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Smart Growth in Canyon Country: Challenges and Opportunities in Moab, Utah

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Smart Growth in Canyon Country: Challenges and Opportunities in Moab, Utah SMART GROWTH IN CANYON COUNTRY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN MOAB, UTAH QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. BY ABBY SCOTT FALL 2007 – SPRING 2008 THIS STUDY IS A SENIOR COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT IN THE URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DEPARTMENT AT OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Executive Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 – 12 Personal Statement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 – 14 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 – 16 Basic Moab Information - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 Moab and Grand County Development History - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 – 25 The Track to a Tourist Economy in the Western United States - - - 17 – 18 Native Inhabitants - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Early Mormon Settlers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 – 20 Establishment of Ranching and Other Permanent Settlements - - - - 20 – 21 Agricultural History - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Mining - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Uranium Mining - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 – 24 Potash Mining - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 – 25 Tourism in Moab and Grand County - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 – 38 Transition to Tourism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 – 27 Tourism Boom - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 – 29 National Parks and Public Land - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 – 31 Moab’s Appeal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 Tourism in Moab and Grand County Today - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33 – 34 The Extractive Nature of Tourism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 – 37 Positive Aspects of Tourism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 – 38 Threats to Moab and Grand County’s Sense of Place - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 – 57 The Development Problems and Challenges Created by a Recreational Tourism Dominated Economy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 – 41 Competing Interests - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 – 42 Rapid Growth of the Residential Population - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 – 45 Rapid Growth of the Tourist Population - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 – 47 Sprawl Development and Encroachment on Open Space and Public Land - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 – 48 Homogenization of the Area Through Franchise Development and Loss of Local Business - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 – 49 Shortage of Affordable Housing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 – 52 Workforce Challenges - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 – 54 Potential Widespread Negative Consequences if Tourism Slows - - 54 – 56 The Missing Practical Element in Tourism Critique - - - - - - - - - - - 56 – 57 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 – 70 Create a Range of Housing Opportunities and Choices - - - - - - - - - 59 – 60 Encourage Regional, Community and Stakeholder Collaboration - - 60 – 64 Avoid Sprawl Development with Policy that Will Create Walkable and Bikable Neighborhoods, Mix Land Uses, Strengthen and Direct Development Toward Existing Communities and/or Take Advantage of Compact Building Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 – 66 Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Natural Beauty and Critical Environmental Areas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66 – 67 2 Foster Distinctive, Attractive Communities with a Strong Sense Of Place - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 – 68 Diversification of Economy and Preservation of Local Business - - 68 – 70 Areas for Further Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71 – 73 Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 – 82 Appendix - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83 – 119 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the professors in the Urban and Environmental Studies department at Occidental College, Robert Gottlieb, Martha Matsuoka and Peter Dreier, for their unending patience, support and encouragement during the writing of this paper as well as the rest of my time at Occidental. There is no way that I could have accomplished so much without their help. I would also like to acknowledge the members of the Moab City Council and Planning Department, Jeff Davis, Jeff Reinhart, David Olsen and Ken Davey, who went out of their way to provide insight and information to help me write this paper. Lastly, I need to thank my family and friends who supported me financially and emotionally, encouraged me, let me sleep on their couches, brought me coffee in the library, listened politely to my rants, forwarded articles to me, returned overdue books for me, made me laugh and the various other ways they helped me throughout the process of writing this paper. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this paper, I have attempted to take a broad look at development policy in Moab and Grand County. I have used the General Plans of both areas as the starting point and guide. I chose the General Plan because it is a document created for the specific purpose of articulating the long-term goals and policies regarding development in the area. It is necessary for communities in the Western United States to have a clearly articulated plan regarding future growth and development, especially because historically, much development has taken place without careful consideration of the long term context. In this study I have attempted to recognize both the benefits and costs associated with tourism and I argue that careful planning and management can ameliorate problems while still achieving benefits of tourism. The central thesis of this paper is that the adoption of regionally tailored smart growth concepts as guiding development principles is the crucial first step toward creating a strong economy and community in Moab and Grand County that will have long term benefits for tourists and locals alike by allowing for mindful future development without sacrificing the region’s unique sense of place. Moab is located in Grand County, in the Southeastern part of the Utah. It is situated in an oasis surrounded by enormous red-rock and desert terrain. It is in close proximity to Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park, the Colorado River and the Manti-LaSal National Forest. The population in Moab fluctuates greatly throughout the year due to the high number of seasonal employees that inhabit the town for stretches of a few months during the summer tourist season. The number of year-round residents of Moab is 4,779 according to the 2000 census. As of 2006, the Grand County population stood at 9,024 people. It is important to note the vast amounts of public land in Grand County. There are 2,363,594 acres of land in Grand County, 71.7% is managed by the federal government; of that 66% is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 3.2% is managed by the National Park Service (NPS), 1.2% is managed by the National Forest Service (NFS), and .08% is managed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Only 4.3% of the land is privately owned, the remaining land is owned by the state (15.5%), or is American Indian tribal land (4.4%). Today, Grand County’s economy is dominated by tourism, meaning that the regional economy would greatly diminish in size in the absence of tourism industries. Prior to tourism, Moab and Grand County experienced economic booms related to livestock grazing/ranching and uranium mining. From the late 1800s until the early twentieth century, cattle grazing dominated the region, ending only when years of overgrazing had ravaged the area’s native grasses and large corporate cattle operations pulled out. The next major economic and development boom was experienced in the 1950s with the discovery of major sources of uranium to be mined. Moab was “The Uranium Capital of the World” until the early 5 1960s, when demand declined sharply. Historically, agriculture and farming have never been the primary land use in Grand County, but, are important to the rural character of the area. After the initial bust of uranium mining, Moab and Grand County went through a period of declining economic activity and population transition. By the late 1980s, Moab had lost 35% of its tax base, 25% of its population, and unemployment was about 20%. 1 Grand County was desperate for a new economic base to provide jobs for the people and tax revenue for the county, and tourism seemed like an ideal choice. Because of its proximity to the national parks, Colorado River and thousands of acres of public land controlled by the BLM, recreational tourism in Moab took off rapidly. It is now estimated that more than one million visitors pass through Moab annually. 2 In the year 2007 Arches NP had 860,181 visitors, Canyonlands had 417,560 visitors.3 It is
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