 Research Questions ……………..…….…………………………....………………. 30 1.5 Justification of the Study ……………..……….………………………………….... 30 7 1.6 Significance of the Study …………………………...……………..……………….. 31 1.7 Scope of the Study ……………………………………………….………………... 32 1.7.1. Mali ……………...............………………………………...……………….. 33 1.7.2 Triunfo del Amor (Triumph of Love) ………...….......…………………..…. 33 1.7.3 Generations …………….......…………………….............………………… 33 1.8 Study Limitations ……....……........……………………………………………..…. 34 1.9 Chapter Summary and Organisational Structure of the Dissertation ............................ 35 2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 36 2.0 Introduction ……….......…...……………………………………………………….. 36 2.1 Social and Cultural Attitudes Towards Women in Kenya …………….…………… 36 2.2 Women's Movement ...............…………………………………………………….... 41 2.2.1 First-wave Feminism ………………………….........……………..………... 41 2.2.2 Second-wave Feminism …............................................................................. 46 2.2.3 Third-wave Feminism ……………….......…………....………………….… 50 2.2.4 Women‘s Movement in Kenya …………………....….……….......……..…. 53 2.3 Representation ............................................................................................................ 57 2.3.1 Representations of women in soap operas ..................................................... 63 2.4 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................. 67 8 2.4.1 Feminist Theory ............................................................................................. 67 2.4.2 Feminist Media Criticism ............................................................................... 68 2.5 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................... 72 3. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 74 3.0 Introduction ………………………………….………………….………………….. 74 3.1 Population and Sampling Procedure ………………………...............…………..…. 75 3.2 Data Collection Methods ………………………………………………………........ 77 3.2.1 Visual texts …………………………………………………………………. 77 3.3 Data Processing and Analysis …………………………………………….………... 77 3.3.1 Critical discourse analysis ………………......…………………………..….. 79 3.3.2 Interpretative textual analysis ………….......……………………………….. 82 3.4 Setting the Context ………..........................…………………………..........….……